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Wu Z, Xiao C, Wang J, Zhou M, You F, Li X. 17β-estradiol in colorectal cancer: friend or foe? Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:367. [PMID: 39030619 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common gastrointestinal malignancy with higher incidence and mortality rates in men compared to women, potentially due to the effects of estrogen signaling. There is substantial evidence supporting the significant role of 17β-Estradiol (E2) in reducing CRC risk in females, although this perspective remains debated. E2 has been demonstrated to inhibit CRC cell proliferation and migration at the cellular level by enhancing DNA mismatch repair, modulating key gene expression, triggering cell cycle arrest, and reducing activity of migration factors. Furthermore, E2 contributes to promote a tumor microenvironment unfavorable for CRC growth by stimulating ERβ expression, reducing inflammatory responses, reversing immunosuppression, and altering the gut microbiome composition. Conversely, under conditions of high oxidative stress, hypoxia, and nutritional deficiencies, E2 may facilitate CRC development through GPER-mediated non-genomic signaling. E2's influence on CRC involves the genomic and non-genomic signals mediated by ERβ and GPER, respectively, leading to its dual roles in anticancer activity and carcinogenesis. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms by which E2 directly or indirectly impacts CRC development, providing insights into the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism in CRC and suggesting potential strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jiamei Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children), Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Fengming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Oncology Teaching and Research Department of Chengdu, University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Xueke Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Paquin A, Nolin F, Bouzriba C, Fortin S, Sevrioukova IF, Bérubé G. Synthesis and anticancer properties of a hybrid molecule with the testosterone and estradiol head-groups. Steroids 2024; 209:109469. [PMID: 38992454 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This is the first report on a unique hybrid molecule made of estradiol and testosterone (TS). This distinctive hybrid molecule (1) was designed to interact with both the estrogen receptor (ER) and the androgen receptor (AR) found in hormone-dependent female and male cancer cells, and was synthesized using ethynylestradiol (17EE) as the estrogenic component and 7α-(4-azido-but-2-enyl)-4-androsten-17β-ol-3-one as the androgenic counterpart in a seven-step reaction with ∼ 26 % overall yield. We reasoned that the dual receptor binding ability could allow 1 to act as an antihormone. This was tested on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) cells. The antiproliferative activity was also assessed on colon and skin cancer cells. We found that 1 was active against MCF7 (ER + ) BCa cells (IC50 of 4.9 μM), had lower inhibitory potency on LNCaP (AR + ) PCa cells (IC50 > 5 μM) and no effect on PC3 and DU145 (AR-) PCa cells. This suggests that the estrogenic component of 1 can interact with the ER on MCF7 cells more effectively than the androgenic component with the AR on LNCaP PCa cells, possibly due to a suboptimal spacer or linkage site(s). Nonetheless, the hybrid 1 was active against colon (HT-29) and melanoma (M21) cancer cells (IC50 of 3.5 μM and 2.3 μM, respectively), and had low cross-reactivity with the drug- and androgen-metabolizing cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4, IC50 ≫ 5 µM). These findings demonstrate the anticancer potential of 1 and warrant further explorations on this new type of hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Paquin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Fayanne Nolin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Chahrazed Bouzriba
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Québec, Québec, G1L 3L5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sébastien Fortin
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Axe Oncologie, Hôpital Saint-François d'Assise, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Québec, Québec, G1L 3L5, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States.
| | - Gervais Bérubé
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Chimie Médicinale (LRCM) et Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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Ra H, Jeong S, Lee H, Chung JW, Kim KO, Lee WS, Kim J, Kwon KA, Kim JH. Clinicopathological Differences between Right and Left Colorectal Cancer by Sex. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2810. [PMID: 38792352 PMCID: PMC11122515 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Until now, studies on colorectal cancer (CRC) have focused on clinicopathological characteristics based on location without considering sex differences. However, as men and women have fundamentally different physiological characteristics, research results in the clinical field are limited. We aimed to elucidate the differences in the clinicopathological characteristics between right-sided CRC (RCC) and left-sided CRC (LCC) according to sex. Methods: We classified 1492 South Korean patients with no history of colon surgery between July 2005 and June 2015 based on tumor location and sex. For these patients, differences in the clinical characteristics according to sex were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of the 1269 patients, 951 (74.9%) had LCC, and 318 (25.1%) had RCC, making LCC approximately three times more common than RCC. When sex was not taken into account, patients with RCC had significantly higher rates of anemia and undifferentiated cancers than the rates in those with LCC. Even considering sex, anemia and undifferentiated cancer were more prevalent in RCC than in LCC in both men and women. In contrast, age over 65 years and abnormal white blood cell count differed between RCC and LCC only in women. Conclusions: The clinicopathologic characteristics of CRC vary according to the location and sex. Therefore, sex must be considered as a fundamental characteristic of personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Soyeon Jeong
- Gachon Biomedical Convergence Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Jun-Won Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Kyoung Oh Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jisup Kim
- Department of Pathology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang An Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (H.R.); (H.L.); (J.-W.C.); (K.O.K.); (K.A.K.)
