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Niekampf M, Meyer P, Quade FSC, Schmidt AR, Salditt T, Bradler S. High disparity in repellent gland anatomy across major lineages of stick and leaf insects (Insecta: Phasmatodea). BMC ZOOL 2024; 9:1. [PMID: 38163865 PMCID: PMC10759571 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-023-00189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phasmatodea are well known for their ability to disguise themselves by mimicking twigs, leaves, or bark, and are therefore commonly referred to as stick and leaf insects. In addition to this and other defensive strategies, many phasmatodean species use paired prothoracic repellent glands to release defensive chemicals when disturbed by predators or parasites. These glands are considered as an autapomorphic trait of the Phasmatodea. However, detailed knowledge of the gland anatomy and chemical compounds is scarce and only a few species were studied until now. We investigated the repellent glands for a global sampling of stick and leaf insects that represents all major phasmatodean lineages morphologically via µCT scans and analyzed the anatomical traits in a phylogenetic context. RESULTS All twelve investigated species possess prothoracic repellent glands that we classify into four distinct gland types. 1: lobe-like glands, 2: sac-like glands without ejaculatory duct, 3: sac-like glands with ejaculatory duct and 4: tube-like glands. Lobe-like glands are exclusively present in Timema, sac-like glands without ejaculatory duct are only found in Orthomeria, whereas the other two types are distributed across all other taxa (= Neophasmatodea). The relative size differences of these glands vary significantly between species, with some glands not exceeding in length the anterior quarter of the prothorax, and other glands extending to the end of the metathorax. CONCLUSIONS We could not detect any strong correlation between aposematic or cryptic coloration of the examined phasmatodeans and gland type or size. We hypothesize that a comparatively small gland was present in the last common ancestor of Phasmatodea and Euphasmatodea, and that the gland volume increased independently in subordinate lineages of the Occidophasmata and Oriophasmata. Alternatively, the stem species of Neophasmatodea already developed large glands that were reduced in size several times independently. In any case, our results indicate a convergent evolution of the gland types, which was probably closely linked to properties of the chemical components and different predator selection pressures. Our study is the first showing the great anatomical variability of repellent glands in stick and leaf insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Niekampf
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Paul Meyer
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix S C Quade
- Department of Developmental Biology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Present address, Institut Für Zelltechnologie, Blücherstraße 63, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander R Schmidt
- Department of Geobiology, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstraße 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Bradler
- Department of Animal Evolution and Biodiversity, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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Xu F, Jiang Y, Yang M. Descriptions of two new stick insect species of Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu (Phasmatodea) from China based on integrative taxonomy. Zookeys 2023; 1176:37-53. [PMID: 37654980 PMCID: PMC10466208 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1176.75490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate taxonomical identification is an extremely important basis for stick insect research, including evolutionary biology but also applied biology such as pest control. In addition, genetic methods are a valuable identification auxiliary technology at present. Therefore, this paper used morphological and molecular data to investigate five stick insect specimens from the genus Cnipsomorpha in Yunnan, successfully identifying two new species: Cnipsomorphayunnanensis Xu, Jiang & Yang, sp. nov. and C.yuxiensis Xu, Jiang & Yang, sp. nov. A phylogenetic tree was constructed through their 28S and COI genes in order to infer the phylogenetic position of the two new species. Photographs of the new species and a key to all known Cnipsomorpha species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Xu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yingjie Jiang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, ChinaGuizhou Light Industry Technical CollegeGuiyangChina
| | - Maofa Yang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
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Yuan Y, Zhang L, Li K, Hong Y, Storey KB, Zhang J, Yu D. Nine Mitochondrial Genomes of Phasmatodea with Two Novel Mitochondrial Gene Rearrangements and Phylogeny. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050485. [PMID: 37233113 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The classification of stick and leaf insects (Order Phasmatodea) is flawed at various taxonomic ranks due to a lack of robust phylogenetic relationships and convergent morphological characteristics. In this study, we sequenced nine new mitogenomes that ranged from 15,011 bp to 17,761 bp in length. In the mitogenome of Carausis sp., we found a translocation of trnR and trnA, which can be explained by the tandem duplication/random loss (TDRL) model. In the Stheneboea repudiosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907, a novel mitochondrial structure of 12S rRNA-CR1-trnI-CR2-trnQ-trnM was found for the first time in Phasmatodea. Due to the low homology of CR1 and CR2, we hypothesized that trnI was inverted through recombination and then translocated into the middle of the control region. Control region repeats were frequently detected in the newly sequenced mitogenomes. To explore phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, mtPCGs from 56 Phasmatodean species (composed of 9 stick insects from this study, 31 GenBank data, and 16 data derived from transcriptome splicing) were used for Bayesian inference (BI), and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses. Both analyses supported the monophyly of Lonchodinae and Necrosciinae, but Lonchodidae was polyphyletic. Phasmatidae was monophyletic, and Clitumninae was paraphyletic. Phyllidae was located at the base of Neophasmatodea and formed a sister group with the remaining Neophasmatodea. Bacillidae and Pseudophasmatidae were recovered as a sister group. Heteroptergidae was monophyletic, and the Heteropteryginae sister to the clade (Obriminae + Dataminae) was supported by BI analysis and ML analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Yuan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Taishun County Forestry Bureau, Wenzhou 325500, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yuehuan Hong
