Cumulative Live Birth Rates of Good and Low Prognosis Patients According to POSEIDON Criteria: A Single Center Analysis of 18,455 Treatment Cycles

The role of age and AMH on cumulative live birth rates over multiple frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: a study based on low prognosis patients of POSEIDON 3 and 4 groups

BACKGROUND

Among the POSEIDON criteria, group 3 and group 4 have an expected low prognosis. For those patients with inadequate ovary reserve, embryo accumulated from consecutive oocyte retrieval cycles for multiple frozen-thawed embryo transfers (FET) has become more common. It is necessary to inform them of the pregnancy outcomes after single or multiple FET cycles before the treatment. However few studies about cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) for those with low prognosis have been reported.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 4712 patients undergoing frozen embryo transfer cycles from July 2015 to August 2020. Patients were stratified as POSEIDON group 3, group 4, control 1 group (< 35 years) and control 2 group (≥ 35 years). The primary outcome is CLBRs up to six FET cycles and the secondary outcomes were LBRs per transfer cycle. Optimistic approach was used for the analysis of CLBRs and the depiction of cumulative incidence curves.

RESULTS

Under optimistic model analyses, control 1 group exhibited the highest CLBR (93.98%, 95%CI 91.63-95.67%) within 6 FET cycles, followed by the CLBR from women in POSEIDON group 3(92.51%, 95%CI 77.1-97.55)was slightly lower than that in control 1 group. The CLBR of POSEIDON group 4(55% ,95%CI 39.34-70.66%)was the lowest and significantly lower than that of control 2 group(88.7%, 95%CI 80.68-96.72%). Further, patients in POSEIDON group 4 reached a CLBR plateau after 5 FET cycles.

CONCLUSIONS

The patients of POSEIDON group 3 may not be considered as traditional "low prognosis" in clinical practice as extending the number of FET cycles up to 6 can archive considerably CLBR as control women. While for the POSEIDON group 4, a simple repeat of the FET cycle is not recommended after four failed FET cycles, some strategies such as PGT-A may be beneficial.

Poor ovarian response classification systems in the clinical setting - time for an update?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Poor ovarian response (POR) remains a key challenge to the success of assisted reproductive technology. Here, we offer a comprehensive review of the two main classification systems for POR, discussing their promises and pitfalls, evaluating their performance, and exploring potential avenues for improving upon these definitions of POR.

RECENT FINDINGS

The Bologna criteria represented the first meaningful attempt to create a universal POR definition. Subsequently, the POSEIDON classification system was published to provide a more nuanced view of POR, classifying patients into four groups based on age and ovarian reserve markers. A recent study evaluated the likelihood of achieving at least one euploid embryo for transfer and found that, indeed, these classification systems are effective predictors of this outcome.While these criteria provide an effective counseling tool, several limitations - not considering underlying conditions, selecting somewhat arbitrary cutoffs, and evaluating the number of oocytes retrieved regardless of maturity - highlight the importance of improving upon these systems to create a more useful tool to more accurately predict ovarian response for clinical and research purposes.

SUMMARY

In the era of personalized medicine, it is time to reconsider whether diagnostic criteria for a continuous metric such as ovarian response should be based on meeting all-or-nothing thresholds for specific parameters.

Live birth rate per fresh embryo transfer and cumulative live birth rate in patients with PCOS under the POSEIDON classification: a retrospective study

Background

Ovarian stimulation (OS) for in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women with PCOS often results in multiple follicular development, yet some individuals experience poor or suboptimal responses. Limited data exist regarding the impact of poor/suboptimal ovarian response on pregnancy outcomes in women with PCOS.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the live birth rate (LBR) per fresh embryo transfer and cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) per aspiration cycle differ in women with PCOS defined by the Patient-Oriented Strategy Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria.

Methods

A retrospective study involving 2,377 women with PCOS who underwent their first IVF/ICSI cycle at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020 was used. Patients were categorized into four groups based on age, antral follicle count, and the number of oocytes retrieved, according to the POSEIDON criteria. The LBR and CLBR were compared among these groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess whether the POSEIDON criteria served as independent risk factors and identify factors associated with POSEIDON.

Results

For patients <35 years old, there was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate between POSEIDON and non-POSEIDON patients, whereas POSEIDON patients exhibited lower rates of implantation and live birth. POSEIDON Group 1a displayed lower rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth. However, no significant differences were observed in the rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth between POSEIDON Group 1b and non-POSEIDON groups. For patients ≥35 years old, there were no significant differences in the rates of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth between POSEIDON and non-POSEIDON patients. CLBRs were significantly lower in POSEIDON Groups 1 and 2, compared with the non-POSEIDON groups. The levels of body mass index (BMI), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and antral follicle count (AFC) were associated with POSEIDON hypo-response. POSEIDON was found to be associated with lower CLBR, but not LBR per fresh embryo transfer.

Conclusions

In patients with PCOS, an unexpected suboptimal response can achieve a fair LBR per fresh embryo transfer. However, CLBR per aspirated cycle in POSEIDON patients was lower than that of normal responders. BMI, basal FSH level, and AFC were independent factors associated with POSEIDON. Our study provides data for decision-making in women with PCOS after an unexpected poor/suboptimal response to OS.

Comparison of miscarriage rates in low prognosis patients according to the POSEIDON criteria

OBJECTIVE

The POSEIDON criteria stratified patients with poor ovarian response into four subgroups with exclusive characteristics and assisted reproductive technology success rates. However, limited studies focused on miscarriage in the POSEIDON population. This study aimed to explore whether the miscarriage rate different among low prognosis patients according to POSEIDON criteria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective observational study. All clinical pregnancies achieved after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment between January 1998 and April 2021 were analyzed. The primary outcome was miscarriage, defined as the pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation age. Miscarriage rate was estimated per clinical pregnancy and gestational sac.

RESULTS

A total of 1222 clinical pregnancies from 1088 POSEIDON patients met the inclusion criteria. The miscarriage rates per clinical pregnancy in each POSEIDON subgroup were as follows: Group 1: 11.7 %, Group 2: 26.5 %, Group 3: 20.9 %, and Group 4: 37.5 %. The miscarriage rate per gestational sac showed a similar trend as the clinical miscarriage rate. Multivariate regression analysis showed that advanced maternal age is an independent factor for miscarriage (Group 2 vs. 1: OR 2.476; Group 4 vs. 3: OR 2.252). Patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) have higher miscarriage risks but without significance (Group 3 vs. 1: OR 1.322; Group 4 vs. 2: OR 1.202).

CONCLUSION

Miscarriage rates differed among low prognosis patients according to the POSEIDON criteria. Age remains a determined risk for miscarriage. DOR might be a potential factor for miscarriage, but it didn't account for a significant impact in POSEIDON patients.

Embryological and clinical outcomes in couples with severe male factor infertility versus normozoospermia

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated embryological and clinical outcomes in couples with severe male factor infertility versus those with normozoospermia undergoing ICSI and in vitro fertilisation.

METHODS

This multicentre, retrospective cohort study included all couples who had undergone autologous ICSI cycles at My Duc Hospital and My Duc Phu Nhuan Hospital in Vietnam between January 2018 and January 2021 (female age < 35 years and males with severe male factor or normozoospermia based on the World Health Organization 2010 criteria). The primary outcome was the cumulative live birth rate after the first ICSI cycle.

RESULTS

A total of 1296 couples were included, including 648 with severe male factor infertility and 648 with normozoospermia. The number of two pronuclei zygotes, embryos, and frozen embryos was significantly lower in couples with severe male factor infertility compared with normozoospermia (p < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to cumulative pregnancy outcomes, including the live birth rate, and secondary outcomes including clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, and miscarriage rate.

