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Gillis NE, Cozzens LM, Wilson ER, Smith NM, Tomczak JA, Bolf EL, Carr FE. TRβ Agonism Induces Tumor Suppression and Enhances Drug Efficacy in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad135. [PMID: 37702560 PMCID: PMC10506733 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) is a recognized tumor suppressor in numerous solid cancers. The molecular signaling of TRβ has been elucidated in several cancer types through re-expression models. Remarkably, the potential impact of selective activation of endogenous TRβ on tumor progression remains largely unexplored. We used cell-based and in vivo assays to evaluate the effects of the TRβ agonist sobetirome (GC-1) on a particularly aggressive and dedifferentiated cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Here we report that GC-1 reduced the tumorigenic phenotype, decreased cancer stem-like cell populations, and induced redifferentiation of the ATC cell lines with different mutational backgrounds. Of note, this selective activation of TRβ amplified the effects of therapeutic agents in blunting the aggressive cell phenotype and stem cell growth. In xenograft assays, GC-1 alone inhibited tumor growth and was as effective as the kinase inhibitor, sorafenib. These results indicate that selective activation of TRβ not only induces a tumor suppression program de novo but enhances the effectiveness of anticancer agents, revealing potential novel combination therapies for ATC and other aggressive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Lauren M Cozzens
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Emily R Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Noah M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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V Deligiorgi M, T Trafalis D. Refining personalized diagnosis, treatment and exploitation of hypothyroidism related to solid nonthyroid cancer. Per Med 2022; 20:87-105. [DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism in the setting of cancer is a puzzling entity due to the dual role of the thyroid hormones (TH) in cancer – promoting versus inhibitory – and the complexity of the hypothyroidism itself. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the personalized approach to hypothyroidism in patients with solid nonthyroid cancer, focusing on current challenges, unmet needs and future perspectives. Major electronic databases were searched from January 2011 until March 2022. The milestones of the refinement of such a personalized approach are prompt diagnosis, proper TH replacement and development of interventions and/or pharmaceutical agents to exploit hypothyroidism or, on the contrary, TH replacement as an anticancer strategy. Further elucidation of the dual role of TH in cancer – especially of the interference of TH signaling with the hallmarks of cancer – is anticipated to inform decision-making and optimize patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Department of Pharmacology – Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Building 16, 1st Floor, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Department of Pharmacology – Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Building 16, 1st Floor, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, Athens, 11527, Greece
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Deligiorgi MV, Trafalis DT. The continuum of care of anticancer treatment-induced hypothyroidism in patients with solid non thyroid tumors: time for an intimate collaboration between oncologists and endocrinologists. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:531-549. [PMID: 35757870 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2093714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypothyroidism is a common adverse event of various anticancer treatment modalities, constituting a notable paradigm of the integration of the endocrine perspective into precision oncology. AREAS COVERED The present narrative review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of anticancer treatment-induced hypothyroidism in patients with solid non-thyroid tumors. A study search was conducted on the following electronic databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus.com, ClinicalTrials.gov, and European Union Clinical Trials Register from 2011 until August 2021. EXPERT OPINION In patients with solid non-thyroid tumors, hypothyroidism is a common adverse event of radiotherapy, high dose interleukin 2 (HD IL-2), interferon alpha (IFN-α), bexarotene, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), while chemotherapy may induce hypothyroidism more often than initially considered. The path forward for the management of anticancer treatment-induced hypothyroidism in patients with solid non-thyroid tumors is an integrated approach grounded on 5 pillars: prevention, vigilance, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. Current challenges concerning anticancer treatment-induced hypothyroidism await counteraction, namely awareness of the growing list of related anticancer treatments, identification of predictive factors, counteraction of diagnostic pitfalls, tuning of thyroid hormone replacement, and elucidation of its prognostic significance. Close collaboration of oncologists with endocrinologists will provide optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Department of Pharmacology - Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, Greece
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Deligiorgi MV, Trafalis DT. The Clinical Relevance of Hypothyroidism in Patients with Solid Non-Thyroid Cancer: A Tantalizing Conundrum. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123417. [PMID: 35743483 PMCID: PMC9224934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism in patients with solid non-thyroid cancer is a tantalizing entity, integrating an intriguing thyroid hormones (THs)–cancer association with the complexity of hypothyroidism itself. The present narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the clinical relevance of hypothyroidism in solid non-thyroid cancer. Hypothyroidism in patients with solid non-thyroid cancer is reminiscent of hypothyroidism in the general population, yet also poses distinct challenges due to the dual role of THs in cancer: promoting versus inhibitory. Close collaboration between oncologists and endocrinologists will enable the prompt and personalized diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism in patients with solid non-thyroid cancer. Clinical data indicate that hypothyroidism is a predictor of a decreased or increased risk of solid non-thyroid cancer and is a prognostic factor of favorable or unfavorable prognosis in solid non-thyroid cancer. However, the impact of hypothyroidism with respect to the risk and/or prognosis of solid non-thyroid cancer is not a consistent finding. To harness hypothyroidism, or THs replacement, as a personalized anticancer strategy for solid non-thyroid cancer, four prerequisites need to be fulfilled, namely: (i) deciphering the dual THs actions in cancer; (ii) identifying interventions in THs status and developing agents that block tumor-promoting THs actions and/or mimic anticancer THs actions; (iii) appropriate patient selection; and (iv) counteracting current methodological limitations.
