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Li D, Chen Y, Wan M, Mei F, Wang F, Gu P, Zhang X, Wei R, Zeng Y, Zheng H, Chen B, Xiong Q, Xue T, Guan T, Guo J, Tian Y, Zeng LY, Liu Z, Yuan H, Yang L, Liu H, Dai L, Yu Y, Qiu Y, Wu P, Win S, Than TA, Wei R, Schnabl B, Kaplowitz N, Jiang Y, Ma Q, Chen P. Oral magnesium prevents acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by modulating microbial metabolism. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:48-62.e9. [PMID: 38056458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen overuse is a common cause of acute liver failure (ALF). During ALF, toxins are metabolized by enzymes such as CYP2E1 and transformed into reactive species, leading to oxidative damage and liver failure. Here, we found that oral magnesium (Mg) alleviated acetaminophen-induced ALF through metabolic changes in gut microbiota that inhibit CYP2E1. The gut microbiota from Mg-supplemented humans prevented acetaminophen-induced ALF in mice. Mg exposure modulated Bifidobacterium metabolism and enriched indole-3-carboxylic acid (I3C) levels. Formate C-acetyltransferase (pflB) was identified as a key Bifidobacterium enzyme involved in I3C generation. Accordingly, a Bifidobacterium pflB knockout showed diminished I3C generation and reduced the beneficial effects of Mg. Conversely, treatment with I3C or an engineered bacteria overexpressing Bifidobacterium pflB protected against ALF. Mechanistically, I3C bound and inactivated CYP2E1, thus suppressing formation of harmful reactive intermediates and diminishing hepatocyte oxidative damage. These findings highlight how interactions between Mg and gut microbiota may help combat ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528244, China
| | - Meijuan Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fengyi Mei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Fangzhao Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianglong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rongjuan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yunong Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hanzhao Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bangguo Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qingquan Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tianshan Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan 528244, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanxin Tian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li-Yan Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Zhanguo Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yao Yu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yifeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sanda Win
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tin Aung Than
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Riqing Wei
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA MC0063, USA
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Research Center for Liver Disease, Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Drenthen LCA, de Baaij JHF, Rodwell L, van Herwaarden AE, Tack CJ, de Galan BE. Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2024; 67:52-61. [PMID: 37922013 PMCID: PMC10709477 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Hypomagnesaemia has been associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium level is unknown. METHODS Using a randomised, double-blind (both participants and investigators were blinded to the participants' treatment sequences), placebo-controlled, crossover study design, we compared the effect of oral magnesium supplementation (15 mmol/day) for 6 weeks with that of matched placebo in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (age ≥18 years, BMI 18-40 kg/m2, HbA1c <100 mmol/mol [11.3%], serum magnesium ≤0.79 mmol/l). Participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic and through advertisements. Randomisation to a treatment sequence order was done using a randomisation list. We used block randomisation and the two possible treatment sequences were evenly distributed among the trial population. The primary outcome was the mean glucose infusion rate during the final 30 min of a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (i.e. M value). Secondary outcomes included variables of glucose control, insulin need, BP, lipid profile and hypomagnesaemia-related symptoms during follow-up. RESULTS We recruited 14 participants (50% women, 100% White, mean ± SD age 67±6 years, BMI 31±5 kg/m2, HbA1c 58±9 mmol/mol [7.4±0.9%]) with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Magnesium supplementation increased both mean ± SEM serum magnesium level (0.75±0.02 vs 0.70±0.02 mmol/l, p=0.016) and urinary magnesium excretion (magnesium/creatinine ratio, 0.23±0.02 vs 0.15±0.02, p=0.005), as compared with placebo. The M value of the glucose clamp did not differ between the magnesium and placebo study arms (4.6±0.5 vs 4.4±0.6 mg kg-1 min-1, p=0.108). During the 6 weeks of treatment, continuous glucose monitoring outcomes, HbA1c, insulin dose, lipid profile and BP also did not differ, except for a lower HDL-cholesterol concentration after magnesium compared with placebo (1.14±0.08 vs 1.20±0.09 mmol/l, p=0.026). Symptoms potentially related to hypomagnesaemia were similar for both treatment arms. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Despite an albeit modest increase in serum magnesium concentration, oral magnesium supplementation does not improve insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and low magnesium levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT number 2021-001243-27. FUNDING This study was supported by a grant from the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (2017-81-014).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Rodwell
- Department for Health Evidence, Section Biostatistics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan E de Galan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Cao X, Wu M, Zhang G, Lin L, Tu M, Xiao D, Zhong C, Zhang H, Yang S, Liu J, Zhang X, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhou X, Yang X, Hao L, Yang N. Longitudinal plasma magnesium status during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:65392-65400. [PMID: 37084048 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has shown that magnesium (Mg) was associated with type 2 diabetes while few focused on abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The study is aimed at investigating the association between longitudinal changes in plasma Mg during pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and exploring the possible influence of iron supplementation on the changes of plasma Mg levels. One thousand seven hundred fifty-six pregnant women from Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC) were involved. Blood samples were collected at gestational weeks 17.0 ± 0.9 and later 26.2 ± 1.4. Plasma Mg was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with decline rates calculated. Information on general characteristics and iron supplementation was collected by questionnaires. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at 24-28 gestational weeks to diagnose GDM. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate relative risks (RR) of GDM. Median concentrations of plasma Mg were 0.69 mmol/L and 0.63 mmol/L respectively at two collections. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia at the first collection was 73% and associated with a 1.59 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.37) fold risk of GDM. Adjusted RRs were 1.74 (95%CI: 1.06, 2.83) and 2.44 (95%CI: 1.54, 3.85) for women with hypomagnesemia and followed more tertile (T2 and T3 vs. T1) of Mg decrement. Iron supplementation above 30 mg/day was found associated with more Mg decrement (25.5% and 27.5% in T2 and T3 vs. 19.5% in T1). In conclusion, hypomagnesemia during pregnancy is prevalent and associated with increased GDM risk, especially in women followed by more plasma Mg decrement during pregnancy. High-dose iron supplementation may involve more plasma Mg decrement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Guofu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Menghan Tu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Daxiang Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chunrong Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Huaqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shangzhi Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Nianhong Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Wang G, Luo J, Qiao Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu X, Jiang X. AMPK/mTOR Pathway Is Involved in Autophagy Induced by Magnesium-Incorporated TiO 2 Surface to Promote BMSC Osteogenic Differentiation. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040221. [PMID: 36412862 PMCID: PMC9680369 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium has been extensively utilized to modify titanium implant surfaces based on its important function in promoting osteogenic differentiation. Autophagy has been proven to play a vital role in bone metabolism. Whether there is an association between autophagy and magnesium in promoting osteogenic differentiation remains unclear. In the present study, we focused on investigating the role of magnesium ions in early osteogenic activity and the underlying mechanism related to autophagy. Different concentrations of magnesium were embedded in micro-structured titanium surface layers using the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technique. The incorporation of magnesium benefited cell adhesion, spreading, and viability; attenuated intracellular ATP concentrations and p-mTOR levels; and upregulated p-AMPK levels. This indicates the vital role of the ATP-related AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the autophagy process associated with osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) induced by magnesium modification on titanium surfaces. The enhanced osteogenic differentiation and improved cellular autophagy activity of BMSCs in their extraction medium further confirmed the function of magnesium ions. The results of the present study advance our understanding of the mechanism by which magnesium regulates BMSC osteogenic differentiation through autophagy regulation. Moreover, endowing implants with the ability to activate autophagy may be a promising strategy for enhancing osseointegration in the translational medicine field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiaxin Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuqin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (X.J.)
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (X.J.)
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