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Reid REB, Crowley BE, Haupt RJ. The prospects of poop: a review of past achievements and future possibilities in faecal isotope analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2091-2113. [PMID: 37438959 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
What can the stable isotope values of human and animal faeces tell us? This often under-appreciated waste product is gaining recognition across a variety of disciplines. Faecal isotopes provide a means of monitoring diet, resource partitioning, landscape use, tracking nutrient inputs and cycling, and reconstructing past climate and environment. Here, we review what faeces are composed of, their temporal resolution, and how these factors may be impacted by digestive physiology and efficiency. As faeces are often used to explore diet, we clarify how isotopic offsets between diet and faeces can be calculated, as well as some differences among commonly used calculations that can lead to confusion. Generally, faecal carbon isotope (δ13 C) values are lower than those of the diet, while faecal nitrogen isotope values (δ15 N) values are higher than in the diet. However, there is considerable variability both within and among species. We explore the role of study design and how limitations stemming from a variety of factors can affect both the reliability and interpretability of faecal isotope data sets. Finally, we summarise the various ways in which faecal isotopes have been applied to date and provide some suggestions for future research. Despite remaining challenges, faecal isotope data are poised to continue to contribute meaningfully to a variety of fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E B Reid
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 4044 Derring Hall, 926 West Campus Dr, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Brooke Erin Crowley
- Department of Geosciences, University of Cincinnati, 500 Geology Physics Building, 345 Clifton Court, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, 481 Braunstein Hall, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0380, USA
| | - Ryan J Haupt
- National Youth Science Foundation, PO Box 3387, Charleston, WV, 25333-3387, USA
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2
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Leichliter JN, Lüdecke T, Foreman AD, Bourgon N, Duprey NN, Vonhof H, Souksavatdy V, Bacon AM, Sigman DM, Tütken T, Martínez-García A. Tooth enamel nitrogen isotope composition records trophic position: a tool for reconstructing food webs. Commun Biol 2023; 6:373. [PMID: 37029186 PMCID: PMC10082005 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen isotopes are widely used to study the trophic position of animals in modern food webs; however, their application in the fossil record is severely limited by degradation of organic material during fossilization. In this study, we show that the nitrogen isotope composition of organic matter preserved in mammalian tooth enamel (δ15Nenamel) records diet and trophic position. The δ15Nenamel of modern African mammals shows a 3.7‰ increase between herbivores and carnivores as expected from trophic enrichment, and there is a strong positive correlation between δ15Nenamel and δ15Nbone-collagen values from the same individuals. Additionally, δ15Nenamel values of Late Pleistocene fossil teeth preserve diet and trophic level information, despite complete diagenetic loss of collagen in the same specimens. We demonstrate that δ15Nenamel represents a powerful geochemical proxy for diet that is applicable to fossils and can help delineate major dietary transitions in ancient vertebrate lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Leichliter
- Organic Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Emmy Noether Group for Hominin Meat Consumption, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Geosciences, Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Tina Lüdecke
- Organic Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Emmy Noether Group for Hominin Meat Consumption, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Alan D Foreman
- Organic Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Bourgon
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicolas N Duprey
- Organic Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hubert Vonhof
- Inorganic Gas Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Viengkeo Souksavatdy
- Department of Heritage, Ministry of Information, Culture and Tourism, 0100 Setthathirath Road, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | | | - Daniel M Sigman
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Tütken
- Institute of Geosciences, Department of Applied and Analytical Paleontology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alfredo Martínez-García
- Organic Isotope Geochemistry Group, Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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3
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Lüdecke T, Leichliter JN, Aldeias V, Bamford MK, Biro D, Braun DR, Capelli C, Cybulski JD, Duprey NN, Ferreira da Silva MJ, Foreman AD, Habermann JM, Haug GH, Martínez FI, Mathe J, Mulch A, Sigman DM, Vonhof H, Bobe R, Carvalho S, Martínez-García A. Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotopes in modern tooth enamel: A case study from Gorongosa National Park, central Mozambique. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.958032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The analyses of the stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and oxygen (δ18O) in animal tissues are powerful tools for reconstructing the feeding behavior of individual animals and characterizing trophic interactions in food webs. Of these biomaterials, tooth enamel is the hardest, most mineralized vertebrate tissue and therefore least likely to be affected by chemical alteration (i.e., its isotopic composition can be preserved over millions of years), making it an important and widely available archive for biologists and paleontologists. Here, we present the first combined measurements of δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O in enamel from the teeth of modern fauna (herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores) from the well-studied ecosystem of Gorongosa National Park (GNP) in central Mozambique. We use two novel methods to produce high-precision stable isotope enamel data: (i) the “oxidation-denitrification method,” which permits the measurement of mineral-bound organic nitrogen in tooth enamel (δ15Nenamel), which until now, has not been possible due to enamel’s low organic content, and (ii) the “cold trap method,” which greatly reduces the sample size required for traditional measurements of inorganic δ13Cenamel and δ18Oenamel (from ≥0.5 to ≤0.1 mg), permitting analysis of small or valuable teeth and high-resolution serial sampling of enamel. The stable isotope results for GNP fauna reveal important ecological information about the trophic level, dietary niche, and resource consumption. δ15Nenamel values clearly differentiate trophic level (i.e., carnivore δ15Nenamel values are 4.0‰ higher, on average, than herbivores), δ13Cenamel values distinguish C3 and/or C4 biomass consumption, and δ18Oenamel values reflect local meteoric water (δ18Owater) in the park. Analysis of combined carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen stable isotope data permits geochemical separation of grazers, browsers, omnivores, and carnivores according to their isotopic niche, while mixed-feeding herbivores cannot be clearly distinguished from other dietary groups. These results confirm that combined C, N, and O isotope analyses of a single aliquot of tooth enamel can be used to reconstruct diet and trophic niches. Given its resistance to chemical alteration, the analysis of these three isotopes in tooth enamel has a high potential to open new avenues of research in (paleo)ecology and paleontology.
