1
|
Luo H, Tang XA, Deng Y, Deng Z, Liu M. The extraction and identification of active components of the sex pheromones of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:105421. [PMID: 37105641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we extracted and identified the active components of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri sex pheromones to provide a basis for further development of sex attractants. Under laboratory conditions, mating activity in D. citri started 3 d after emergence, which peaked at 6-7 d, and mating activity had no obvious peak during the observed period 7:00-21:00 h. Additionally, D. citri males were attracted to the emanations from conspecific females, especially to the n-hexane extracts of the pheromone. A total of 17 compounds were identified from the n-hexane extracts of female and male D. citri by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Among them, 13 compounds were identified from the female D. citri n-hexane extracts, of which 7 (dichloromethane, acetic acid, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl carbamoylacetate, α-pinene, and 1-nonanal) were not found in the male D. citri n-hexane extracts. In addition, a total of 33 compounds were identified from the solid phase microextraction (SPME) volatiles of the male and female D. citri adults. Among these, 17 compounds were identified from the female D. citri volatiles, of which 6 (cycloheptatriene, 5-methyl-2-phenylindole, 1-dodecanol, cis-11-hexadecena, dodecyl aldehyde, and nerylacetone) were not identified in the volatiles of the D. citri males. It was found that males were significantly attracted to 0.1-10 μL/mL acetic acid and 1-nonanal with the selection rates ranging from 62.04%-70.56% and 62.22%-67.22%, respectively. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that acetic acid and 1-nonanal might be the active compounds of the female D. citri sex pheromones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education-Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
| | - Xia' An Tang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education-Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
| | - Yecheng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education-Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China.
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education-Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Normal University, Ministry of Education-Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China; Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi 541006, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ehlers S, Schulz S. The scent chemistry of butterflies. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 40:794-818. [PMID: 36420976 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00067a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Butterflies use structurally highly diverse volatile compounds for communication, in addition to visual signals. These compounds originate from plants or a formed de novo especially by male butterflies that possess specific scent organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ehlers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Darragh K, Byers KJRP, Merrill RM, McMillan WO, Schulz S, Jiggins CD. Male pheromone composition depends on larval but not adult diet in Heliconius melpomene. ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 44:397-405. [PMID: 31217661 PMCID: PMC6563479 DOI: 10.1111/een.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Condition-dependent traits can act as honest signals of mate quality, with fitter individuals being able to display preferred phenotypes. Nutrition is known to be an important determinant of individual condition, with diet known to affect many secondary sexual traits. 2. In Heliconius butterflies, male chemical signalling plays an important role in female mate choice. Potential male sex pheromone components have been identified previously, although it is unclear what information they convey to the female. 3. In the present study, the effect of diet on androconial and genital compound production is tested in male Heliconius melpomene rosina. To manipulate larval diet, larvae are reared on three different Passiflora host plants: Passiflora menispermifolia, the preferred host plant, Passiflora vitifolia and Passiflora platyloba. To manipulate adult diet, adult butterflies are reared with and without access to pollen, a key component of their diet. 4. No evidence is found to suggest that adult pollen consumption affects compound production in the first 10 days after eclosion. There is also a strong overlap in the chemical profiles of individuals reared on different larval host plants. The most abundant compounds produced by the butterflies do not differ between host plant groups. However, some compounds found in small amounts differ both qualitatively and quantitatively. Some of these compounds are predicted to be of plant origin and the others synthesised by the butterfly. Further electrophysiological and behavioural experiments will be needed to determine the biological significance of these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Darragh
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Kelsey J. R. P. Byers
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| | - Richard M. Merrill
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
- Division of Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversitätMunichGermany
| | | | - Stefan Schulz
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Organic ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Chris D. Jiggins
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeU.K.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstitutePanama
| |
Collapse
|