CONCLUSION

Severe male factor infertility appeared to have an impact on the fertilisation and early developmental potential of embryos, but sperm quality did not affect cumulative clinical fertility outcomes.

Maternal and neonatal complications after IVF/ICSI-fresh embryo transfer in low-prognosis women under the POSEIDON criteria: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Several studies on pregnancy complications of poor ovarian response (POR) patients did not draw a consistent conclusion. The POSEIDON criteria introduces the concept of "low prognosis" and divides POR patients into four groups based on age, AFC and AMH for individualized management. We analyzed low-prognosis population and patients with regular ovarian response, compared maternal and neonatal complications and discussed the relevant risk factors.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of females who achieved a singleton clinical pregnancy after IVF / ICSI-fresh embryo transfer in a single center from January 2014 to March 2019. Participants with low prognosis, as defined by the POSEIDON criteria, were enrolled in the study groups. The controls were defined as AFC ≥ five and number of retrieved oocytes > nine. Maternal and neonatal complications were compared among those groups.

RESULTS

There were 2554 cycles in POSEIDON group 1, 971 in POSEIDON group 2, 141 in POSEIDON group 3, 142 in POSEIDON group 4, and 3820 in Control. Univariate analysis roughly showed that Groups 2 and 4 had an increased tendency of pregnancy complications. Multi-variable generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis showed that the risks of GDM, total pregnancy loss, and first-trimester pregnancy loss in Groups 2 and 4 were significantly higher than in Control. The risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in Groups 2 and 3 increased, and Group 4 had an increased tendency without statistical significance. After classification by age, GEE analysis showed no significant difference in risks of all complications among groups ≥ 35 years. In patients < 35 years, the risk of HDP in POSEIDON group 3 was significantly higher than in controls (< 35 years), and there was no significant increase in the risk of other complications.

CONCLUSION

Compared to patients with regular ovarian response, low-prognosis population have increased tendency of maternal and neonatal complications. In low-prognosis patients, advanced age (≥ 35 years) might be the predominant risk factor for pregnancy complications. In those < 35 years, poor ovarian reserve could contribute to HDP.

Bologna vs. POSEIDON criteria as predictors of the likelihood of obtaining at least one euploid embryo in poor ovarian response: an analysis of 6,889 cycles

OBJECTIVE

To study the likelihood of obtaining at least 1 euploid embryo for transfer in poor ovarian response (POR) diagnosed per Bologna and Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria, and compare it between groups and with patients without POR.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

PATIENTS

Women undergoing an ovarian stimulation cycle with intention to pursue preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy.

INTERVENTIONS

Bologna criteria and the POSEIDON classification system were applied to characterize each stimulation cycle as POR or not. Cycles identified as POR by POSEIDON were subdivided into groups I, II, III, and IV as defined by this classification system.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

The proportion of cycles resulting in at least 1 euploid blastocyst. Other outcome measures included cycle yields (metaphase II oocytes, fertilized oocytes, blastocysts, and euploid blastocysts), and euploidy rate per embryo cohort.

RESULTS

A total of 6,889 cycles were included, of which 3,653 (53.0%) were classified as POR per POSEIDON criteria: 1.5% (100/6,889) in group I, 3.2% (222/6,889) in II, 11.9% (817/6,889) in III, and 36.5% (2,514/6,889) in IV. Per Bologna criteria, 23.4% (1,612/6,889) of cycles were classified as POR. Group I had similar likelihood of obtaining at least 1 euploid embryo (97.0%; 95% confidence interval, 91.5%-99.2%) as cycles not deemed POR (91.9%; 95% confidence interval, 90.9%-2.8%), whereas this decreased significantly with each subsequent POSEIDON group (II: 77.9%, 72.0%-82.9%; III: 70.5%, 67.3%-73.5%; IV: 44.8%, 42.9%-46.7%) and those meeting Bologna criteria had the lowest rates (31.9%, 29.7%-34.3%). Cycle yields correlated with ovarian reserve testing results, whereas euploidy rates were associated with age.

CONCLUSIONS

Although younger POSEIDON groups (I and III) have higher euploidy rates than older groups (II and IV), each incremental POSEIDON group poses a higher risk of having no euploid blastocysts; with POSEIDON I being no different from non-POSEIDON, and Bologna having the worst prognosis. Although ovarian reserve appears to have little impact on euploidy rates, it remains a key prognostic factor for having at least 1 euploid embryo available for transfer through its impact on oocyte yield. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide the odds ratio of this outcome depending on the degree of POR.

Comparison of Cumulative Live Birth Rate (CLBR) According to Patient Oriented Strategies Encompassing Individualized Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) Stratification Among Low Prognosis Women Undergoing IVF-ICSI Cycles

Background

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate patient-oriented strategies encompassing individualized oocyte number (POSEIDON) criteria, validate stratification of low prognosis women, and prognosticate their reproductive potential in terms of cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) in Indian women.

Methods

Out of 4048 women who underwent IVF/ICSI, 3287 women met the criteria for final evaluation of CLBR. They criteria were divided into (a) group 1a as cases with <4 oocytes retrieved and 1b with 4-9 oocytes retrieved; (b) group 2a as cases with <4 oocytes retrieved and 2b with 4-9 oocytes retrieved; (c) group 3 (<35 years, AMH <1.2 ng/ml, AFC <5); and (d) group 4 (≥35 years, AMH <1.2 ng/ml, AFC <5). Non-POSEIDON group was sub-divided into normo-responders (10-20 oocytes) and hyper-responder (>20 oocytes).

Results

Overall CLBR was two-fold lower in POSEIDON group as compared to non-POSEIDON group (p<0.001). For every one-year increase in the age, the odds of CLBR decreased by 4% (OR 0.96, CI 0.93-0.99) in POSEIDON group and by 5% (OR 0.95, CI 0.92-0.98) in non-POSEIDON group. For every unit increase in number of oocytes retrieved, the odds of CLBR increased by 1.22 times (OR1.22, CI 1.16-1.28) in POSEIDON group and by 1.08 times (OR 1.08, CI 1.05-1.11) in non-POSEIDON group. Among POSEIDON groups, the highest values in CLBR belonged to group 1b followed by 3, 2b, 4, 1a, and 2a.

Conclusion

POSEIDON stratification of low-prognosis women undergoing IVF may be considered valid to prognosticate and counsel women undergoing IVF. Prospective studies will strengthen its validity among different ethnic populations.

Cumulative live birth rates and birth outcomes after IVF/ICSI treatment cycles in young POSEIDON patients: A real-world study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to describe the cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) of young women with or without low prognosis according to the POSEIDON criteria after IVF/ICSI cycles and to investigate whether the diagnosis of low prognosis increases the risk of abnormal birth outcomes.

DESIGN

Retrospective study.

SETTING

A single reproductive medicine center.

POPULATION

From January 2016 to October 2020, there were 17,893 patients (<35 years) involved. After screening, 4,105 women were included in POSEIDON group 1, 1,375 women were included in POSEIDON group 3, and 11,876 women were defined as non-POSEIDON.

INTERVENTIONS

Baseline serum AMH level was measured on the D2-D3 of menstrual cycle before IVF/ICSI treatment.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Cumulative live birth rate (CLBR), birth outcomes.