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Littleford‐Colquhoun BL, Freeman PT, Sackett VI, Tulloss CV, McGarvey LM, Geremia C, Kartzinel TR. The precautionary principle and dietary DNA metabarcoding: Commonly used abundance thresholds change ecological interpretation. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:1615-1626. [PMID: 35043486 PMCID: PMC9303378 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dietary DNA metabarcoding enables researchers to identify and characterize trophic interactions with a high degree of taxonomic precision. It is also sensitive to sources of bias and contamination in the field and laboratory. One of the earliest and most common strategies for dealing with such sensitivities has been to remove all low-abundance sequences and conduct ecological analyses based on the presence or absence of food taxa. Although this step is now often perceived to be necessary, evidence of its sufficiency is lacking and more attention to the risk of introducing other errors is needed. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that common strategies to remove low-abundance sequences can erroneously eliminate true dietary sequences in ways that impact downstream inferences. Using real data from well-studied wildlife populations in Yellowstone National Park, we further show how these strategies can markedly alter the composition of dietary profiles in ways that scale-up to obscure ecological interpretations about dietary generalism, specialism, and composition. Although the practice of removing low-abundance sequences may continue to be a useful strategy to address research questions that focus on a subset of relatively abundant foods, its continued widespread use risks generating misleading perceptions about the structure of trophic networks. Researchers working with dietary DNA metabarcoding data-or similar data such as environmental DNA, microbiomes, or pathobiomes-should be aware of drawbacks and consider alternative bioinformatic, experimental, and statistical solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan L. Littleford‐Colquhoun
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA,Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Patrick T. Freeman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA,Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Violet I. Sackett
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA,Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Camille V. Tulloss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA,Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Lauren M. McGarvey
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National ParkMammoth Hot SpringsWyomingUSA
| | - Chris Geremia
- Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National ParkMammoth Hot SpringsWyomingUSA
| | - Tyler R. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA,Institute at Brown for Environment and SocietyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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5
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Schroeder K, Lyons SK, Smith FA. The influence of juvenile dinosaurs on community structure and diversity. Science 2021; 371:941-944. [PMID: 33632845 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd9220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite dominating biodiversity in the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were not speciose. Oviparity constrained even gigantic dinosaurs to less than 15 kg at birth; growth through multiple morphologies led to the consumption of different resources at each stage. Such disparity between neonates and adults could have influenced the structure and diversity of dinosaur communities. Here, we quantified this effect for 43 communities across 136 million years and seven continents. We found that megatheropods (more than 1000 kg) such as tyrannosaurs had specific effects on dinosaur community structure. Although herbivores spanned the body size range, communities with megatheropods lacked carnivores weighing 100 to 1000 kg. We demonstrate that juvenile megatheropods likely filled the mesocarnivore niche, resulting in reduced overall taxonomic diversity. The consistency of this pattern suggests that ontogenetic niche shift was an important factor in generating dinosaur community structure and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlin Schroeder
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - S Kathleen Lyons
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Felisa A Smith
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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6
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Djagoun CA, Sinsin B, Wrage-Mönnig N. Stable isotope niche segregation between rare topi antelope (Damaliscus lunatus korrigum) and other sympatric bulk grazers in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve (Northern Benin): Implication for topi conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Egeter B, Roe C, Peixoto S, Puppo P, Easton LJ, Pinto J, Bishop PJ, Robertson BC. Using molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management: A case study of introduced rats consuming endemic New Zealand frogs. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:5032-5048. [PMID: 31110660 PMCID: PMC6509367 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of amphibians has been of international concern for more than two decades, and the global spread of introduced fauna is a major factor in this decline. Conservation management decisions to implement control of introduced fauna are often based on diet studies. One of the most common metrics to report in diet studies is Frequency of Occurrence (FO), but this can be difficult to interpret, as it does not include a temporal perspective. Here, we examine the potential for FO data derived from molecular diet analysis to inform invasive species management, using invasive ship rats (Rattus rattus) and endemic frogs (Leiopelma spp.) in New Zealand as a case study. Only two endemic frog species persist on the mainland. One of these, Leiopelma archeyi, is Critically Endangered (IUCN 2017) and ranked as the world's most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered amphibian (EDGE, 2018). Ship rat stomach contents were collected by kill-trapping and subjected to three methods of diet analysis (one morphological and two DNA-based). A new primer pair was developed targeting all anuran species that exhibits good coverage, high taxonomic resolution, and reasonable specificity. Incorporating a temporal parameter allowed us to calculate the minimum number of ingestion events per rat per night, providing a more intuitive metric than the more commonly reported FO. We are not aware of other DNA-based diet studies that have incorporated a temporal parameter into FO data. The usefulness of such a metric will depend on the study system, in particular the feeding ecology of the predator. Ship rats are consuming both species of native frogs present on mainland New Zealand, and this study provides the first detections of remains of these species in mammalian stomach contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Egeter