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Glinsky GV, Godugu K, Sudha T, Rajabi M, Chittur SV, Hercbergs AA, Mousa SA, Davis PJ. Effects of Anticancer Agent P-bi-TAT on Gene Expression Link the Integrin Thyroid Hormone Receptor to Expression of Stemness and Energy Metabolism Genes in Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040325. [PMID: 35448512 PMCID: PMC9029602 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically modified forms of tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), an L-thyroxine derivative, have been shown to exert their anticancer activity at plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 of tumor cells. Via a specific hormone receptor on the integrin, tetrac-based therapeutic agents modulate expression of genes relevant to cancer cell proliferation, survival and energy metabolism. P-bi-TAT, a novel bivalent tetrac-containing synthetic compound has anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other types of human cancers. In the current study, microarray analysis was carried out on a primary culture of human GBM cells exposed to P-bi-TAT (10−6 tetrac equivalent) for 24 h. P-bi-TAT significantly affected expression of a large panel of genes implicated in cancer cell stemness, growth, survival and angiogenesis. Recent interest elsewhere in ATP synthase as a target in GBM cells caused us to focus attention on expression of genes involved in energy metabolism. Significantly downregulated transcripts included multiple energy-metabolism-related genes: electron transport chain genes ATP5A1 (ATP synthase 1), ATP51, ATP5G2, COX6B1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B1), NDUFA8 (NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) FA8), NDUFV2I and other NDUF genes. The NDUF and ATP genes are also relevant to control of oxidative phosphorylation and transcription. Qualitatively similar actions of P-bi-TAT on expression of subsets of energy-metabolism-linked genes were also detected in established human GBM and pancreatic cancer cell lines. In conclusion, acting at αvβ3 integrin, P-bi-TAT caused downregulation in human cancer cells of expression of a large number of genes involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. These observations suggest that cell surface thyroid hormone receptors on αvβ3 regulate expression of genes relevant to tumor cell stemness and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadi V. Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: (G.V.G.); (P.J.D.); Tel.: +1-858-401-3470 (G.V.G.); +1-518-428-7848 (P.J.D.); Fax: +1-518-694-7567 (P.J.D.)
| | - Kavitha Godugu
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (K.G.); (T.S.); (M.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (K.G.); (T.S.); (M.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Mehdi Rajabi
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (K.G.); (T.S.); (M.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Sridar V. Chittur
- Center for Functional Genomics, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA;
| | | | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (K.G.); (T.S.); (M.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, One Discovery Drive, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA; (K.G.); (T.S.); (M.R.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- Correspondence: (G.V.G.); (P.J.D.); Tel.: +1-858-401-3470 (G.V.G.); +1-518-428-7848 (P.J.D.); Fax: +1-518-694-7567 (P.J.D.)
