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Moledina M, Damato EM, Lee V. The changing landscape of thyroid eye disease: current clinical advances and future outlook. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:1425-1437. [PMID: 38374366 PMCID: PMC11126416 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-02967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of TED and its pathophysiology. To describe the evidence base for current consensus treatment recommendations and newer biological therapies available as well as to present future therapeutic research. METHODS We reviewed and assessed the peer-reviewed literature placing particular emphasis on recent studies evaluating the pathophysiology of TED, landmark trials forming the basis of current management and recent clinical trials informing future therapeutics. Searched were made in MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register and EU Clinical Trials Register. Keywords included: "Thyroid Eye Disease", "Graves Orbitopathy", "Thyroid Orbitopathy" and "Graves' Ophthalmopathy". RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The pathophysiology of TED involves a complex array of cellular and humoral based autoimmune dysfunction. Previous therapies have been broad-based acting as a blunt instrument on this mechanism with varying efficacy but often accompanied with a significant side effect profile. The recent development of targeted therapy, spearheaded by Teprotumumab has led to an array of treatments focusing on specific components of the molecular pathway optimising their impact whilst possibly minimising their side effect profile. Future challenges involve identifying the most effective target for each patient rather than any single agent being a panacea. Long-term safety profiles will require clarification as unintended immunological consequence downstream may become manifest as seen in other diseases. Finally, future novel therapeutics will entail significant expenditure and may lead to a divergence of available treatment modalities between healthcare systems due to funding disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Moledina
- Oculoplastics Service, Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Erika M Damato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vickie Lee
- Oculoplastics Service, Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Li Q, An N, Liu C, Ding Y, Yang C, Ma X, Yang W, Piao J, Zhu J, Liu J. Single-cell BCR and transcriptome analysis reveals peripheral immune signatures in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8217-8245. [PMID: 38728262 PMCID: PMC11132005 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is the most prevalent orbital disease in adults caused by an autoimmune disorder, which can lead to disfigurement and vision impairment. Developing effective treatments for this condition presents challenges due to our limited understanding of its underlying immune aberrations. In this study, we profiled the immune components in the peripheral blood of patients with TAO as well as healthy individuals, utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing and B-cell receptor repertoires (BCR) analysis. We observed a significant reduction in the proportions of regulatory B cells (Bregs) and type 2 conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in patients with TAO during the active phase. Conversely, there was a significant increase in the proportion of type 1 DCs. Further analysis of cell differentiation trajectory revealed potential impairment in the transition of B cells towards Breg phenotype during the active phase of TAO. Besides, the activation process of TAO appeared to involve inflammation and immune dysfunction, as indicated by the dynamic changes in the activities of key regulators. The abnormalities in the peripheral immune system, such as the reduced capacity of Bregs to suppress inflammation, were primarily driven by the enhanced interaction among Breg, DCs, and monocytes (i.e., CD22-PTPRC and BTLA-TNFRSF14). Collectively, our findings offer a comprehensive insight into the molecular regulation and cellular reconfiguration during the active phase of TAO at the single-cell level, in order to explore the pathogenesis of TAO and provide new ideas for the future treatment of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Ningyu An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Medical Science Research Institution of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Medical Sci-Tech Research Center of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Yungang Ding
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Cuixia Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Junfeng Piao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro-gu, Seoul 152–703, South Korea
| | - Jinyan Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
| | - Junxiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples’ Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, The Third Affiliated Clinical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P.R. China
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3
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Braga YLL, do Carmo Neto JR, Franco PIR, Helmo FR, Dos Reis MA, de Oliveira FA, Celes MRN, da Silva MV, Machado JR. The Influence of IL-11 on Cardiac Fibrosis in Experimental Models: A Systematic Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:65. [PMID: 38392279 PMCID: PMC10888948 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is one of the main factors that impair the function of many organs. In the heart, fibrosis leads to contractile dysfunction and arrhythmias, which are important in the development of heart failure. Interleukin (IL)-11 is regulated in various heart diseases and has recently been reported to be an important cytokine in fibrosis in this organ. However, this topic has been little explored, and many questions persist. Thus, this systematic review aimed to report on possible IL-11 therapies evaluated in rodent model-induced cardiac fibrosis. Inclusion criteria were experimental in vivo studies that used different rodent models for cardiac fibrosis associated with IL-11 interventions, without year and language restrictions. The search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was performed in October 2022. The risk of bias assessment of the studies was based on the guidelines of the SYRCLE tool, and data from the selected articles were also presented in a table as a narrative description. This review was based on eight studies in which five different interventions were used: recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11), anti-IL11 (X203), recombinant mouse IL-11 (rmIL-11), lentivirus (LV)-IL-11 + lutein, and anti-IL11RA (X209). Based on the included studies, the results were variable, with IL-11 overexpression inducing cardiac fibrosis, while inhibition protected against this process, preserving the function of this organ. Therefore, IL-11 stands out as a promising therapeutic target for cardiac fibrosis. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms triggered by each treatment, as well as its safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarlla Loyane Lira Braga
