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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Jiang W, Ma Q, Shin J, Sun H, Cui J, Chen Y, Giraldo JP, Strano MS, Lowry GV, Sheen J, Marelli B. Polymeric Nanocarriers Autonomously Cross the Plant Cell Wall and Enable Protein Delivery for Stress Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2409356. [PMID: 39149770 PMCID: PMC11466712 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202409356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Delivery of proteins in plant cells can facilitate the design of desired functions by modulation of biological processes and plant traits but is currently limited by narrow host range, tissue damage, and poor scalability. Physical barriers in plants, including cell walls and membranes, limit protein delivery to desired plant tissues. Herein, a cationic high aspect ratio polymeric nanocarriers (PNCs) platform is developed to enable efficient protein delivery to plants. The cationic nature of PNCs binds proteins through electrostatic. The ability to precisely design PNCs' size and aspect ratio allowed us to find a cutoff of ≈14 nm in the cell wall, below which cationic PNCs can autonomously overcome the barrier and carry their cargo into plant cells. To exploit these findings, a reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) is deployed as a stress sensor protein cargo in a model plant Nicotiana benthamiana and common crop plants, including tomato and maize. In vivo imaging of PNC-roGFP enabled optical monitoring of plant response to wounding, biotic, and heat stressors. These results show that PNCs can be precisely designed below the size exclusion limit of cell walls to overcome current limitations in protein delivery to plants and facilitate species-independent plant engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yunteng Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenzhi Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Qingquan Ma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jinwoo Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianqiao Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael S. Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory V. Lowry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Morey K, Khakhar A. Exploring the frontier of rapid prototyping technologies for plant synthetic biology and what could lie beyond. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:903-908. [PMID: 38426415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Realizing the full potential of plant synthetic biology both to elucidate the relationship between genotype and phenotype and to apply these insights to engineer traits requires rapidly iterating through design-build-test cycles. However, the months-long process of transgenesis, the long generation times, and the size-based limitations on experimentation have stymied progress by limiting the speed and scale of these cycles. Herein, we review a representative sample of recent studies that demonstrate a variety of rapid prototyping technologies that overcome some of these bottlenecks and accelerate progress. However, each of them has caveats that limit their broad utility. Their complementary strengths and weaknesses point to the intriguing possibility that these strategies could be combined in the future to enable rapid and scalable deployment of synthetic biology in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morey
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80525, USA
| | - Arjun Khakhar
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80525, USA
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3
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Bravo-Vázquez LA, Méndez-García A, Chamu-García V, Rodríguez AL, Bandyopadhyay A, Paul S. The applications of CRISPR/Cas-mediated microRNA and lncRNA editing in plant biology: shaping the future of plant non-coding RNA research. PLANTA 2023; 259:32. [PMID: 38153530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION CRISPR/Cas technology has greatly facilitated plant non-coding RNA (ncRNA) biology research, establishing itself as a promising tool for ncRNA functional characterization and ncRNA-mediated plant improvement. Throughout the last decade, the promising genome editing tool clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas; CRISPR/Cas) has allowed unprecedented advances in the field of plant functional genomics and crop improvement. Even though CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing system has been widely used to elucidate the biological significance of a number of plant protein-coding genes, this technology has been barely applied in the functional analysis of those non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that modulate gene expression, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Nevertheless, compelling findings indicate that CRISPR/Cas-based ncRNA editing has remarkable potential for deciphering the biological roles of ncRNAs in plants, as well as for plant breeding. For instance, it has been demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas tool could overcome the challenges associated with other approaches employed in functional genomic studies (e.g., incomplete knockdown and off-target activity). Thus, in this review article, we discuss the current status and progress of CRISPR/Cas-mediated ncRNA editing in plant science in order to provide novel prospects for further assessment and validation of the biological activities of plant ncRNAs and to enhance the development of ncRNA-centered protocols for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Bravo-Vázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Querétaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Andrea Méndez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Querétaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Verenice Chamu-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, 72453, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alma L Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Querétaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Anindya Bandyopadhyay
- International Rice Research Institute, 4031, Manila, Philippines.
- Reliance Industries Ltd., Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400701, India.
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Querétaro, Av. Epigmenio González, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130, Querétaro, Mexico.