- CIBIO‐InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Cailín Roe
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Sara Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências daUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Pamela Puppo
- CIBIO‐InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
| | - Luke J. Easton
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Joana Pinto
- CIBIO‐InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos GenéticosUniversidade do PortoVairãoPortugal
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8
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De Cuyper A, Clauss M, Carbone C, Codron D, Cools A, Hesta M, Janssens GPJ. Predator size and prey size-gut capacity ratios determine kill frequency and carcass production in terrestrial carnivorous mammals. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Cuyper
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Univ. of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Chris Carbone
- Inst. of Zoology, Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - Daryl Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Dept, National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management, Univ. of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - An Cools
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Dept of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ; Heidestraat 19 BE-9820 Merelbeke Belgium
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9
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Deagle BE, Thomas AC, McInnes JC, Clarke LJ, Vesterinen EJ, Clare EL, Kartzinel TR, Eveson JP. Counting with DNA in metabarcoding studies: How should we convert sequence reads to dietary data? Mol Ecol 2018; 28:391-406. [PMID: 29858539 PMCID: PMC6905394 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in DNA sequencing technology have revolutionized the field of molecular analysis of trophic interactions, and it is now possible to recover counts of food DNA sequences from a wide range of dietary samples. But what do these counts mean? To obtain an accurate estimate of a consumer's diet should we work strictly with data sets summarizing frequency of occurrence of different food taxa, or is it possible to use relative number of sequences? Both approaches are applied to obtain semi-quantitative diet summaries, but occurrence data are often promoted as a more conservative and reliable option due to taxa-specific biases in recovery of sequences. We explore representative dietary metabarcoding data sets and point out that diet summaries based on occurrence data often overestimate the importance of food consumed in small quantities (potentially including low-level contaminants) and are sensitive to the count threshold used to define an occurrence. Our simulations indicate that using relative read abundance (RRA) information often provides a more accurate view of population-level diet even with moderate recovery biases incorporated; however, RRA summaries are sensitive to recovery biases impacting common diet taxa. Both approaches are more accurate when the mean number of food taxa in samples is small. The ideas presented here highlight the need to consider all sources of bias and to justify the methods used to interpret count data in dietary metabarcoding studies. We encourage researchers to continue addressing methodological challenges and acknowledge unanswered questions to help spur future investigations in this rapidly developing area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E Deagle
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, Australia
| | | | - Julie C McInnes
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Laurence J Clarke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, TAS, Australia.,Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Eero J Vesterinen
- Biodiversity Unit and Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elizabeth L Clare
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tyler R Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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10
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Codron D, Radloff FG, Codron J, Kerley GI, Tambling CJ. Meso-Carnivore Niche Expansion in Response to an Apex Predator's Reintroduction - a Stable Isotope Approach. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3957/056.048.013004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Frans G.T. Radloff
- Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jacqueline Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department, National Museum, P.O. Box 266, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Graham I.H. Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Craig J. Tambling
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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11
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CODRON J, AVENANT NL, WIGLEY-COETSEE C, CODRON D. Carnivore stable carbon isotope niches reflect predator-prey size relationships in African savannas. Integr Zool 2018; 13:166-179. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline CODRON
- Mammalogy Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Nico L AVENANT
- Mammalogy Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Corli WIGLEY-COETSEE
- Scientific Services; SANParks Skukuza South Africa
- School of Natural Resource Management; Nelson Mandela University; George Campus South Africa
| | - Daryl CODRON
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Institute for Geosciences, Palaeontology/Sclerochronology Research Group; Johannes Gütenberg University; Mainz Germany
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12
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Codron J, Botha-Brink J, Codron D, Huttenlocker AK, Angielczyk KD. Predator-prey interactions amongst Permo-Triassic terrestrial vertebrates as a deterministic factor influencing faunal collapse and turnover. J Evol Biol 2016; 30:40-54. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Codron
- Karoo Palaeontology Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - J. Botha-Brink
- Karoo Palaeontology Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - D. Codron
- Florisbad Quaternary Research Department; National Museum; Bloemfontein South Africa
- Centre for Environmental Management; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - A. K. Huttenlocker
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology; Keck School of Medicine of USC; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - K. D. Angielczyk
- Integrative Research Center; Field Museum of Natural History; Chicago IL USA
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