RESULTS

After four stimulation cycles, the CLBRs in POSEIDON group 1, POSEIDON group 3, and non-POSEIDON group reached 67.9% (95% CI, 66.5%-69.3%), 51.9% (95% CI, 49.2%-54.5%), and 79.6% (95% CI, 78.9%-80.3%), respectively. There was no difference in gestational age, preterm delivery, cesarean delivery, and low birth weight infants between the three groups, but macrosomia was significantly higher in non-POSEIDON group, after adjusting for maternal age and BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

The POSEIDON group shows lower CLBRs than the non-POSEIDON group in young women, while the risk of abnormal birth outcomes in the POSEIDON group will not increase.

Association Between Time Interval from COVID-19 Vaccination to In Vitro Fertilization and Pregnancy Rate After Fresh Embryo Transfer

IMPORTANCE

There is a lack of information regarding the need to postpone conception after COVID-19 vaccination.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the time interval between the first dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine and in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment as well as the rate of pregnancy after a fresh embryo transfer.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This cohort study was conducted at a single public IVF center in China. Female patients aged 20 to 47 years and undergoing IVF treatment were consecutively registered from May 1 to December 22, 2021, with follow-up until March 31, 2022. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection before or during IVF treatment and those who underwent 2 or more IVF treatments, received the noninactivated or unknown COVID-19 vaccine, or did not have a fresh embryo transfer were excluded from this study.

EXPOSURES

The vaccinated group (subdivided into 4 subgroups of time interval from first vaccination to fertilization treatment: ≤30 days, 31-60 days, 61-90 days, and ≥91 days) and nonvaccinated group.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Risk ratios (RRs) for the association between the time interval and ongoing pregnancy (pregnancy continued at least 12 weeks).

RESULTS

A total of 3052 female patients (mean [SD] age, 31.45 [3.96] years) undergoing IVF treatment were analyzed in this study. There were 667 vaccinated patients receiving IVF (35 were vaccinated ≤30 days, 58 were vaccinated 31-60 days, 105 were vaccinated 61-90 days, and 469 were vaccinated ≥91 days before fertilization treatment), and 2385 unvaccinated patients receiving treatment. The ovarian stimulation and laboratory parameters were similar among all groups. Ongoing pregnancy was significantly lower in the 30 days or less subgroup (34.3% [12 of 35]; adjusted RR [aRR], 0.61; 95% CI, 0.33-0.91) and the 31 to 60 days' subgroup (36.2% [21 of 58]; aRR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.42-0.85). A slightly but not statistically lower rate was found in the 61 to 90 days' subgroup, and no reduced risk for ongoing pregnancy in the 91 days or more subgroup was observed (56.3% [264 of 469]; aRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.88-1.04) compared with the unvaccinated group (60.3% [1439 of 2385], as reference).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Findings of this study suggest that receipt of the first inactivated COVID-19 vaccine dose 60 days or less before fertilization treatment is associated with a reduced rate of pregnancy. In patients undergoing IVF treatment with a fresh embryo transfer, the procedure may need to be delayed until at least 61 days after COVID-19 vaccination.

Pregnancy rate in IVF patients with unexpected poor response to ovarian stimulation

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether an unexpected poor response (cases with ≤3 oocytes) leads to a reduction in the pregnancy rate in IVF cycles compared to a suboptimal response (controls with 4-9 oocytes) in women with adequate ovarian reserve.

METHODS

A nested case-control study performed in a retrospective cohort of couples undergoing IVF at the Infertility Unit of the ASST Lariana. Cases and controls had adequate ovarian reserve and were matched 1:1 for female age and number of previous cycles. Cumulative clinical pregnancy rate per oocyte retrieval was the main outcome.

RESULTS

Overall, 113 cases and 113 matched controls were included; the median number of available oocytes was 2 and 6, respectively. The cumulative pregnancy rate per cycle was significantly reduced in cases compared to controls with a crude odds ratio = 0.45 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.28-0.82]. A binomial logistic model indicated that an increase in one oocyte increases the odds for cumulative pregnancy rate per cycle by 1.27 in women with 9 oocytes or less. The cumulative pregnancy rates per cycle in cases and controls, according to female age were respectively: 29% versus 54% in patients aged <35 years (p = 0.036); 22% versus 43% in patients aged 36-39 years (p = 0.048) and 11% versus 13% in patients 40-45 years old (p = 0.72). Patients belonging to older age groups showed decreasing probability of cumulative clinical pregnancy rates both among cases and controls group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The number of available oocytes significantly affects the probability of success in IVF cycles with unexpected impaired ovarian response.

Ovarian reserve parameters and IVF outcomes in 510 women with poor ovarian response (POR) treated with intraovarian injection of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP)

The aim of the current study was to characterize ovarian reserve parameters and IVF outcomes in women with a history of poor ovarian response (POR) treated with intraovarian injection of autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP). Reproductive age women (N=510; age range 30-45yo) diagnosed with POR based on Poseidon criteria were included in the study. PRP treatment resulted in higher AFC, higher serum AMH, lower serum FSH, and a higher number of mature oocytes and cleavage and blastocyst stage embryos. After PRP injection, 22 women (4.3%) conceived spontaneously, 14 (2.7%) were lost to follow up, and 474 (92.9%) attempted IVF. Among women who attempted IVF, 312 (65.8%) generated embryos and underwent embryo transfer, 83 (17.5%) achieved a pregnancy, and 54 (11.4%) achieved sustained implantation/live birth (SI/LB). In total, of the 510 women with POR and mean age of 40.3, PRP resulted in improvement of ovarian reserve parameters, a pregnancy rate of 20.5% and SI/LB rate of 12.9%. Our findings suggest that PRP treatment may be considered in women with POR. For wider clinical application, its clinical efficacy will need to be demonstrated in prospective randomized clinical trials.

Cumulative live birth rates for low-prognosis women over 5 years or 9 frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles

Background

For heterogeneous populations of low-prognosis women, it remains unclear as to how long individuals should continue undergoing ART when attempting to have a baby, as there have been insufficient studies to date tracking the cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) for these women over the entire course of their ART treatment, particularly over extended time periods.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 17,698 women at a tertiary care academic medical center who had begun undergoing IVI/ICSI cycles using a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) approach between January 2013 and January 2019. Low-prognosis patients were stratified into four groups based upon POSEIDON criteria, with patients exhibiting normal or high ovarian reserves and response to stimulation (defined as AFC ≥5, > 9 oocytes retrieved) being included as controls (group 5). The CLBR within 5 years or 9 FET cycles from the ovum pick-up (OPU) day of the first cycle was the primary endpoint for this study, including all repetitive oocyte retrieval cycles and subsequent FET cycles. Optimistic and conservative approaches were used for the analysis of CLBRs and the depiction of cumulative incidence curves.

Results

Under both optimistic and conservative model analyses, normal and good responders exhibited the highest CLBR within 5 years or 9 FET cycles, followed by younger unexpected poor responders, younger expected poor responders, older unexpected poor responders, and older expected poor responders. Upward trends in CLBRs were evident across the five groups with the prolongation of time or an increase in FET cycle counts. Within the first 2 years or 3 FET cycles, the CLBRs rose rapidly, followed by more moderate increases over the following 2–3.5 years or 4–6 cycles, with expected poor responders exhibiting the most obvious improvements. All Patients reached a CLBR plateau after 3.5 years or 6 FET cycles.

Conclusions

All low-prognosis women should undergo ART treatment for a minimum of 2 years or 3 FET cycles, and exhibit better outcomes when extending ART treatment to 3.5 years or 6 FET cycles (particularly for POSEIDON groups 3 and 4), but should consider ceasing further treatment thereafter due to a lack of apparent benefit.