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4
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Park JH, Kim H. Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 for Enhanced Disease Resistance in Hot Peppers: A Comparative Study on CaMLO2-Gene-Editing Efficiency across Six Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16775. [PMID: 38069102 PMCID: PMC10706117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Capsicum annuum Mildew Locus O (CaMLO2) gene is vital for plant defense responses against fungal pathogens like powdery mildew, a significant threat to greenhouse pepper crops. Recent advancements in genome editing, particularly using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9, have unlocked unprecedented opportunities for modifying disease-resistant genes and improving crop characteristics. However, the application of CRISPR technology in pepper cultivars has been limited, and the regeneration process remains challenging. This study addresses these limitations by investigating the feasibility of using the validated CaMLO2 genetic scissors system in six commercial hot pepper cultivars. We assessed the gene-editing efficiency of the previously reported high-efficiency Cas9/CaMLO2single-guide RNA (sgRNA)1-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and the low-efficiency Cas9/CaMLO2sgRNA2-RNP systems by extending their application from the bell pepper 'Dempsey' and the hot pepper 'CM334' to six commercial hot pepper cultivars. Across the six cultivars, CaMLO2sgRNA1 demonstrated an editing efficiency ranging from 6.3 to 17.7%, whereas CaMLO2sgRNA2 exhibited no editing efficiency, highlighting the superior efficacy of sgRNA1. These findings indicate the potential of utilizing the verified Cas9/CaMLO2sgRNA1-RNP system to achieve efficient gene editing at the CaMLO2 locus in different Capsicum annuum cultivars regardless of their cultivar genotypes. This study provides an efficacious genome-editing tool for developing improved pepper cultivars with CaMLO2-mediated enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyeong Park
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeran Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in BIT Medical Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Cardi T, Murovec J, Bakhsh A, Boniecka J, Bruegmann T, Bull SE, Eeckhaut T, Fladung M, Galovic V, Linkiewicz A, Lukan T, Mafra I, Michalski K, Kavas M, Nicolia A, Nowakowska J, Sági L, Sarmiento C, Yıldırım K, Zlatković M, Hensel G, Van Laere K. CRISPR/Cas-mediated plant genome editing: outstanding challenges a decade after implementation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1144-1165. [PMID: 37331842 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system has revolutionized our understanding of the plant genome. CRISPR/Cas has been used for over a decade to modify plant genomes for the study of specific genes and biosynthetic pathways as well as to speed up breeding in many plant species, including both model and non-model crops. Although the CRISPR/Cas system is very efficient for genome editing, many bottlenecks and challenges slow down further improvement and applications. In this review we discuss the challenges that can occur during tissue culture, transformation, regeneration, and mutant detection. We also review the opportunities provided by new CRISPR platforms and specific applications related to gene regulation, abiotic and biotic stress response improvement, and de novo domestication of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Cardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), Portici, Italy; CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Jana Murovec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Department of Agricultural Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey; Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Justyna Boniecka
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland; Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Simon E Bull
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland; Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Vladislava Galovic
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anna Linkiewicz
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tjaša Lukan
- National Institute of Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Isabel Mafra
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE) Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Michalski
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, National Research Institute, Błonie, Poland
| | - Musa Kavas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Nicolia
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Pontecagnano, Italy
| | - Justyna Nowakowska
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Laszlo Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Loránd Eötvös Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Cecilia Sarmiento
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kubilay Yıldırım
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Milica Zlatković
- University of Novi Sad, Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment (ILFE), Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Düsseldorf, Germany; Division of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agriculture Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katrijn Van Laere
- Flanders Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food, Melle, Belgium.