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Chen YF, Yang YN, Chu HR, Huang TY, Wang SH, Chen HY, Li ZL, Yang YCSH, Lin HY, Hercbergs A, Whang-Peng J, Wang K, Davis PJ. Role of Integrin αvβ3 in Doxycycline-Induced Anti-Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:829788. [PMID: 35237605 PMCID: PMC8884148 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.829788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxycycline, an antibiotic, displays the inhibition of different signal transduction pathways, such as anti-inflammation and anti-proliferation, in different types of cancers. However, the anti-cancer mechanisms of doxycycline via integrin αvβ3 are incompletely understood. Integrin αvβ3 is a cell-surface anchor protein. It is the target for estrogen, androgen, and thyroid hormone and plays a pivotal role in the proliferation, migration, and angiogenic process in cancer cells. In our previous study, thyroxine hormones can interact with integrin αvβ3 to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and upregulate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. In the current study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of doxycycline on proliferation in two breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Doxycycline induces concentration-dependent anti-proliferation in both breast cancer cell lines. It regulates gene expressions involved in proliferation, pro-apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Doxycycline suppresses cell cyclin D1 (CCND1) and c-Myc which play crucial roles in proliferation. It also inhibits PD-L1 gene expression. Our findings show that modulation on integrin αvβ3 binding activities changed both thyroxine- and doxycycline-induced signal transductions by an integrin αvβ3 inhibitor (HSDVHK-NH2). Doxycycline activates phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream of integrin, but inhibits the ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Regardless, doxycycline-induced FAK phosphorylation is blocked by HSDVHK-NH2. In addition, the specific mechanism of action associated with pERK1/2 inhibition via integrin αvβ3 is unknown for doxycycline treatment. On the other hand, our findings indicated that inhibiting ERK1/2 activation leads to suppression of PD-L1 expression by doxycycline treatment. Furthermore, doxycycline-induced gene expressions are disturbed by a specific integrin αvβ3 inhibitor (HSDVHK-NH2) or a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) kinase (MAPK/ERK, MEK) inhibitor (PD98059). The results imply that doxycycline may interact with integrin αvβ3 and inhibits ERK1/2 activation, thereby regulating cell proliferation and downregulating PD-L1 gene expression in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fong Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ning Yang
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ru Chu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Yung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Core Facility Center, Department of Research Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Lin Li
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Kuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Medical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
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Darwish NHE, Glinsky GV, Sudha T, Mousa SA. Targeting Thyrointegrin αvβ3 Using Fluorobenzyl Polyethylene Glycol Conjugated Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid (NP751) in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 11:793810. [PMID: 35155195 PMCID: PMC8828484 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.793810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with poor long-term survival, even with newer therapeutic agents. Here, we show the results of our preclinical study, in which we evaluated the efficacy of a new thyrointegrin αvβ3 antagonist, named fluorobenzyl polyethylene glycol conjugated tetraiodothyroacetic acid (fb-PMT). Methods and Results fb-PMT (NP751) is a potent αvβ3 antagonist of molecular weight of 2,478.9 Da. it represents a conjugate of tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) and monodisperse polyethylene glycol (PEG36), with a 4-fluorobenzyl group capping the other end of the PEG. fb-PMT effectively suppresses the malignant growth of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after successful engraftment in transgenic NSG-S xenograft mouse models of either established human AML cell line or primary AML cells. Daily treatment with fb-PMT (1–10 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously (s.c.) for 3–4 weeks was associated with marked regression of leukemogenesis and extended survival in both models. The efficiency of the fb-PMT therapy was verified using in vivo imaging system (IVIS) imaging, flow cytometry, and histopathological examination to monitor the engraftment of leukemic cells in the bone marrow and other organs. fb-PMT therapy for 3–4 weeks at 3 and 10 mg/kg daily doses exhibited significant reduction (p < 0.0001) of leukemic cell burden of 74% and >95%, respectively. All fb-PMT-treated mice in the 10 mg/kg treatment arm successfully maintained remission after discontinuing the daily treatment. Comprehensive fb-PMT safety assessments demonstrated excellent safety and tolerability at multiple folds above the anticipated human therapeutic doses. Lastly, our genome-wide microarray screens demonstrated that fb-PMT works through the molecular interference mechanism with multiple signaling pathways contributing to growth and survival of leukemic cells. Conclusion Our preclinical findings of the potent anticancer activities of fb-PMT and its favorable safety profiles warrant its clinical investigation for the effective and safe management of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noureldien H E Darwish
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States.,Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gennadi V Glinsky
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Thangirala Sudha
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States
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Mantzouratou P, Lavecchia AM, Xinaris C. Thyroid Hormone Signalling in Human Evolution and Disease: A Novel Hypothesis. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010043. [PMID: 35011782 PMCID: PMC8745179 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signalling is a universally conserved pathway with pleiotropic actions that is able to control the development, metabolism, and homeostasis of organisms. Using evidence from paleoecology/palaeoanthropology and data from the physiology of modern humans, we try to assess the natural history of TH signalling and its role in human evolution. Our net thesis is that TH signalling has likely played a critical role in human evolution by facilitating the adaptive responses of early hominids to unprecedently challenging and continuously changing environments. These ancient roles have been conserved in modern humans, in whom TH signalling still responds to and regulates adaptations to present-day environmental and pathophysiological stresses, thus making it a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Mantzouratou
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; (P.M.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Angelo Michele Lavecchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; (P.M.); (A.M.L.)
| | - Christodoulos Xinaris
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy; (P.M.); (A.M.L.)