Cumulative delivery rate per aspiration IVF/ICSI cycle in POSEIDON patients: a real-world evidence study of 9073 patients

STUDY QUESTION

What is the cumulative delivery rate (CDR) per aspiration IVF/ICSI cycle in low-prognosis patients as defined by the Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The CDR of POSEIDON patients was on average ∼50% lower than in normal responders and varied across POSEIDON groups; differences were primarily determined by female age, number of embryos obtained, number of embryo transfer (ET) cycles per patient, number of oocytes retrieved, duration of infertility, and BMI.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

The POSEIDON criteria aim to underline differences related to a poor or suboptimal treatment outcome in terms of oocyte quality and quantity among patients undergoing IVF/ICSI, and thus, create more homogenous groups for the clinical management of infertility and research. POSEIDON patients are presumed to be at a higher risk of failing to achieve a live birth after IVF/ICSI treatment than normal responders with an adequate ovarian reserve. The CDR per initiated/aspiration cycle after the transfer of all fresh and frozen–thawed/warmed embryos has been suggested to be the critical endpoint that sets these groups apart. However, no multicenter study has yet substantiated the validity of the POSEIDON classification in identifying relevant subpopulations of patients with low-prognosis in IVF/ICSI treatment using real-world data.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

Multicenter population-based retrospective cohort study involving 9073 patients treated in three fertility clinics in Brazil, Turkey and Vietnam between 2015 and 2017.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Participants were women with infertility between 22 and 42 years old in their first IVF/ICSI cycle of standard ovarian stimulation whose fresh and/or frozen embryos were transferred until delivery of a live born or until all embryos were used. Patients were retrospectively classified according to the POSEIDON criteria into four groups based on female age, antral follicle count (AFC), and the number of oocytes retrieved or into a control group of normal responders (non-POSEIDON). POSEIDON patients encompassed younger (<35 years) and older (35 years or above) women with an AFC ≥5 and an unexpected poor (<4 retrieved oocytes) or suboptimal (4–9 retrieved oocytes) response to stimulation, and respective younger and older counterparts with an impaired ovarian reserve (i.e. expected poor responders; AFC <5). Non-POSEIDON patients were those with AFC ≥5 and >9 oocytes retrieved. CDR was computed per one aspirated cycle. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between patient classification and CDR.

MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE

The CDR was lower in the POSEIDON patients than in the non-POSEIDON patients (33.7% vs 50.6%; P < 0.001) and differed across POSEIDON groups (younger unexpected poor responder [Group 1a; n = 212]: 27.8%, younger unexpected suboptimal responder [Group 1b; n = 1785]: 47.8%, older unexpected poor responder [Group 2a; n = 293]: 14.0%, older unexpected suboptimal responder [Group 2b; n = 1275]: 30.5%, younger expected poor responder [Group 3; n = 245]: 29.4%, and older expected poor responder [Group 4; n = 623]: 12.5%. Among unexpected suboptimal/poor responders (POSEIDON Groups 1 and 2), the CDR was twice as high in suboptimal responders (4–9 oocytes retrieved) as in poor responders (<4 oocytes) (P = 0.0004). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the POSEIDON grouping, number of embryos obtained, number of ET cycles per patient, number of oocytes collected, female age, duration of infertility and BMI were relevant predictors for CDR (P < 0.001).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Our study relied on the antral follicle count as the biomarker used for patient classification. Ovarian stimulation protocols varied across study centers, potentially affecting patient classification.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

POSEIDON patients exhibit lower CDR per aspirated IVF/ICSI cycle than normal responders; the differences are mainly determined by female age and number of oocytes retrieved, thereby reflecting the importance of oocyte quality and quantity. Our data substantiate the validity of the POSEIDON criteria in identifying relevant subpopulations of patients with low-prognosis in IVF/ICSI treatment. Efforts in terms of early diagnosis, prevention, and identification of specific interventions that might benefit POSEIDON patients are warranted.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

Unrestricted investigator-sponsored study grant (MS200059_0013) from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or manuscript preparation. S.C.E. declares receipt of unrestricted research grants from Merck and lecture fees from Merck and Med.E.A. H.Y. declares receipt of payment for lectures from Merck and Ferring. L.N.V. receives speaker fees and conferences from Merck, Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) and Ferring and research grants from MSD and Ferring. J.F.C. declares receipt of statistical services fees from ANDROFERT Clinic. T.M.H. received speaker fees and conferences from Merck, MSD and Ferring. P.H. declares receipt of unrestricted research grants from Merck, Ferring, Gedeon Richter and IBSA and lecture fees from Merck, Gedeon Richter and Med.E.A. C.A. declares receipt of unrestricted research grants from Merck and lecture fees from Merck. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Cumulative live birth rates of patients in the Peruvian Andes according to the POSEIDON criteria: a single-center retrospective analysis

Objective:

To identify low prognosis in-vitro fertilization (IVF) patients treated at Centro de Fertilidad y Ginecología del Sur (CFGS) based on the POSEIDON criteria.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 412 IVF patients and assessed them based on the POSEIDON criteria to describe the cumulative live birth rates seen in each group.

Results:

13.1% of patients met the POSEIDON criteria, and the proportion of cases in POSEIDON groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 20.4%, 31.5%, 14.8%, and 33.3%, respectively. The cumulative live birth rate for the individuals meeting the POSEIDON criteria was 25.9%, while for patients in POSEIDON groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 the rates were 45.5%, 29.4%, 25.0%, and 11%, respectively. The differences were not statistically significant due to the small number of cases.

Conclusions:

Patients belonging to the four POSEIDON groups were described at CFGS. Age and number of retrieved mature oocytes were determining parameters in the prognosis of pregnancy in IVF/ICSI patients.

Is diminished ovarian reserve a risk factor for miscarriage? Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum concentration and antral follicle count (AFC), as measured by transvaginal ultrasonography, accurately reflect the antral follicle pool. However, AMH and AFC association with fertility surrogates (i.e. age at menopause, probability of conceiving naturally and ART success rate) is questioned. Miscarriage is often considered an alternative measure of reproductive capacity. Nonetheless, the impact of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) on miscarriage incidence remains an understudied and unresolved issue.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to elucidate associations between DOR and miscarriage risk, both in women who conceived naturally and in those who achieved pregnancy through ART.

SEARCH METHODS

Relevant studies were identified by a systematic search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus, from database inception to 1 March 2021. Studies were included only if all the following conditions were met: DOR was defined using serum AMH concentration or AFC; miscarriage rate was reported separately for different groups of women categorized according to the AMH and/or AFC level; authors reported either the rate of intrauterine pregnancy loss before 22 weeks of gestation or enough data were available to calculate it.

OUTCOMES

From a total of 347 publications initially identified, 16 studies were included. Pooled results from 13 retrospective studies focusing on ART pregnancies showed a significantly higher rate of miscarriage in women with a low AMH, as compared to women with a medium or high serum AMH concentration (12 042 women, random effects model, odds ratio (OR) 1.35; 95% CI, 1.10-1.66; P = 0.004; I2=50%). The only prospective study on ART pregnancies failed to show any association (61 women, risk ratio (RR) 2.95; 95% CI, 0.66-3.18; P = 0.16). Data from two prospective studies, which included naturally conceived pregnancies, showed a significantly increased miscarriage risk for women with low serum AMH. However, these data could not undergo meta-analysis owing to differing study designs. Using three retrospective studies, we observed an association between low AFC and miscarriage incidence (three retrospective studies on ART pregnancies, random effects model, OR 1.81; 95% CI, 1.02-3.21; P = 0.04; I2=64%).