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
| | - Pablo Igor Ribeiro Franco
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flávia Aparecida de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
| | - Mara Rúbia Nunes Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-450, GO, Brazil
- General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba 38025-180, MG, Brazil
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Zhou M, Lin B, Wu P, Ke Y, Huang S, Zhang F, Hei X, Mao Z, Li X, Wan P, Chen T, Yang H, Huang D. SOX9 Induces Orbital Fibroblast Activation in Thyroid Eye Disease Via MAPK/ERK1/2 Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:25. [PMID: 38345552 PMCID: PMC10866156 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the expression of sry-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) of thyroid eye disease (TED) and to find its potential role and underlying mechanism in orbital fibrosis. Methods OFs were cultured from orbital connective tissues obtained from patients with TED (n = 10) and healthy controls (n = 6). SOX9 was depleted by small interfering RNA or overexpressed through lentivirus transduction in OFs. Fibroblast contractile activity was measured by collagen gel contraction assay and proliferation was examined by EdU assay. Transcriptomic changes were assessed by RNA sequencing. Results The mRNA and protein levels of SOX9 were significantly higher in OFs cultured from patients with TED than those from healthy controls. Extracellular matrix-related genes were down-regulated by SOX9 knockdown and up-regulated by SOX9 overexpression in TED-OFs. SOX9 knockdown significantly decrease the contraction and the antiapoptotic ability of OFs, whereas the overexpression of SOX9 increased the ability of transformation, migration, and proliferation of OFs. SOX9 knockdown suppressed the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2, whereas its overexpression showed the opposite effect. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the notably down-regulated genes screened out by RNA sequencing. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR demonstrated SOX9 binding to the EGFR promoter. Conclusions A high expression of SOX9 was found in TED-OFs. SOX9 can activate OFs via MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway, which in turn promotes proliferation and differentiation of OFs. EGFR was a downstream target gene of SOX9. SOX9/EGFR can be considered as therapeutic targets for the treatment of orbital fibrosis in TED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bingying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pengsen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Siyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiangqing Hei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pengxia Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huasheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Danping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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5
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Cook SA. Understanding interleukin 11 as a disease gene and therapeutic target. Biochem J 2023; 480:1987-2008. [PMID: 38054591 PMCID: PMC10754292 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 11 (IL11) is an elusive member of the IL6 family of cytokines. While initially thought to be a haematopoietic and cytoprotective factor, more recent data show instead that IL11 is redundant for haematopoiesis and toxic. In this review, the reasons that led to the original misunderstandings of IL11 biology, which are now understandable, are explained with particular attention on the use of recombinant human IL11 in mice and humans. Following tissue injury, as part of an evolutionary ancient homeostatic response, IL11 is secreted from damaged mammalian cells to signal via JAK/STAT3, ERK/P90RSK, LKB1/mTOR and GSK3β/SNAI1 in autocrine and paracrine. This activates a program of mesenchymal transition of epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells to cause inflammation, fibrosis, and stalled endogenous tissue repair, leading to organ failure. The role of IL11 signalling in cell- and organ-specific pathobiology is described, the large unknowns about IL11 biology are discussed and the promise of targeting IL11 signalling as a therapeutic approach is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Cook
- MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, U.K
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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O'Reilly S. Interleukin-11 and its eminent role in tissue fibrosis: a possible therapeutic target. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:154-161. [PMID: 37724596 PMCID: PMC10714194 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-11 is a cytokine from the IL-6 family of cytokines that includes IL-6 and oncostatin-M. Initially described for its role in platelet generation, it is now appreciated that this cytokine has multiple functions. Recently it has been found that IL-11 is critical in fibrosis in multiple different organ systems and systemically as in the autoimmune disease systemic sclerosis. Animal models of fibrosis have determined that animals with IL-11 receptor deletions have retarded fibrosis and that in wild-type animals IL-11 is found at the organ of fibrosis. Recent evidence suggests that IL-11 may be a master regulator of fibrosis regardless of end target organ. With the development of neutralizing antibodies targeting the cytokine in pre-clinical models this could be a possible therapeutic, in a disease in which no specific therapies exist. This review appraises the evidence of the role of IL-11 in tissue fibrosis, its signalling properties, and therapeutic targeting. The review ends with an appraisal of indications for which IL-11 modulation is targeted.