- University of Nicosia Medical School, 93 Agiou Nikolaou Street, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus
- Correspondence:
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Nano-Strategies Targeting the Integrin αvβ3 Network for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071684. [PMID: 34359854 PMCID: PMC8307885 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αvβ3, a cell surface receptor, participates in signaling transduction pathways in cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Several ligands bind to integrin αvβ3 to regulate proliferation and metastasis in cancer cells. Crosstalk between the integrin and other signal transduction pathways also plays an important role in modulating cancer proliferation. Carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) activates the downstream integrin FAK to stimulate biological activities including cancer proliferation and metastasis. Blockage of signals related to integrin αvβ3 was shown to be a promising target for cancer therapies. 3,3′,5,5′-tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) completely binds to the integrin with the thyroid hormone to suppress cancer proliferation. The (E)-stilbene analog, resveratrol, also binds to integrin αvβ3 to inhibit cancer growth. Recently, nanotechnologies have been used in the biomedical field for detection and therapeutic purposes. In the current review, we show and evaluate the potentiation of the nanomaterial carrier RGD peptide, derivatives of PLGA-tetrac (NDAT), and nanoresveratrol targeting integrin αvβ3 in cancer therapies.
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10
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Godugu K, Rajabi M, Mousa SA. Anti-Cancer Activities of Thyrointegrin α vβ 3 Antagonist Mono- and Bis-Triazole Tetraiodothyroacetic Acid Conjugated via Polyethylene Glycols in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2780. [PMID: 34204997 PMCID: PMC8199894 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin αvβ3 receptors are overexpressed in different tumors and their associated neovascularization and hence, represent a potential cancer target. We previously synthesized a high affinity thyrointegrin αvβ3, P4000-bi-TAT (tetrac derivative), with potent anticancer properties. However, the long polydisperse PEG conjugate showed large scaleup and analytical/bioanalytical issues. Hence, in the present study, we synthesized a mono versus bi-triazole tetrac with discrete monodisperse PEG, which provided improvement in scaleup and bioanalysis. In the present study, we compared binding affinity and anticancer activates with a smaller PEG size (P1600-bi-TAT, Compound 2) and the removal of one TAT molecule (P1600-m-TAT, Compound 3) versus P4000-bi-TAT, Compound 1. The results of the selectivity and affinity of TATs showed greater affinity to integrin αvβ3. The xenograft weights and tumor cell viabilities were decreased by >90% at all doses compared to the control (ON Treatment, *** p < 0.001) in cells treated with Compounds 1, 2, and 3 in U87-Luc-treated mice. The in vivo luminescent signals of U87-luc cells reflect the proliferation and distribution of tumor cells in the animals and the maximum intensity corresponding to the maximum tumor cells that the animals could tolerate. We found that the three thyrointegrin αvβ3 antagonists exhibited optimal therapeutic efficacy against U87 or primary glioblastoma cells. Biological studies showed that decreasing the PEG linker size (1600 vs. 4000) or having mono-TAT or bi-TAT had no significant impact on their αvβ3 binding affinity, anti-angiogenesis, or overall anti-cancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaker A. Mousa
- The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12208, USA; (K.G.); (M.R.)
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11
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Al Ashi SI, Thapa B, Flores M, Ahmed R, Rahim SEG, Amir M, Alomari M, Chadalavada P, Morrison SL, Bena JF, Hercbergs A, Lashin O, Daw H. Endocrine Toxicity and Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Malignancies Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab100. [PMID: 34195529 PMCID: PMC8237848 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gained a revolutionary role in management of many advanced malignancies. However, immune-related endocrine events (irEEs), have been associated with their use. irEEs have nonspecific clinical presentations and variable timelines, making their early diagnosis challenging. Objective To identify risk factors, timelines, and prognosis associated with irEEs development. Design and Setting Retrospective observational study within the Cleveland Clinic center. Patients Metastatic cancer adult patients who received ICIs were included. Methods 570 charts were reviewed to obtain information on demographics, ICIs used, endocrine toxicities, cancer response to treatment with ICI, and overall survival. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of irEEs, time to irEEs development and overall survival of patients who develop irEEs. Results The final cohort included 551 patients. The median time for the diagnosis of irEEs was 9 weeks. Melanoma was associated with the highest risk for irEEs (31.3%). Ipilimumab appeared to have the highest percentage of irEEs (29.4%), including the highest risk of pituitary insufficiency (11.7%), the most severe (Grade 4 in 60%) and irreversible (100%) forms of irEEs. Forty-five percent of patients with irEEs had adequate cancer response to ICI compared to 28.3% of patients without irEEs (P = 0.002). Patients with irEEs had significantly better survival compared to patients without irEEs (P < 0.001). Conclusions In the adult population with metastatic cancer receiving treatment with ICI, irEEs development may predict tumor response to immunotherapy and a favorable prognosis. Ipilimumab use, combination ICI therapy, and melanoma are associated with a higher incidence of irEEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman I Al Ashi
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bicky Thapa
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Monica Flores
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ramsha Ahmed
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Shab E Gul Rahim
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Maryam Amir
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad Alomari
- Internal Medicine Department, Cleveland Clinic-Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Shannon L Morrison
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James F Bena
- Department of Qualitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ossama Lashin
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hamed Daw
- Hematology-Oncology Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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12