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Danna Yu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Costa J, Mallet JRS, Takiya DM. Cladomorphus petropolisensis, a New Species of Stick Insect from the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202871. [PMID: 36290257 PMCID: PMC9597851 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The order Phasmatodea includes the longest Brazilian insects, known by their remarkable morphological and behavioural adaptations for camouflage such as sticks, moss, and leaves; they are predominantly nocturnal and phytophagous insects. Cladomorphus phyllinus Gray, 1835 is one of the most common and best-known stick insect species in Brazil. It feeds mainly on guava leaves, angico, and powder-puff, and reproduces sexually and asexually. Cladomorphus phyllinus presents marked sexual dimorphism in the adult: winged males are significantly smaller in size than females and can reach up to 13 cm, while females can reach 23 cm in length and are apterous. A female specimen collected in the Atlantic Forest in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was compared with a C. phyllinus specimen, identified according to published literature. The differences between the two specimens related to the general size and several morphological characters were observed. In order to add evidence that the recently collected specimen belonged to a species distinct from C. phyllinus, part of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was sequenced and analysed. The comparative analysis of the COI sequences from the two specimens revealed significant differences that, together with the morphological characters and recorded sympatry of the two specimens, support the existence of a new species, which is described here as Cladomorphus petropolisensis. Abstract Cladomorphus petropolisensis sp. nov., a new species of stick insect from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is herein described and compared to the other sympatric species, C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 (Phasmatidae, Cladomorphinae). The description of the new species is supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) intraspecific COI divergences among the holotype of C. petropolisensis sp. nov. and C. phyllinus individuals ranged from 2.9% to 4.4%, which are suggestive of distinct species, especially when considering that all Cladomorphus individuals studied were collected in the Petrópolis municipality. The new species can be distinguished from C. phyllinus Gray, 1835 by several characteristics: smaller size, the presence of two spines on the hind femora, the relative longer length of the ovipositor, and spiny tegument, especially in the mesonotum, sculpturing of the operculum of the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Costa
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade Entomológica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacenir R. S. Mallet
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Daniela Maeda Takiya
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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Forni G, Cussigh A, Brock PD, Jones BR, Nicolini F, Martelossi J, Luchetti A, Mantovani B. Taxonomic revision of the Australian stick insect genus Candovia (Phasmida: Necrosciinae): insight from molecular systematics and species-delimitation approaches. Zool J Linn Soc 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Phasmida genus Candovia comprises nine traditionally recognized species, all endemic to Australia. In this study, Candovia diversity is explored through molecular species-delimitation analyses using the COIFol gene fragment and phylogenetic inferences leveraging seven additional mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Molecular results were integrated with morphological observations, leading us to confirm the already described species and to the delineation of several new taxa and of the new genus Paracandovia. New Candovia species from various parts of Queensland and New South Wales are described and illustrated (C. alata sp. nov., C. byfieldensis sp. nov., C. dalgleishae sp. nov., C. eungellensis sp. nov., C. karasi sp. nov., C. koensi sp. nov. andC. wollumbinensis sp. nov.). New combinations are proposed and species removed from synonymy with the erection of the new genus Paracandovia (P. cercata stat. rev., comb. nov., P. longipes stat. rev., comb. nov., P. pallida comb. nov., P. peridromes comb. nov., P. tenera stat. rev., comb. nov.). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the egg capitulum may have independently evolved multiple times throughout the evolutionary history of these insects. Furthermore, two newly described species represent the first taxa with fully developed wings in this previously considered apterous clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giobbe Forni
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Alex Cussigh
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Paul D Brock
- The Natural History Museum , Cromwell Road, London , UK
| | - Braxton R Jones
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney , Sydney NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Filippo Nicolini
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Jacopo Martelossi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Andrea Luchetti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Barbara Mantovani
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