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

Our meta-analysis findings suggest that within the DOR patient subgroup, serum AMH and AFC biomarker levels may correlate with both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of ovarian reserve. However, owing to study limitations, the aetiology of this effect remains unclear and we are unable to define a causal relationship between DOR and increased miscarriage or to provide clinical recommendations based on this information. However, if confirmed by future well-designed studies, these findings would be profoundly informative for guiding women in family planning decisions.

Reduced FSH and LH action: implications for medically assisted reproduction

Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) play complementary roles in follicle development and ovulation via a complex interaction in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, reproductive organs, and oocytes. Impairment of the production or action of gonadotropins causes relative or absolute LH and FSH deficiency that compromises gametogenesis and gonadal steroid production, thereby reducing fertility. In women, LH and FSH deficiency is a spectrum of conditions with different functional or organic causes that are characterized by low or normal gonadotropin levels and low oestradiol levels. While the causes and effects of reduced LH and FSH production are very well known, the notion of reduced action has received less attention by researchers. Recent evidence shows that molecular characteristics, signalling as well as ageing, and some polymorphisms negatively affect gonadotropin action. These findings have important clinical implications, in particular for medically assisted reproduction in which diminished action determined by the afore-mentioned factors, combined with reduced endogenous gonadotropin production caused by GnRH analogue protocols, may lead to resistance to gonadotropins and, thus, to an unexpected hypo-response to ovarian stimulation. Indeed, the importance of LH and FSH action has been highlighted by the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ICMART) in their definition of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as gonadal failure associated with reduced gametogenesis and gonadal steroid production due to reduced gonadotropin production or action. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of determinants of reduced FSH and LH action that are associated with a reduced response to ovarian stimulation.

A large observational data study supporting the PROsPeR score classification in poor ovarian responders according to live birth outcome

STUDY QUESTION

Can the Poor Responder Outcome Prediction (PROsPeR) score identify live birth outcomes in subpopulations of patients with poor ovarian response (POR) defined according to the ESHRE Bologna criteria (female age, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), number of oocytes retrieved during the previous cycle (PNO) after treatment with originator recombinant human follitropin alfa?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The PROsPeR score discriminated the probability of live birth in patients with POR using observational data with fair discrimination (AUC ≅ 70%) and calibration, and the AUC losing less than 5% precision compared with a model developed using the observational data.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Although scoring systems for the likelihood of live birth after ART have been developed, their accuracy may be insufficient, as they have generally been developed in the general population with infertility and were not validated for patients with POR. The PROsPeR score was developed using data from the follitropin alfa (GONAL-f; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) arm of the Efficacy and Safety of Pergoveris in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ESPART) randomized controlled trial (RCT) and classifies women with POR as mild, moderate or severe, based upon three variables: female age, serum AMH level and number of oocytes retrieved during the previous cycle (PNO).

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

The external validation of the PROsPeR score was completed using data derived from eight different centres in France. In addition, the follitropin alfa data from the ESPART RCT, originally used to develop the PROsPeR score, were used as reference cohort. The external validation of the PROsPeR score l was assessed using AUC. A predetermined non-inferiority limit of 0.10 compared with a reference sample and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) were the two conditions required for evaluation.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

The observational cohort included data from 8085 ART treatment cycles performed with follitropin alfa in patients with POR defined according to the ESHRE Bologna criteria (17.6% of the initial data set). The ESPART cohort included 477 ART treatment cycles with ovarian stimulation performed with follitropin alfa in patients with POR.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The external validation of the PROsPeR score to identify subpopulations of women with POR with different live birth outcomes was shown in the observational cohort (AUC = 0.688; 95% CI: 0.662, 0.714) compared with the ESPART cohort (AUC = 0.695; 95% CI: 0.623, 0.767). The AUC difference was -0.0074 (95% CI: -0.083, 0.0689). This provided evidence, with 97.5% one-sided confidence, that there was a maximum estimated loss of 8.4% in discrimination between the observational cohort and the ESPART cohort, which was below the predetermined margin of 10%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test did not reject the calibration when comparing observed and predicted data (Hosmer-Lemeshow test = 1.266688; P = 0.260).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

The study was based on secondary use of data that had not been collected specifically for the analysis reported here and the number of characteristics used to classify women with POR was limited to the available data. The data were from a limited number of ART centres in a single country, which may present a bias risk; however, baseline patient data were similar to other POR studies.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

This evaluation of the PROsPeR score using observational data supports the notion that the likelihood of live birth may be calculated with reasonable precision using three readily available pieces of data (female age, serum AMH and PNO). The PROsPeR score has potential to be used to discriminate expected probability of live birth according to the degree of POR (mild, moderate, severe) after treatment with follitropin alfa, enabling comparison of performance at one centre over time and the comparison between centres.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

This analysis was funded by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. P.L. received grants from Merck KGaA, outside of the submitted work. N.M. reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Merck KGaA outside the submitted work. T.D.H. is Vice President and Head of Global Medical Affairs Fertility, Research and Development at Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. P.A. has received personal fees from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, outside the submitted work. C.R. has received grants and personal fees from Gedeon Richter and Merck Serono S.A.S., France, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, outside the submitted work. P.S. reports congress support from Merck Serono S.A.S., France (an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), Gedeon Richter, TEVA and MDS outside the submitted work. C.A., J.P., G.P. and R.W. declare no conflict of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A.

Antral follicle count and anti-Müllerian hormone to classify low-prognosis women under the POSEIDON criteria: a classification agreement study of over 9000 patients

STUDY QUESTION

What is the agreement between antral follicle count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels when used to patient classification according to the Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) criteria?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Our study indicates a strong agreement between the AFC and the AMH levels in classifying POSEIDON patients; thus, either can be used for this purpose, although one in four women will have discordant values when both biomarkers are used.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

According to the POSEIDON criteria, both AFC and AMH may be used to classify low-prognosis patients. Proposed AFC and AMH thresholds of 5 and 1.2 ng/ml, respectively, have their basis in published literature; however, no study has yet determined the reproducibility of patient classification in comparing one biomarker with the other, nor have their thresholds ever been validated within this patient population.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

A population-based cohort study involving 9484 consecutive patients treated in three fertility clinics in Brazil, Turkey and Vietnam between 2015 and 2017.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

Participants were infertile women between 22 and 46 years old in their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle of standard ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins whose baseline ovarian reserves had been assessed by both AFC and AMH. Details of pre- and post-treatment findings were input into a coded research file. Two indicators of interest were created to classify patients according to the POSEIDON criteria based upon AFC and AMH values. Patients who did not fit any of the four POSEIDON groups were classified as non-POSEIDON. AFC was determined in the early follicular phase using two-dimensional (2D) transvaginal ultrasonography, whereas AMH values were based on the modified Beckman Coulter generation II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Agreement rates were computed between AFC and AMH to classify patients using Cohen's kappa statistics. Logistic regression analyzes were carried out to examine the association between ovarian markers and low (<4) and suboptimal (4-9) oocyte yield.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

The degree of agreement in classifying patients according to POSEIDON groups was strong overall (kappa = 0.802; 95% CI: 0.792-0.811). A total of 73.8% of individuals were classified under the same group using both biomarkers. The disagreement rates were ∼26% and did not diverge when AFC or AMH was used as the primary biomarker criterion. Significant regression equations were found between ovarian markers and oocyte yield (P < 0.0001). For low oocyte yield, the optimal AFC and AMH cutoff values were 5 and 1.27 ng/ml with sensitivities of 0.61 and 0.66, specificities of 0.81 and 0.72, and AUC receiver operating characteristics of 0.791 and 0.751, respectively. For suboptimal oocyte yield respective AFC and AMH cutoffs were 12 and 2.97 ng/ml with sensitivities of 0.74 and 0.69, specificities of 0.76 and 0.66 and AUCs of 0.81 and 0.80.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