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2693. [PMID: 34070729 PMCID: PMC8197921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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13
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Mousa SA, Hercbergs A, Lin HY, Keating KA, Davis PJ. Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Thyroid Cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:691736. [PMID: 34234745 PMCID: PMC8255668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.691736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Thyroxine (T4) is the principal ligand of the thyroid hormone analogue receptor on the extracellular domain of integrin αvβ3. The integrin is overexpressed and activated in cancer cells, rapidly dividing endothelial cells, and platelets. The biologic result is that T4 at physiological concentration and without conversion to 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) may stimulate cancer cell proliferation and cancer-relevant angiogenesis and platelet coagulation. Pro-thrombotic activity of T4 on platelets is postulated to support cancer-linked blood clotting and to contribute to tumor cell metastasis. We examine some of these findings as they may relate to cancers of the thyroid. Differentiated thyroid cancer cells respond to physiological levels of T4 with increased proliferation. Thus, the possibility exists that in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas in whom T4 administration and consequent endogenous thyrotropin suppression have failed to arrest the disease, T4 treatment may be stimulating tumor cell proliferation. In vitro studies have shown that tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a derivative of T4, acts via the integrin to block T4 support of thyroid cancer and other solid tumor cells. Actions of T4 and tetrac or chemically modified tetrac modulate gene expression in thyroid cancer cells. T4 induces radioresistance via induction of a conformational change in the integrin in various cancer cells, although not yet established in thyroid cancer cells. The thyroid hormone receptor on integrin αvβ3 mediates a number of actions of T4 on differentiated thyroid cancer cells that support the biology of the cancer. Additional studies are required to determine whether T4 acts on thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
| | - Aleck Hercbergs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kelly A. Keating
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselear, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul J. Davis, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-6794-4917
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14
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Fröhlich E, Wahl R. Physiological Role and Use of Thyroid Hormone Metabolites - Potential Utility in COVID-19 Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:587518. [PMID: 33981284 PMCID: PMC8109250 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.587518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine (T3) are classical thyroid hormones and with relatively well-understood actions. In contrast, the physiological role of thyroid hormone metabolites, also circulating in the blood, is less well characterized. These molecules, namely, reverse triiodothyronine, 3,5-diiodothyronine, 3-iodothyronamine, tetraiodoacetic acid and triiodoacetic acid, mediate both agonistic (thyromimetic) and antagonistic actions additional to the effects of the classical thyroid hormones. Here, we provide an overview of the main factors influencing thyroid hormone action, and then go on to describe the main effects of the metabolites and their potential use in medicine. One section addresses thyroid hormone levels in corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). It appears that i) the more potently-acting molecules T3 and triiodoacetic acid have shorter half-lives than the less potent antagonists 3-iodothyronamine and tetraiodoacetic acid; ii) reverse T3 and 3,5-diiodothyronine may serve as indicators for metabolic dysregulation and disease, and iii) Nanotetrac may be a promising candidate for treating cancer, and resmetirom and VK2809 for steatohepatitis. Further, the use of L-T3 in the treatment of severely ill COVID-19 patients is critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Wahl
- Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Richard Wahl,
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15
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Davis PJ, Mousa SA, Lin HY. Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone: The Integrin Component. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:319-352. [PMID: 32584192 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of plasma membrane integrin αvβ3 contains a cell surface receptor for thyroid hormone analogues. The receptor is largely expressed and activated in tumor cells and rapidly dividing endothelial cells. The principal ligand for this receptor is l-thyroxine (T4), usually regarded only as a prohormone for 3,5,3'-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3), the hormone analogue that expresses thyroid hormone in the cell nucleus via nuclear receptors that are unrelated structurally to integrin αvβ3. At the integrin receptor for thyroid hormone, T4 regulates cancer and endothelial cell division, tumor cell defense pathways (such as anti-apoptosis), and angiogenesis and supports metastasis, radioresistance, and chemoresistance. The molecular mechanisms involve signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, differential expression of multiple genes related to the listed cell processes, and regulation of activities of other cell surface proteins, such as vascular growth factor receptors. Tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac) is derived from T4 and competes with binding of T4 to the integrin. In the absence of T4, tetrac and chemically modified tetrac also have anticancer effects that culminate in altered gene transcription. Tumor xenografts are arrested by unmodified and chemically modified tetrac. The receptor requires further characterization in terms of contributions to nonmalignant cells, such as platelets and phagocytes. The integrin αvβ3 receptor for thyroid hormone offers a large panel of cellular actions that are relevant to cancer biology and that may be regulated by tetrac derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaker A Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; and Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Giammanco M, Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Di Liegro I. Genomic and Non-Genomic Mechanisms of Action of Thyroid Hormones and Their Catabolite 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114140. [PMID: 