- Gachon Biomedical Convergence Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
- Department of Translational-Clinical Medicine, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Wu Z, Huang Y, Zhang R, Zheng C, You F, Wang M, Xiao C, Li X. Sex differences in colorectal cancer: with a focus on sex hormone-gut microbiome axis. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:167. [PMID: 38454453 PMCID: PMC10921775 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism has been observed in the incidence and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC), with men generally exhibiting a slightly higher incidence than women. Research suggests that this difference may be attributed to variations in sex steroid hormone levels and the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome in CRC shows variations in composition and function between the sexes, leading to the concept of 'microgenderome' and 'sex hormone-gut microbiome axis.' Conventional research indicates that estrogens, by promoting a more favorable gut microbiota, may reduce the risk of CRC. Conversely, androgens may have a direct pro-tumorigenic effect by increasing the proportion of opportunistic pathogens. The gut microbiota may also influence sex hormone levels by expressing specific enzymes or directly affecting gonadal function. However, this area remains controversial. This review aims to explore the differences in sex hormone in CRC incidence, the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism within the gut microbiome, and the intricate interplay of the sex hormone-gut microbiome axis in CRC. The objective is to gain a better understanding of these interactions and their potential clinical implications, as well as to introduce innovative approaches to CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Zheng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengming You
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Oncology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Xiao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xueke Li
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Mujalli A, Farrash WF, Obaid AA, Khan AA, Almaimani RA, Idris S, Elzubier ME, Khidir EBA, Aslam A, Minshawi F, Alobaidy MA, Alharbi AB, Almasmoum HA, Ghaith M, Alqethami K, Refaat B. Improved Glycaemic Control and Nephroprotective Effects of Empagliflozin and Paricalcitol Co-Therapy in Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17380. [PMID: 38139208 PMCID: PMC10743534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we measured the antidiabetic and nephroprotective effects of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (empagliflozin; SGLT2i) and synthetic active vitamin D (paricalcitol; Pcal) mono- and co-therapy against diabetic nephropathy (DN). Fifty mice were assigned into negative (NC) and positive (PC) control, SGLT2i, Pcal, and SGLT2i+Pcal groups. Following establishment of DN, SGLT2i (5.1 mg/kg/day) and/or Pcal (0.5 µg/kg/day) were used in the designated groups (5 times/week/day). DN was affirmed in the PC group by hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, polyuria, proteinuria, elevated urine protein/creatinine ratio, and abnormal renal biochemical parameters. Renal SREBP-1 lipogenic molecule, adipokines (leptin/resistin), pro-oxidant (MDA/H2O2), pro-inflammatory (IL1β/IL6/TNF-α), tissue damage (iNOS/TGF-β1/NGAL/KIM-1), and apoptosis (TUNEL/Caspase-3) markers also increased in the PC group. In contrast, renal lipolytic (PPARα/PPARγ), adiponectin, antioxidant (GSH/GPx1/SOD1/CAT), and anti-inflammatory (IL10) molecules decreased in the PC group. Both monotherapies increased insulin levels and mitigated hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, renal and urine biochemical profiles alongside renal lipid regulatory molecules, inflammation, and oxidative stress. While SGLT2i monotherapy showed superior effects to Pcal, their combination demonstrated enhanced remedial actions related to metabolic control alongside renal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In conclusion, SGLT2i was better than Pcal monotherapy against DN, and their combination revealed better nephroprotection, plausibly by enhanced glycaemic control with boosted renal antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Mujalli
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam F. Farrash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A. Obaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anmar A. Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A. Almaimani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E. Elzubier
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elshiekh Babiker A. Khidir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A. Alobaidy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AlQura University, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel B. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A. Almasmoum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Ghaith
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alqethami
- Department of Laboratory, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Abdeyah, Makkah P.O. Box 7607, Saudi Arabia
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Wenxuan L, Liu L, Zhang L, Qiu Z, Wu Z, Deng W. Role of gonadally synthesized steroid hormones in the colorectal cancer microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1323826. [PMID: 38115900 PMCID: PMC10728810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1323826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand the relationship between steroid hormones synthesized by the gonads and colorectal cancer as well as its tumor microenvironment, in the expectation of providing new ideas in order to detect and treat colorectal cancer. Methods Through reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad, we summarized that androgens promote the growth of colorectal cancer, and estrogens and progesterone help prevent bowel cancer from developing; these three hormones also have a relevant role in the cellular and other non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Conclusion The current literature suggests that androgens, estrogens, and progesterone are valuable in diagnosing and treating colorectal cancer, and that androgens promote the growth of colorectal cancer whereas estrogens and progesterone inhibit colorectal cancer, and that, in addition, the receptors associated with them are implicated in the modulation of a variety of cellular components of the microenvironment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wenxuan
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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