Our study relied on 2D transvaginal sonography to quantify the AFC and manual Gen II assay for AMH determination and classification of patients. AMH data must be interpreted in an assay-specific manner. Treatment protocols varied across centers potentially affecting patient classification.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

Three of four patients will be classified the same using either AFC or AMH values. Both biomarkers provide acceptable and equivalent accuracy in predicting oocyte yield further supporting their use and proposed thresholds in daily clinical practice for patient classification according to the POSEIDON criteria. However, the sensitivity of POSEIDON thresholds in predicting low oocyte yield is low. Clinicians should adopt the biomarker that may best reflect their clinical setting.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

Unrestricted investigator-sponsored study grant (MS200059_0013) from Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or manuscript preparation. S.C.E. declares receipt of unrestricted research grants from Merck and lecture fees from Merck and Med.E.A. H.Y. declares receipt of payment for lectures from Merck and Ferring. L.N.V. receives speaker fees and conferences from Merck, Merck Sharp and Dohme (MSD) and Ferring and research grants from MSD and Ferring. T.M.H. received speaker fees and conferences from Merck, MSD and Ferring. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

not applicable.

Can repeat IVF/ICSI cycles compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? an estimate of cumulative live birth rates over multiple IVF/ICSI cycles in Chinese advanced-aged population

In order to find out to what extent ovarian aging could be compensated by the in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatments, a total of 4102 women above the age of 35 undergoing 6489 complete cycles from 2009 to 2015 with follow-up visits until 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) across multiple IVF/ICSI cycles were compared in the study population stratified by age and ovarian reserve (classified by the POSEIDON criteria). Younger patients (aged between 35 and 40) could well benefit from repeat IVF treatments, with the optimal CLBRs ranging from 62%-72% for up to four complete cycles. However, the CLBRs sharply declined to 7.7%-40% in older patients (>40yrs). In light of ovarian reserve, the optimal-estimated-four-cycle CLBR of younger patients (35-40yrs) in POSEIDON group 2 could approached to those with normal ovarian response (non-POSEIDON), with 57.3%-70% versus 74.5%-81% respectively. However, the CLBR of older patients (>40yrs) in POSEIDON group 2 only reached 50% of their counterparts. Extending the number of IVF cycles beyond three or four is effective for advanced-aged women, especially in younger normal responders (non-POSEIDON) and unexpected poor/suboptimal responders (POSEIDON group 2). The real turning point at which female fecundity dropped after multiple IVF cycles is at the age of 40.

The POSEIDON stratification - moving from poor ovarian response to low prognosis

Poor ovarian response remains one of the most challenging tasks for an IVF clinician. In this review, we aim to highlight the ongoing research for optimizing the prognosis in poor ovarian response patients. The newly introduced POSEIDON criteria argue that the first step is to move from a poor response to a poor prognosis concept, while improving identification and stratification of the different sub-types of poor prognosis patients prior to ovarian stimulation. The immediate marker of success is the ability of the ovarian stimulation to retrieve the number of oocytes needed to obtain at least one euploid blastocyst for transfer in each patient. This surrogate marker of success should not replace live birth as the most important outcome, but it should be approached as a useful tool for clinicians to evaluate their strategy for achieving live birth in the shortest timespan possible in the individual patient/ couple.

POSEIDON classification and the proposed treatment options for groups 1 and 2: time to revisit? A retrospective analysis of 1425 ART cycles

STUDY QUESTION

Do live birth outcomes differ when Patient-Oriented Strategy Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number (POSEIDON) stratified groups are compared with women with good prognosis (non-POSEIDON group) undergoing ART?

SUMMARY ANSWER

The current study showed no significant difference in the live birth rates (LBRs) per embryo transfer between POSEIDON groups 1 and 2 when compared with women in the non-POSEIDON group undergoing ART.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Recently, there has been a lot of focus on the POSEIDON classification for low prognosis women undergoing ART and various management options have been advocated. For POSEIDON groups 1 and 2, low starting dose and gonadotrophin receptor polymorphism have been suggested as possible reasons for a hyporesponse, and increasing the starting gonadotrophin dose, the addition of recombinant LH and dual stimulation have been suggested as treatment options. Most of these treatment options are hypothetical in nature and need validation.

STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION

In the current cohort study, a total of 1425 cycles were analyzed retrospectively following a single cycle fresh embryo transfer. The study period was from January 2013 to June 2018.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS

Women undergoing ART at a tertiary level infertility clinic were included. Clinical and treatment-related details were obtained from the hospital's electronic medical records. The ART outcomes in a non-POSEIDON group (women with an adequate ovarian reserve and/or optimal ovarian response i.e. >9 oocytes retrieved in the previous ART cycle) and a low prognosis group stratified by POSEIDON criteria were compared. We also examined the effectiveness of the modifications made in the current ART treatment protocols among women with an adequate ovarian reserve who had a history of poor/suboptimal response (POSEIDON 1 and 2).

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

There was no statistically significant difference in the LBR per embryo transfer in POSEIDON group 1 (32/109, 29%) and group 2 (17/58, 29%) when compared with the non-POSEIDON group (340/1041, 33%) (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.69; 95% CI 0.37-1.27 and aOR 0.93, 95% CI 0.43-1.97, respectively), while significantly lower LBR were observed in POSEIDON groups 3 (17/97, 17.5%) and 4 (12/120, 10%) (aOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.28-0.89 and aOR 0.38, 95% CI 0.19-0.74, respectively). The gonadotrophin dose alone was increased in one-quarter of the cycles and in another 27% the dose was increased along with the protocol change among POSEIDON group 1. In POSEIDON group 2, a change in the dose alone and in combination with protocol change was performed in 5 and 41% of cycles, respectively.

LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION

A limitation of our study is the retrospective nature of the study with an inherent risk of unknown confounders influencing the outcomes. Other limitations are the lack of cumulative live birth data and the relatively small sample within POSEIDON group 2, which could lead to a type II error.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

The current study showed no significant difference in the LBR between the POSEIDON groups 1 and 2 when compared with the non-POSEIDON group of women, while groups 3 and 4 had significantly lower LBR. The simple gonadotrophin/protocol changes in groups 1 and 2 resulted in LBRs comparable to women with good prognosis. These findings call for revisiting the proposed treatment strategies for POSEIDON groups 1 and 2.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS

No funding was obtained. There are no competing interests to declare.

Improving Reporting of Clinical Studies Using the POSEIDON Criteria: POSORT Guidelines

The POSEIDON (Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number) criteria were developed to help clinicians identify and classify low-prognosis patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) and provide guidance for possible therapeutic strategies to overcome infertility. Since its introduction, the number of published studies using the POSEIDON criteria has increased steadily. However, a critical analysis of existing evidence indicates inconsistent and incomplete reporting of critical outcomes. Therefore, we developed guidelines to help researchers improve the quality of reporting in studies applying the POSEIDON criteria. We also discuss the advantages of using the POSEIDON criteria in ART clinical studies and elaborate on possible study designs and critical endpoints. Our ultimate goal is to advance the knowledge concerning the clinical use of the POSEIDON criteria to patients, clinicians, and the infertility community.

Comparison of Cumulative Live Birth Rates Between GnRH-A and PPOS in Low-Prognosis Patients According to POSEIDON Criteria: A Cohort Study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist regimen and a progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) regimen in low-prognosis patients according to POSEIDON criteria.