32532017 PMCID: PMC7312989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the realization that the cellular homologs of a gene found in the retrovirus that contributes to erythroblastosis in birds (v-erbA), i.e. the proto-oncogene c-erbA encodes the nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones (THs), most of the interest for THs focalized on their ability to control gene transcription. It was found, indeed, that, by regulating gene expression in many tissues, these hormones could mediate critical events both in development and in adult organisms. Among their effects, much attention was given to their ability to increase energy expenditure, and they were early proposed as anti-obesity drugs. However, their clinical use has been strongly challenged by the concomitant onset of toxic effects, especially on the heart. Notably, it has been clearly demonstrated that, besides their direct action on transcription (genomic effects), THs also have non-genomic effects, mediated by cell membrane and/or mitochondrial binding sites, and sometimes triggered by their endogenous catabolites. Among these latter molecules, 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (3,5-T2) has been attracting increasing interest because some of its metabolic effects are similar to those induced by T3, but it seems to be safer. The main target of 3,5-T2 appears to be the mitochondria, and it has been hypothesized that, by acting mainly on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, 3,5-T2 might prevent and revert tissue damages and hepatic steatosis induced by a hyper-lipid diet, while concomitantly reducing the circulating levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides. Besides a summary concerning general metabolism of THs, as well as their genomic and non-genomic effects, herein we will discuss resistance to THs and the possible mechanisms of action of 3,5-T2, also in relation to its possible clinical use as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giammanco
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (Discipline Chirurgiche, Oncologiche e Stomatologiche), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF)), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (Bi.N.D.)), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-2389-7415 or +39-091-2389-7446
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17
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Bach L, Kostev K, Schiffmann L, Kalder M. Association between thyroid gland diseases and breast cancer: a case-control study. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 182:207-213. [PMID: 32424720 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the present time, there is no consensus on the association between benign thyroid diseases and breast cancer (BC). Therefore, the aim of this study is to help shed some light on the association between hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and thyroiditis and breast cancer risk. METHODS Use of the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) enabled us to perform a retrospective case-control study of 7408 women aged between 18 and 80, who were treated for an initial breast cancer diagnosis in a general practice in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2015 (index date). Patients with a previous cancer diagnosis and an observation time of less than 12 months prior to the index date were excluded. The control group consisted of 7408 healthy women, who were matched to cases 1:1 by age, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy, and physician. The main outcome parameters of this study were the presence of thyroid disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, struma, and thyroiditis) and the TSH values in the two groups. A univariate logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between benign thyroid diseases, TSH values, and BC. RESULTS The mean age was 58.4 years in both groups. We found a significant association between thyroiditis and BC (OR: 1.91, p = 0.01) and were able to refute the association between hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and BC. We also found that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) had no significant effect on breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION Many experimental studies suggest a link between hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism and BC. We were able to demonstrate an epidemiological association between thyroiditis and an increased BC risk. This shows the need for close monitoring for BC in women with thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- Epidemiology, IQVIA, Main Airport Center, Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Leif Schiffmann
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Kalder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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18
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Integrin αvβ3 in the Mediating Effects of Dihydrotestosterone and Resveratrol on Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082906. [PMID: 32326308 PMCID: PMC7216104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones and their receptors play an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. Hormones regulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells through binding between estrogen or progestins and steroid receptors that may reside in the cytoplasm or be transcriptionally activated as steroid–protein nuclear receptor complexes. However, receptors for nonpeptide hormones also exist in the plasma membrane. Via those receptors, hormones are able to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation when activated. Integrins are heterodimeric structural proteins of the plasma membrane. Their primary functions are to interact with extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors. Recently, integrin αvβ3 has been identified as a receptor for nonpeptide hormones, such as thyroid hormone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT promotes the proliferation of human breast cancer cells through binding to integrin αvβ3. A receptor for resveratrol, a polyphenol stilbene, also exists on this integrin in breast cancer cells, mediating the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic action of the compound in these cells. Unrelated activities of DHT and resveratrol that originate at integrin depend upon downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, ERK1/2) activity, suggesting the existence of distinct, function-specific pools of ERK1/2 within the cell. This review will discuss the features of these receptors in breast cancer cells, in turn suggesting clinical applications that are based on the interactions of resveratrol/DHT with integrin αvβ3 and other androgen receptors.