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7
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Metcalfe RD, Hanssen E, Fung KY, Aizel K, Kosasih CC, Zlatic CO, Doughty L, Morton CJ, Leis AP, Parker MW, Gooley PR, Putoczki TL, Griffin MDW. Structures of the interleukin 11 signalling complex reveal gp130 dynamics and the inhibitory mechanism of a cytokine variant. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7543. [PMID: 37985757 PMCID: PMC10662374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42754-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)11, an IL-6 family cytokine, has pivotal roles in autoimmune diseases, fibrotic complications, and solid cancers. Despite intense therapeutic targeting efforts, structural understanding of IL-11 signalling and mechanistic insights into current inhibitors are lacking. Here we present cryo-EM and crystal structures of the human IL-11 signalling complex, including the complex containing the complete extracellular domains of the shared IL-6 family β-receptor, gp130. We show that complex formation requires conformational reorganisation of IL-11 and that the membrane-proximal domains of gp130 are dynamic. We demonstrate that the cytokine mutant, IL-11 Mutein, competitively inhibits signalling in human cell lines. Structural shifts in IL-11 Mutein underlie inhibition by altering cytokine binding interactions at all three receptor-engaging sites and abrogating the final gp130 binding step. Our results reveal the structural basis of IL-11 signalling, define the molecular mechanisms of an inhibitor, and advance understanding of gp130-containing receptor complexes, with potential applications in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ka Yee Fung
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kaheina Aizel
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Clara C Kosasih
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Courtney O Zlatic
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Larissa Doughty
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Andrew P Leis
- Ian Holmes Imaging Centre, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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8
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Steadman T, O'Reilly S. Elevated interleukin-11 in systemic sclerosis and role in disease pathogenesis. J Dermatol 2023; 50:1255-1261. [PMID: 37291792 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease in which there is elevated inflammation, aberrant cytokine expression, and subsequent fibrosis. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a recently described profibrotic cytokine that can mediate fibrosis in the heart, lungs, and skin and is upregulated by transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β1). The objective of this study was to quantify the serum levels of IL-11 in early diffuse SSc patients. Also, if IL-11 could regulate the alarmin IL-33 in dermal fibroblasts was quantified. Early diffuse SSc patient sera was isolated and IL-11 was quantified by specific commercial ELISA compared to healthy control (n = 17). Healthy dermal fibroblasts were cultured in vitro and then serum starved and incubated with or without recombinant IL-11. At specific early and late time points the supernatant was quantified for the alarmin IL-33 by specific ELISA. In early diffuse SSc patients it was demonstrated that they have elevated IL-11 in their sera. In a subgroup of SSc patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) this elevation was particularly pronounced compared to those devoid of fibrotic lung disease. In vitro incubation of healthy dermal fibroblasts led to a significant induction of IL-33 cytokine release into the cell media. IL-11 is a profibrotic cytokine that is elevated in early diffuse SSc and is particularly elevated in those with ILD. This suggests that IL-11 could be a possible biomarker of ILD in SSc. It was also found that IL-11 led to release of the cytokine alarmin IL-33 in fibroblasts at earlier time points but not late time points, suggesting early stimulation elicits an inflammatory response in the local microenvironment but prolonged stimulation leads to fibrosis.