DESIGN

Single-center, retrospective, observational study.

SETTING

Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.

PATIENTS

Women aged ≤40 years, with a body mass index <25 kg/m², who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm microinjection (ICSI) and met POSEIDON low-prognosis criteria.

INTERVENTION

GnRH or PPOS regimen with IVF or ICSI.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

CLBR per oocyte retrieval cycle.

RESULTS

Per oocyte retrieval cycle, CLBR was significantly higher with GnRH antagonist versus PPOS (35.3% vs 25.2%; P<0.001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, CLBR per oocyte retrieval cycle was significantly lower with PPOS versus GnRH antagonist before (OR 0.62 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.46, 0.82; P=0.009]) and after (OR 0.66 [95% CI: 0.47, 0.93; P=0.0172]) adjustment for age, body mass index, infertility type, infertility duration, baseline follicle stimulating hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), antral follicle count (AFC), and insemination method. CLBR was numerically higher with the GnRH antagonist regimen than with PPOS, across all of the POSEIDON groups, and was significantly higher in patients aged ≥35 years with poor ovarian reserve [AFC <5, AMH <1.2 ng/mL] (unadjusted, P=0.0108; adjusted, P=0.0243).

CONCLUSION

In this single-center, retrospective, cohort study, patients had a higher CLBR with a GnRH antagonist versus PPOS regimen, regardless of other attributes.

Low Prognosis by the POSEIDON Criteria in Women Undergoing Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Multicenter and Multinational Prevalence Study of Over 13,000 Patients

OBJECTIVE

To estimate the prevalence of low-prognosis patients according to the POSEIDON criteria using real-world data.

DESIGN

Multicenter population-based cohort study.

SETTINGS

Fertility clinics in Brazil, Turkey, and Vietnam.

PATIENTS

Infertile women undergoing assisted reproductive technology using standard ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Per-period prevalence rates of POSEIDON patients (overall, stratified by POSEIDON groups and by study center) and the effect of covariates on the probability that a patient be classified as "POSEIDON".

RESULTS

A total of 13,146 patients were included. POSEIDON patients represented 43.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 42.0-43.7) of the studied population, and the prevalence rates varied across study centers (range: 38.6-55.7%). The overall prevalence rates by POSEIDON groups were 44.2% (group 1; 95% CI 42.6-45.9), 36.1% (group 2; 95% CI 34.6-37.7), 5.2% (group 3; 95% CI 4.5-6.0), and 14.4% (group 4; 95% CI: 13.3-15.6). In general, POSEIDON patients were older, had a higher body mass index (BMI), lower ovarian reserve markers, and a higher frequency of female factor as the primary treatment indication than non-POSEIDON patients. The former required larger doses of gonadotropin for ovarian stimulation, despite achieving a 2.5 times lower number of retrieved oocytes than non-POSEIDON patients. Logistic regression analyses revealed that female age, BMI, ovarian reserve, and a female infertility factor were relevant predictors of the POSEIDON condition.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated prevalence of POSEIDON patients in the general population undergoing ART is significant. These patients differ in clinical characteristics compared with non-POSEIDON patients. The POSEIDON condition is associated with female age, ovarian reserve, BMI, and female infertility. Efforts in terms of diagnosis, counseling, and treatment are needed to reduce the prevalence of low-prognosis patients.

Cumulative live birth rate of low prognosis patients with POSEIDON stratification: a single-centre data analysis

RESEARCH QUESTION

Does patient-oriented strategies encompassing individualized oocyte number (POSEIDON) classification help stratify the reproductive potential of patients with low prognosis more effectively from the perspective of prognosis; and as cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) is an effect indication, how is CLBR in patients stratified using POSEIDON?

DESIGN

A retrospective cohort study of 10,615 women who underwent IVF treatment at the Peking University Third Hospital between January 2017 and December 2017. Patients were stratified according to POSEIDON criteria. Clinical characteristics, fresh embryo transfer outcomes and CLBR during the first two ovarian stimulation cycles were recorded.

RESULTS

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol was the most used treatment in both ovarian stimulation cycles. After the failure of the first IVF treatment, 2063 (29.2%) women continued the second treatment, and 10.9% of them switched to the micro-stimulation protocol. Compared with the non-POSEIDON group, the CLBR of the first cycle in each POSEIDON group was lower (P < 0.001). The CLBRs of the second cycle in older patients (POSEIDON groups 2b and 4) and in younger patients with poor ovarian reserve (POSEIDON group 3) were lower than that in non-POSEIDON group (group 2b, P = 0.001; group 3, P = 0.019; group 4, P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that younger patients had higher CLBR than older patients in both cycles (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The CLBRs vary among different POSEIDON groups. The results may help reproductive specialists to understand the characteristics of low prognosis patients better and to develop individualized treatment plans.

LH supplementation of ovarian stimulation protocols influences follicular fluid steroid composition contributing to the improvement of ovarian response in poor responder women

In this prospective study, we evaluated the steroid levels in 111 follicular fluids (FF) collected from 13 women stimulated with FSH monotherapy and 205 FF collected from 28 women stimulated with FSH + LH because of a previous history of hypo-responsiveness to FSH. Steroid levels were measured by HPLC/MS–MS and related to ovarian stimulation protocol, oocyte maturity, fertilization and quality of blastocysts, after individually tracking the fate of all retrieved oocytes. 17-Hydroxy-Progesterone, Androstenedione, Estradiol and Estrone were significantly higher in the FSH + LH protocol. Progesterone, 17-Hydroxy-Progesterone and Estradiol were more expressed in FF yielding a mature oocyte (p < 0.01) in the FSH + LH protocol. FF Progesterone concentration was correlated with the rate of normal fertilization in the FSH protocol. None of the FF steroids measured were associated with blastocyst quality and achievement of pregnancy. Our results indicate that LH supplementation in hypo-responsive women modifies ovarian steroid production, mimicking physiological production better and likely contributing to an improved ovarian response. Employing a correct methodological procedure to evaluate the relationship between FF steroid hormones and assisted reproduction outcomes, our study reveals that some steroids in single follicles may be helpful in predicting oocyte maturity and fertilization.

Cumulative live-birth, perinatal and obstetric outcomes for POSEIDON groups after IVF/ICSI cycles: a single-center retrospective study

Recently, perinatal outcomes and cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) have widely been utilized to assess the fertility outcomes and safety of assisted reproductive technology (ART), but more robust research is needed to address the success rates of live-healthy births resulting from this procedure, particularly for patients with low prognosis. This study aims to assess and comparative perinatal outcomes and CLBR per cycle of in vitro fertilization/Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) between four groups of low prognosis characterized by POSEIDON criteria. A retrospective assessment was done among infertile women with a low prognosis undergoing IVF/ICSI at a reproductive center in China. Data were collected between January 2011 and December 2015 with a follow-up of at least two years, and censoring was defined by three-cycle completion, discontinuation, or having a live birth. Participants were grouped into 4 groups according to the POSEIDON classification (POSEIDON1, POSEIDON2, POSEIDON3, and POSEIDON4). The main outcomes were perinatal and obstetric outcomes with CLBR per cycle after IVF/ICSI procedure. And IVF/ICSI-technique outcomes as a secondary outcome. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS, and a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. A total of 461 eligible participants underwent a total of 825 IVF/ICSI cycles. POSEIDON1 had the best perinatal outcomes in terms of live births (≥ 28w) (54.8%). POSEIDON4 had a higher risk for perinatal and obstetric complications with abortion rate (9.8%); LBW (11.7%), PTD (23.5%), PROM (11.7%), and gestational diabetes (17.6%). POSEIDON2 had a high rate for malpresentation (14.2%), and cesarean delivery(57.2%), while POSEIDON3 was much associated with the occurrences of placenta previa (9.3%) compared to other groups (p value = 0.001). After adjusting odds ratio by age and BMI, POSEIDON4 had the least odds for biochemical pregnancy (p value = 0.019); and the least odds for clinical pregnancy (p value = 0.001) of the four groups. CLBR per cycle was better in POSEIDON1 and increased with an increasing number of cycles in all groups during the three cycles. Conservative CLBR after three complete cycles were 77.27%, 42.52%, 51.4% and 22.34%, while optimistic CLBR were 79.01%, 51.19%, 58.59% and 34.46% in POSEIDON1 to POSEIDON4, respectively. Younger women with low prognosis and normal ovarian reserve have a higher probability for live births and better perinatal outcomes compared with older women with poor or normal ovarian reserve. Besides, young women with low prognosis, despite ovarian reserve status, can increase their probability of conception and get relatively higher CLBR by undergoing multiple cycles of IVF/ICSI. Age is therefore considered as a critical parameter in predicting the perinatal outcome and CLBR.