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19
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Hoermann R, Midgley JE, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Heterogenous biochemical expression of hormone activity in subclinical/overt hyperthyroidism and exogenous thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Transl Endocrinol 2020; 19:100219. [PMID: 32099819 PMCID: PMC7031309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2020.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis originates from different causes and clinical conditions, sharing the laboratory constellation of a suppressed TSH in the presence of thyroid hormone concentrations within the reference range. Aim Presentation of hyperthyroidism can manifest itself in several ways. We questioned whether there is either a consistent biochemical equivalence of thyroid hormone response to these diagnostic categories, or a high degree of heterogeneity may exist both within and between the different clinical manifestations. Methods This secondary analysis of a former prospective cross-sectional trial involved 461 patients with untreated thyroid autonomy, Graves’ disease or on levothyroxine (LT4) after thyroidectomy for thyroid carcinoma. TSH response and biochemical equilibria between TSH and thyroid hormones were contrasted between endogenous hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis (LT4 overdose). Results Concentrations of FT4, FT3, TSH, deiodinase activity and BMI differed by diagnostic category. Over various TSH strata, FT4 concentrations were significantly higher in LT4-treated thyroid carcinoma patients, compared to the untreated diseases, though FT3 levels remained comparable. They were concentrated in the upper FT4- but low deiodinase range, distinguishing them from patients with thyroid autonomy and Graves’ disease. In exogenous thyrotoxicosis, TSH and FT3 were less responsive to FT4 concentrations approaching its upper normal/hyperthyroid range. Conclusions The presence or lack of TSH feedforward activity determines the system response in the thyroid-active (hyperthyroidism) and no-thyroid response to treatment (thyrotoxicosis). This rules out a consistent thread of thyroid hormone response running through the different diagnostic categories. TSH measurements should therefore be interpreted conditionally and differently in subclinical hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hoermann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöher Str 14, D-58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany.
| | | | - Rolf Larisch
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Alexandrinenstr. 5, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Liu S, Zhang D, Chen L, Gao S, Huang X. Long non-coding RNA BRM promotes proliferation and invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma by regulating the microRNA-331-3p/SLC25A1 axis. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3071-3078. [PMID: 32218861 PMCID: PMC7068577 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA BRM (lncBRM) was first identified in liver cancer stem cells and was reported to promote multiple cancer types. However, the function of lncBRM in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remains unclear. The primary focus of the present study was to determine the biological role of lncBRM in PTC. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays revealed that lncBRM was upregulated in PTC tissues and cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell invasion and colony-formation assays were performed to assess cell proliferation, invasion and migration, respectively. Furthermore, high expression of lncBRM was associated with poor overall survival time in patients with PTC. lncBRM knockout significantly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion. lncBRM was predicted to bind to microRNA (miR)-331-3p and targets SLC25A1. Overexpression of miR-331-3p or inhibition of SLC25A1 resulted in significantly suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of PTC cells. Rescue assays demonstrated that inhibition of miR-331-3p significantly abrogated the effects of lncBRM knockout on PTC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In conclusion, the present study suggests that lncBRM promotes PTC by regulating miR-331-3p and targeting SLC25A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The People's Hospital of Tong Liang District, Chongqing 402560, P.R. China
| | - Deping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The People's Hospital of Tong Liang District, Chongqing 402560, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The People's Hospital of Tong Liang District, Chongqing 402560, P.R. China
| | - Shangfang Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The People's Hospital of Tong Liang District, Chongqing 402560, P.R. China
| | - Xiu Huang
- Department of Radiography, The People's Hospital of Tong Liang District, Chongqing 402560, P.R. China
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21
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Köhrle J, Lehmphul I, Pietzner M, Renko K, Rijntjes E, Richards K, Anselmo J, Danielsen M, Jonklaas J. 3,5-T2-A Janus-Faced Thyroid Hormone Metabolite Exerts Both Canonical T3-Mimetic Endocrine and Intracrine Hepatic Action. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 10:787. [PMID: 31969860 PMCID: PMC6960127 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, thyroid hormone metabolites (THMs) received marked attention as it has been demonstrated that they are bioactive compounds. Their concentrations were determined by immunoassay or mass-spectrometry methods. Among those metabolites, 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), occurs at low nanomolar concentrations in human serum, but might reach tissue concentrations similar to those of T4 and T3, at least based on data from rodent models. However, the immunoassay-based measurements in human sera revealed remarkable variations depending on antibodies used in the assays and thus need to be interpreted with caution. In clinical experimental approaches in euthyroid volunteers and hypothyroid patients using the immunoassay as the analytical tool no evidence of formation of 3,5-T2 from its putative precursors T4 or T3 was found, nor was any support