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6
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Ye R, Lin Z, Liu KH, Sheen J, Chen S. Dynamic Proximity Tagging in Living Plant Cells with Pupylation-Based Interaction Tagging. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2690:137-147. [PMID: 37450145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3327-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Identification of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and protein kinase substrates is fundamental for understanding how proteins exert biological functions with their partners and targets. However, it is still technically challenging, especially for transient and weak interactions involved in most cellular processes. The proximity-tagging systems enable capturing snapshots of both stable and transient PPIs. In this chapter, we describe in detail the methodology of a novel proximity-based labeling approach, PUP-IT (pupylation-based interaction tagging), to identify PPIs using a protoplast transient expression system. We have successfully identified potential kinase substrates by targeted screening and tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun-Hsaing Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, and Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
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7
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Uniyal S, Bhandari M, Singh P, Singh RK, Tiwari SP. Cytokinin biosynthesis in cyanobacteria: Insights for crop improvement. Front Genet 2022; 13:933226. [PMID: 36160007 PMCID: PMC9504062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.933226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins, a type of phytohormones that induce division of cytoplasm, have considerable value in agriculture due to their influences on several physiological processes of plants such as morphogenesis, development of chloroplast, seed dormancy, leaf senescence, etc. Previously, it was assumed that plants obtain cytokinin from the soil produced by microbes as these hormones were first discovered in soil-inhabiting bacteria i.e., Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Later, the cytokinin biosynthesis gene, i.e., ipt gene, has been reported in plants too. Though plants synthesize cytokinins, several studies have reported that the exogenous application of cytokinins has numerous beneficial effects including the acceleration of plant growth and boosting economic yield. Cyanobacteria may be employed in the soil not only as the source of cytokinins but also as the source of other plant growth-promoting metabolites. These organisms biosynthesize the cytokinins using the enzyme isopentenyl transferases (IPTs) in a fashion similar to the plants; however, there are few differences in the biosynthesis mechanism of cytokinins in cyanobacteria and plants. Cytokinins are important for the establishment of interaction between plants and cyanobacteria as evidenced by gene knockout experiments. These hormones are also helpful in alleviating the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plant development. Cyanobacterial supplements in the field result in the induction of adventitious roots and shoots on petiolar as well as internodal segments. The leaf, root, and stem explants of certain plants exhibited successful regeneration when treated with cyanobacterial extract/cell suspension. These successful regeneration practices mark the way of cyanobacterial deployment in the field as a great move toward the goal of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Uniyal
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Munni Bhandari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Preeti Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, H.N.B Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shree Prakash Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, V.B.S Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Piskunen P, Latham R, West CE, Castronovo M, Linko V. Integrating CRISPR/Cas systems with programmable DNA nanostructures for delivery and beyond. iScience 2022; 25:104389. [PMID: 35633938 PMCID: PMC9130510 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise genome editing with CRISPR/Cas paves the way for many biochemical, biotechnological, and medical applications, and consequently, it may enable treatment of already known and still-to-be-found genetic diseases. Meanwhile, another rapidly emerging field—structural DNA nanotechnology—provides a customizable and modular platform for accurate positioning of nanoscopic materials, for e.g., biomedical uses. This addressability has just recently been applied in conjunction with the newly developed gene engineering tools to enable impactful, programmable nanotechnological applications. As of yet, self-assembled DNA nanostructures have been mainly employed to enhance and direct the delivery of CRISPR/Cas, but lately the groundwork has also been laid out for other intriguing and complex functions. These recent advances will be described in this perspective.
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9
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Mandal S, Ghorai M, Anand U, Roy D, Kant N, Mishra T, Mane AB, Jha NK, Lal MK, Tiwari RK, Kumar M, Radha, Ghosh A, Bhattacharjee R, Proćków J, Dey A. Cytokinins: A Genetic Target for Increasing Yield Potential in the CRISPR Era. Front Genet 2022; 13:883930. [PMID: 35559022 PMCID: PMC9086551 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.883930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding the phytohormones, cytokinin's (CKs) biosynthesis, perception, and signalling pathways. Additionally, it became apparent that interfering with any of these steps has a significant effect on all stages of plant growth and development. As a result of their complex regulatory and cross-talk interactions with other hormones and signalling networks, they influence and control a wide range of biological activities, from cellular to organismal levels. In agriculture, CKs are extensively used for yield improvement and management because of their wide-ranging effects on plant growth, development and physiology. One of the primary targets in this regard is cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO/CKX), which is encoded by CKX gene, which catalyses the irreversible degradation of cytokinin. The previous studies on various agronomically important crops indicated that plant breeders have targeted CKX directly. In recent years, prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has been increasingly used in editing the CKO/CKX gene and phenomenal results have been achieved. This review provides an updated information on the applications of CRISPR-based gene-editing tools in manipulating cytokinin metabolism at the genetic level for yield improvement. Furthermore, we summarized the current developments of RNP-mediated DNA/transgene-free genomic editing of plants which would broaden the application of this technology. The current review will advance our understanding of cytokinins and their role in sustainably increase crop production through CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanti Mandal
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- CytoGene Research & Development LLP, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debleena Roy
- PG Department of Botany, Lady Brabourne College, Kolkata, India
| | - Nishi Kant
- Department of Biotechnology, ARKA Jain University, Jamshedpur, India
| | - Tulika Mishra
- Department of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Abhijit Bhagwan Mane
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Patangrao Kadam Mahavidhyalaya, Ramanandnagar (Burli), Sangli, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | | | | | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rahul Bhattacharjee
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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