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Kazakov AS, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Sokolov AS, Permyakova ME, Litus EA, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interaction of S100A6 Protein with the Four-Helical Cytokines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1345. [PMID: 37759746 PMCID: PMC10526228 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 is a family of over 20 structurally homologous, but functionally diverse regulatory (calcium/zinc)-binding proteins of vertebrates. The involvement of S100 proteins in numerous vital (patho)physiological processes is mediated by their interaction with various (intra/extra)cellular protein partners, including cell surface receptors. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the ability of specific S100 proteins to modulate cell signaling via direct interaction with cytokines. Previously, we revealed the binding of ca. 71% of the four-helical cytokines via the S100P protein, due to the presence in its molecule of a cytokine-binding site overlapping with the binding site for the S100P receptor. Here, we show that another S100 protein, S100A6 (that has a pairwise sequence identity with S100P of 35%), specifically binds numerous four-helical cytokines. We have studied the affinity of the recombinant forms of 35 human four-helical cytokines from all structural families of this fold to Ca2+-loaded recombinant human S100A6, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. S100A6 recognizes 26 of the cytokines from all families of this fold, with equilibrium dissociation constants from 0.3 nM to 12 µM. Overall, S100A6 interacts with ca. 73% of the four-helical cytokines studied to date, with a selectivity equivalent to that for the S100P protein, with the differences limited to the binding of interleukin-2 and oncostatin M. The molecular docking study evidences the presence in the S100A6 molecule of a cytokine-binding site, analogous to that found in S100P. The findings argue the presence in some of the promiscuous members of the S100 family of a site specific to a wide range of four-helical cytokines. This unique feature of the S100 proteins potentially allows them to modulate the activity of the numerous four-helical cytokines in the disorders accompanied by an excessive release of the cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Sokolov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litus
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Department of Molecular, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
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Widjaja AA, Chothani S, Viswanathan S, Goh JWT, Lim WW, Cook SA. IL11 Stimulates IL33 Expression and Proinflammatory Fibroblast Activation across Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168900. [PMID: 36012165 PMCID: PMC9408968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 11 (IL11) is upregulated in inflammatory conditions, where it is mostly believed to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, recent studies suggest instead that IL11 promotes inflammation by activating fibroblasts. Here, we assessed whether IL11 is pro- or anti-inflammatory in fibroblasts. Primary cultures of human kidney, lung or skin fibroblasts were stimulated with IL11 that resulted in the transient phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK). RNA sequencing over a time course of IL11 stimulation revealed a robust but short-lived transcriptional response that was enriched for gene set hallmarks of inflammation and characterized by the upregulation of SERPINB2, TNFRSF18, Interleukin 33 (IL33), CCL20, IL1RL1, CXCL3/5/8, ICAM1 and IL11 itself. IL33 was the most upregulated signaling factor (38-fold, p = 9.8 × 10-5), and IL1RL1, its cognate receptor, was similarly increased (18-fold, p = 1.1 × 10-34). In proteomic studies, IL11 triggered a proinflammatory secretome with the notable upregulation of IL8, IL6, MCP1, CCL20 and CXCL1/5/6, which are important chemotaxins for neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. IL11 induced IL33 expression across fibroblast types, and the inhibition of STAT3 but not of MEK/ERK prevented this. These data establish IL11 as pro-inflammatory with specific importance for priming the IL33 alarmin response in inflammatory fibroblasts across tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa A. Widjaja
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: (A.A.W.); (S.A.C.)
| | - Sonia Chothani
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Sivakumar Viswanathan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Joyce Wei Ting Goh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Wei-Wen Lim
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore
| | - Stuart A. Cook
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Correspondence: (A.A.W.); (S.A.C.)
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