found for the assumption that 3,5-T2 might represent a direct precursor for serum 3-T1-AM generated by combined deiodination and decarboxylation from 3,5-T2, as previously documented for mouse intestinal mucosa. We hypothesized that lowered endogenous production of 3,5-T2 in patients requiring T4 replacement therapy after thyroidectomy or for treatment of autoimmune thyroid disease, compared to production of 3,5-T2 in individuals with intact thyroid glands might contribute to the discontent seen in a subset of patients with this therapeutic regimen. So far, our observations do not support this assumption. However, the unexpected association between high serum 3,5-T2 and elevated urinary concentrations of metabolites related to coffee consumption requires further studies for an explanation. Elevated 3,5-T2 serum concentrations were found in several situations including impaired renal function, chronic dialysis, sepsis, non-survival in the ICU as well as post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in studies using a monoclonal antibody-based chemoluminescence immunoassay. Pilot analysis of human sera using LC-linear-ion-trap-mass-spectrometry yielded 3,5-T2 concentrations below the limit of quantification in the majority of cases, thus the divergent results of both methods need to be reconciliated by further studies. Although positive anti-steatotic effects have been observed in rodent models, use of 3,5-T2 as a muscle anabolic, slimming or fitness drug, easily obtained without medical prescription, must be advised against, considering its potency in suppressing the HPT axis and causing adverse cardiac side effects. 3,5-T2 escapes regular detection by commercially available clinical routine assays used for thyroid function tests, which may be seriously disrupted in individuals self-administering 3,5-T2 obtained over-the counter or from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ina Lehmphul
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kostja Renko
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keith Richards
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - João Anselmo
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Divino Espirito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Mark Danielsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jacqueline Jonklaas
- Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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22
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Senese R, Cioffi F, Petito G, Goglia F, Lanni A. Thyroid hormone metabolites and analogues. Endocrine 2019; 66:105-114. [PMID: 31359245 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several metabolic products that derive from L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3'5-L-triiodothyronine (T3), the main thyroid hormones secreted by the thyroid gland, possess biologic activities. Among these metabolites or derivatives showing physiological actions some have received greater attention: diiodothyronines, iodothyronamines, acetic acid analogues. It is known that increased thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels can improve serum lipid profiles and reduce body fat. These positive effects are, however, counterbalanced by adverse effects on the heart, muscle and bone, limiting their use. In addition to the naturally occurring metabolites, thyroid hormone analogues have been developed that either have selective effects on specific tissues or bind selectively to thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoform. Among these GC-1, KB141, KB2115, and DITPA were deeply investigated and displayed promising therapeutic results in the potential treatment of conditions such as dyslipidemias and obesity. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of metabolites and analogues of T4 and T3 with reference to their possible clinical application in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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Hoermann R, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Individualised requirements for optimum treatment of hypothyroidism: complex needs, limited options. Drugs Context 2019; 8:212597. [PMID: 31516533 PMCID: PMC6726361 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Levothyroxine (LT4) therapy has a long history, a well-defined pharmacological profile and a favourable safety record in the alleviation of hypothyroidism. However, questions remain in defining the threshold for the requirement of treatment in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism, assessing the dose adequacy of the drug, and selecting the best treatment mode (LT4 monotherapy versus liothyronine [LT3]/LT4 combinations) for subpopulations with persisting complaints. Supplied as a prodrug, LT4 is enzymatically converted into the biologically more active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T3). Importantly, tetraiodothyronine (T4) to T3 conversion efficiency may be impaired in patients receiving LT4, resulting in a loss of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated feed-forward control of T3, alteration of the interlocking equilibria between serum concentrations of TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyonine (FT3), and a decrease in FT3 to FT4 ratios. This downgrades the value of the TSH reference system derived in thyroid health for guiding the replacement dose in the treatment situation. Individualised conditionally defined setpoints may therefore provide appropriate biochemical targets to be clinically tested, together with a stronger focus on clinical presentation and future endpoint markers of tissue thyroid state. This cautionary note encompasses the use of aggregated statistical data from clinical trials which are not safely applicable to the individual level of patient care under these circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hoermann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Larisch
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58515 Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Johannes W Dietrich
- Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany.,Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Alexandrinenstr. 5, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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