Live birth rates of low prognosis patients according to POSEIDON criteria; A retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to compare the outcome of assisted reproductive treatment fresh cycles, in patients with low prognosis which were stratified according to the POSEIDON (Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing IndividualizeD Oocyte Number) criteria.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort study including all fresh assisted reproductive treatment cycles age < 44 years, between January and December 2017 was carried out from patient records of Zekai Tahir Burak Women Health Care Education and Research Hospital IVF Clinic. A total of 525 IVF cycles were analyzed and 276 patients fulfilling the POSEIDON criteria for poor ovarian response (POR) were included in the study.

RESULTS

Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, and early miscarriage rate were similar in four POSEIDON groups. Live birth rate (LBR) is statistically higher in unexpected POR groups and also significantly higher in POSEIDON group 3 when compared with POSEIDON group 4.

CONCLUSION

LBRs are not homogenous in low prognosis patients fulfilling POSEIDON criteria and it seems unexpected POR groups have the most favorable pregnancy outcomes. In unexpected POR groups, age was not a determinant factor in IVF success but in the expected group, age is the most powerful determinant factor.

Follicular Output Rate and Follicle-to-Oocyte Index of Low Prognosis Patients According to POSEIDON Criteria: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 32,128 Treatment Cycles

OBJECTIVE

To investigate ovarian sensitivity in subgroups of patients with a low prognosis, as defined by the POSEIDON criteria, undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment and measures to improve ovarian sensitivity in these patients.

DESIGN

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis.

SETTING

The study was conducted at an IVF clinic in a public hospital.

PATIENTS

A total of 32,128 fresh IVF cycles from January 2014 to October 2018 at a single IVF clinic were included in the analysis. Patients with a low prognosis were categorized into four groups based on the POSEIDON criteria.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

The primary outcome measures were the follicular output rate (FORT) and the follicle-to-oocyte index (FOI).

RESULTS

The FORTs in the order from the highest to the lowest were 1.18 in group 3, 0.98 in group 4, 0.76 in group 1, and 0.68 in group 2. The trend in the FOI values was consistent with that in the FORTs. Among patients with poor ovarian sensitivity, 58.41% of patients with FORTs ≥ 0.30 in the second cycle underwent an adjustment to the ovarian stimulation (OS) protocol and 41.59% underwent an adjustment to the gonadotropin (Gn) starting dose. Among patients with normal ovarian sensitivity, 43.56% of those with FORTs ≥ 0.80 in the second cycle underwent an adjustment to the OS protocol and 56.44% underwent an adjustment to the Gn starting dose.

CONCLUSION

Ovarian sensitivity was the highest in group 3 (young women with poor ovarian reserve), followed by groups 4 (women at advanced age with poor ovarian reserve) and 1 (young women with good ovarian reserve), and it was the lowest in group 2 (women at advanced age with good ovarian reserve). For patients with poor ovarian sensitivity, it is preferred to recommend an adjustment to the OS protocol, while for those with normal ovarian sensitivity, adjusting the Gn starting dose is preferred.

The POSEIDON Criteria and Its Measure of Success Through the Eyes of Clinicians and Embryologists

This article represents a viewpoint on the POSEIDON criteria by a group of clinicians and embryologists. Its primary objective is to contextualize the Poseidon criteria and their metric of success for the relevant Frontiers Research Topic "POSEIDON's Stratification of Low Prognosis Patients in ART: The WHY, the WHAT, and the HOW". "Low prognosis" relates with reduced oocyte number, which can be associated with low or sometimes a normal ovarian reserve and is aggravated by advanced female age. These aspects will ultimately affect the number of embryos generated and consequently, the cumulative live birth rate. The novel system relies on female age, ovarian reserve markers, ovarian sensitivity to exogenous gonadotropin, and the number of oocytes retrieved, which will both identify the patients with low prognosis and stratify such patients into one of four groups of women with "expected" or "unexpected" impaired ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropin stimulation. Furthermore, the POSEIDON group introduced a new measure of clinical success in ART, namely, the ability to retrieve the number of oocytes needed to obtain at least one euploid blastocyst for transfer in each patient. Using the POSEIDON criteria, the clinician can firstly identify and classify patients who have low prognosis in ART, and secondly, aim at designing an individualized treatment plan to maximize the chances of achieving the POSEIDON measure of success in each of the four low prognosis groups. The novel POSEIDON classification system is anticipated to improve counseling and management of low prognosis patients undergoing ART, with an expected positive effect on reproductive success and a reduction in the time to live birth.

The Evolving Concept of Poor-Prognosis for Women Undertaking IVF and the Notion of Growth Hormone as an Adjuvant; A Single-Center Viewpoint

IVF is currently regarded as a successful new technology with the number of IVF children currently well over 8 million worldwide. This has been achieved by an explosive plethora of facilities. However, from its earliest history, IVF has been beset by poor-prognosis on a treatment cycle basis, an aspect which has been a constant feature for the majority of treatments to this stage. The 2019 Australian and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD) report shows that IVF clinics have live birth productivity rates (from combined initiated fresh and frozen cycles) ranging from 9.3 to 33.2%. Over the past 40 years there have been a number of innovations which have steadily moved the success rates forward, but progress is held back by an intransigent group of women who can be classified as being poor-prognosis from one or more adverse factors, namely advanced age (>40 years), poor ovarian response (POR) to ovarian stimulation, inability to generate high quality blastocyst-stage embryos, recurrent implantation failure, or recurrent early pregnancy losses. A number of strategies are variously applied including the use of recombinant growth hormone (GH) adjuvant therapy. Our retrospective studies at PIVET over the past decade show a 6.2-fold chance of live birth for fresh cycle embryo transfers following GH injections of 1-1.5 IU daily given for 3-6 weeks in the lead-up to the trigger for ovum pick-up. We have also recently reported the live birth rates from frozen embryo transfers utilizing those blastocyst embryos generated under GH influence and showed the live birth rate was 2.7-fold higher in a carefully matched poor-prognosis group. This experience has been compared to the total 42 GH studies reported since the year 2000, the majority matching those of PIVET with significant increases in both oocyte and embryo utilization rates but only ~50% are followed by elevated live birth rates. We argue that this discrepancy relates to failure in addressing other causes of poor-prognosis along with the wastage of transferring more than a single embryo in the fresh cycle, when ANZARD data indicates a significantly higher chance of live birth from frozen embryo transfers.