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Forni G, Martelossi J, Valero P, Hennemann FH, Conle O, Luchetti A, Mantovani B. Macroevolutionary Analyses Provide New Evidence of Phasmid Wings Evolution as a Reversible Process. Syst Biol 2022; 71:1471-1486. [PMID: 35689634 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that complex ancestral traits can never be recovered after their loss is still widely accepted, despite phylogenetic and molecular approaches suggest instances where phenotypes may have been lost throughout the evolutionary history of a clade and subsequently reverted back in derived lineages. One of the first and most notable examples of such a process is wing evolution in phasmids; this polyneopteran order of insects, which comprises stick and leaf insects, has played a central role in initiating a long-standing debate on the topic. In this study, a novel and comprehensive time tree including over 300 Phasmatodea species is used as a framework for investigating wing evolutionary patterns in the clade. Despite accounting for several possible biases and sources of uncertainty, macroevolutionary analyses consistently revealed multiple reversals to winged states taking place after their loss, and reversibility is coupled with higher species diversification rates. Our findings support a loss of or reduction in wings that occurred in the lineage leading to the extant phasmid most recent common ancestor, and brachyptery is inferred to be an unstable state unless co-opted for nonaerodynamic adaptations. We also explored how different assumptions of wing reversals probability could impact their inference: we found that until reversals are assumed to be over 30 times more unlikely than losses, they are consistently inferred despite uncertainty in tree and model parameters. Our findings demonstrate that wing evolution is a reversible and dynamic process in phasmids and contribute to our understanding of complex trait evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giobbe Forni
- Dip. Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Jacopo Martelossi
- Dip. Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Luchetti
- Dip. Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Mantovani
- Dip. Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Italy
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Li Y, Wang S, Zhou J, Li T, Jiang K, Zhang Y, Zheng C, Liang J, Bu W. The phylogenic position of aschiphasmatidae in euphasmatodea based on mitochondrial genomic evidence. Gene 2022; 808:145974. [PMID: 34592348 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been regarded as significant source of data to better understand the phylogenetic relationships within the Euphasmatodea, but no mitogenome in Aschiphasmatoidea has been sequenced to date. In this study, two mitogenomes of Orthomeria smaragdinum and Nanhuaphasma hamicercum of Aschiphasmatidae were sequenced and annotated for the first time. The same mitochondrial gene rearrangement structure was present in the two mitogenomes sequenced, showing as the translocation of tRNA-Arg and tRNA-Asn, which conformed to the tandem duplication-random loss and could be used as a possible synapomorphy for Aschiphasmatidae. The phylogenetic results based on the maximum likelihood (ML) and bayesian inference (BI) methods both showed that Aschiphasmatidae and Neophasmatodea in Euphasmatodea are sister taxa. Although the monophyly of Oriophasmata, Occidophasmata, Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae and Bacilloidea has not been solved, the monophyly of Neophasmatodea and Phyllioidea was well supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Li
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Shujing Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jiayue Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Tianqi Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, PR China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Chenguang Zheng
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Jingyu Liang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Xu KK, Chen QP, Ayivi SPG, Guan JY, Storey KB, Yu DN, Zhang JY. Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny. INSECTS 2021; 12:779. [PMID: 34564219 PMCID: PMC8471129 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Insects of the order Phasmatodea are mainly distributed in the tropics and subtropics and are best known for their remarkable camouflage as plants. In this study, we sequenced three complete mitochondrial genomes from three different families: Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis. The lengths of the three mitochondrial genomes were 15,896 bp, 16,869 bp, and 17,005 bp, respectively, and the gene composition and structure of the three stick insects were identical to those of the most recent common ancestor of insects. The phylogenetic relationships among stick insects have been chaotic for a long time. In order to discuss the intra- and inter-ordinal relationship of Phasmatodea, we used the 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of 85 species for maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) analyses. Results showed that the internal topological structure of Phasmatodea had a few differences in both ML and BI trees and long-branch attraction (LBA) appeared between Embioptera and Zoraptera, which led to a non-monophyletic Phasmatodea. Consequently, after removal of the Embioptera and Zoraptera species, we re-performed ML and BI analyses with the remaining 81 species, which showed identical topology except for the position of Tectarchus ovobessus (Phasmatodea). We recovered the monophyly of Phasmatodea and the sister-group relationship between Phasmatodea and Mantophasmatodea. Our analyses also recovered the monophyly of Heteropterygidae and the paraphyly of Diapheromeridae, Phasmatidae, Lonchodidae, Lonchodinae, and Clitumninae. In this study, Peruphasma schultei (Pseudophasmatidae), Phraortes sp. YW-2014 (Lonchodidae), and species of Diapheromeridae clustered into the clade of Phasmatidae. Within Heteropterygidae, O. guangxiensis was the sister clade to O. mouhotii belonging to Dataminae, and the relationship of (Heteropteryginae + (Dataminae + Obriminae)) was recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
| | - Qing-Ping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
| | - Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
| | - Jia-Yin Guan
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Dan-Na Yu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Jia-Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (K.-K.X.); (Q.-P.C.); (S.P.G.A.); (J.-Y.G.); (D.-N.Y.)
- Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Cumming RT, Tirant SL, Büscher TH. Resolving a century-old case of generic mistaken identity: polyphyly of Chitoniscus sensu lato resolved with the description of the endemic New Caledonia Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae). Zookeys 2021; 1055:1-41. [PMID: 34393570 PMCID: PMC8360878 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1055.66796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With every molecular review involving Chitoniscus Stål, 1875 sensu lato samples from Fiji and New Caledonia revealing polyphyly, the morphology from these two distinct clades was extensively reviewed. Morphological results agree with all previously published molecular studies and therefore Trolicaphylliumgen. nov. is erected to accommodate the former Chitoniscus sensu lato species restricted to New Caledonia, leaving the type species Chitoniscuslobiventris (Blanchard, 1853) and all other Fijian species within Chitoniscus sensu stricto. Erection of this new genus for the New Caledonian species warrants the following new combinations: Trolicaphylliumbrachysoma (Sharp, 1898), comb. nov., Trolicaphylliumerosus (Redtenbachher, 1906), comb. nov., and Trolicaphylliumsarrameaense (Größer, 2008a), comb. nov. Morphological details of the female, male, freshly hatched nymph, and egg are illustrated and discussed alongside the Chitoniscus sensu stricto in order to differentiate these two clades which have been mistaken as one for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce T Cumming
- Montreal Insectarium, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada Montreal Insectarium Montréal Canada.,Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA American Museum of Natural History New York United States of America.,Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, NY, USA City University of New York New York United States of America
| | - Stéphane Le Tirant
- Montreal Insectarium, 4101 rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, Québec, H1X 2B2, Canada Montreal Insectarium Montréal Canada
| | - Thies H Büscher
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118, Kiel, Germany Kiel University Kiel Germany
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Ghirotto VM. Unmasking a master of camouflage: The rich morphology, taxonomy, and biology of the Brazilian stick insect Canuleius similis (Phasmatodea: Heteronemiidae), with general considerations on phasmid genitalia. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Phylomitogenomics provides new perspectives on the Euphasmatodea radiation (Insecta: Phasmatodea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:106983. [PMID: 33059069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phasmatodea species diversity lies almost entirely within its suborder Euphasmatodea, which exhibits a pantropical distribution and is considered to derive from a recent and rapid evolutionary radiation. To shed light on Euphasmatodea origins and diversification, we assembled the mitogenomes of 17 species from transcriptomic sequencing data and analysed them along with 22 already available Phasmatodea mitogenomes and 33 mitogenomes representing most of the Polyneoptera lineages. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference approaches retrieved consistent topologies, both showing the widespread conflict between phylogenetic approaches and traditional systematics. We performed a divergence time analysis leveraging ten fossil specimens representative of most polyneopteran lineages: the time tree obtained supports an older radiation of the clade with respect to previous hypotheses. Euphasmatodea diversification is inferred to have started ~ 187 million years ago, suggesting that the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction and the breakup of Pangea could have contributed to the process. We also investigated Euphasmatodea mitogenomes patterns of dN, dS and dN/dS ratio throughout our time-tree, trying to characterize the selective regime which may have shaped the clade evolution.
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Simon S, Letsch H, Bank S, Buckley TR, Donath A, Liu S, Machida R, Meusemann K, Misof B, Podsiadlowski L, Zhou X, Wipfler B, Bradler S. Old World and New World Phasmatodea: Phylogenomics Resolve the Evolutionary History of Stick and Leaf Insects. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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