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Selim A, Marzok M, Alkashif K, Kandeel M, Salem M, Sayed-Ahmed MZ. Bluetongue virus infection in cattle: serosurvey and its associated risk factors. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:285. [PMID: 37540299 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a vector-borne virus that primarily affects sheep. However, the disease is usually asymptomatic in cattle without obvious clinical signs related to BTV infection. Although there is evidence of BTV antibodies through serology in Egypt, it is still unknown whether Egyptian cattle have ever been exposed to the virus in the north or south of the country. The study's aims were to determine the seroprevalence of BTV and evaluate the potential risk factors for BTV infection in cattle in Egypt. We used a competitive ELISA to screen 690 healthy cattle for BTV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in four governorates in Egypt. A total seroprevalence of BTV antibodies in examined cattle was 51.47%, 95%CI: 48.01-55.45. The odds of BTV seropositivity were higher in Aswan (OR=1.30, 95%CI: 0.71-2.36), females (OR=3.29, 95%CI: 1.87-5.79), and elder cattle >8 years (OR=12.91, 95%CI: 6.63-25.13). Moreover, cattle contacted with other animals (OR=1.40, 95%CI: 0.94-2.10), with history of abortion (OR=4.88, 95%CI: 3.14-7.59), and those living with presence of insects (OR=12.34, 95%CI: 8-19.30) were more likely to be infected with bluetongue (BT). To effectively predict and respond to a potential BTV outbreak in Egypt, surveillance for BTV infection should be expanded to cover other susceptible ruminants and the range of the insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, 13736, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Khalid Alkashif
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Asha, 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12613, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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Llorente F, Gutiérrez-López R, Pérez-Ramirez E, Sánchez-Seco MP, Herrero L, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ, Vázquez A. Experimental infections in red-legged partridges reveal differences in host competence between West Nile and Usutu virus strains from Southern Spain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1163467. [PMID: 37396301 PMCID: PMC10308050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1163467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are emerging zoonotic arboviruses sharing the same life cycle with mosquitoes as vectors and wild birds as reservoir hosts. The main objective of this study was to characterize the pathogenicity and course of infection of two viral strains (WNV/08 and USUV/09) co-circulating in Southern Spain in a natural host, the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), and to compare the results with those obtained with the reference strain WNV/NY99. Methods WNV inoculated birds were monitored for clinical and analytical parameters (viral load, viremia, and antibodies) for 15 days post-inoculation. Results and discussion Partridges inoculated with WNV/NY99 and WNV/08 strains showed clinical signs such as weight loss, ruffled feathers, and lethargy, which were not observed in USUV/09-inoculated individuals. Although statistically significant differences in mortality were not observed, partridges inoculated with WNV strains developed significantly higher viremia and viral loads in blood than those inoculated with USUV. In addition, the viral genome was detected in organs and feathers of WNV-inoculated partridges, while it was almost undetectable in USUV-inoculated ones. These experimental results indicate that red-legged partridges are susceptible to the assayed Spanish WNV with pathogenicity similar to that observed for the prototype WNV/NY99 strain. By contrast, the USUV/09 strain was not pathogenic for this bird species and elicited extremely low viremia levels, demonstrating that red-legged partridges are not a competent host for the transmission of this USUV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gutiérrez-López
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Pérez-Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Levican J, Ampuero M, Rabello C, Venegas I, Quarleri J, Gaggero A. Changing molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis A virus in Santiago, Chile from 2010 to 2021. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2023; 111:105428. [PMID: 36990306 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis A (HAV) virus causes asymptomatic to life-treating fulminant hepatitis. During infection, patients show large viral excretion in their stools. Resistance of HAV to environmental conditions, allows us to recover viral nucleotide sequences from wastewater and trace its evolutionary history. METHODS We characterize twelve years of HAV circulation in wastewater from Santiago, Chile, and conducted phylogenetic analyses to decipher the dynamics of circulating lineages. RESULTS We observed the exclusive circulation of the HAV IA genotype. The molecular epidemiologic analyses showed a steady circulation of a dominant lineage with low genetic diversity (d = 0,007) between 2010 and 2017. An outbreak of Hepatitis A associated with men who have sex with men, in 2017 was associated with the irruption of a new lineage. Remarkably, a dramatic change in the dynamic of HAV circulation was observed in the period post-outbreak; between 2017 and 2021 when 4 different lineages were transiently detected. Exhaustive phylogenetic analyses indicate that these lineages were introduced and possibly derived from isolates from other Latin American countries. CONCLUSION The HAV circulation in recent years in Chile is rapidly changing and suggests that this phenomenon could be a consequence of massive population migrations in Latin America caused by political instability and natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levican
- Laboratorio de Virología Ambiental, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ampuero
- Laboratorio de Virología Ambiental, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Rabello
- Laboratorio de Virología Ambiental, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Venegas
- Laboratorio de Virología Ambiental, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- Laboratorio de Virología Ambiental, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Zamora-Camacho FJ, Zambrano-Fernández S, Aragón P. Long-term sex-dependent inflammatory response of adult frogs to ammonium exposure during the larval stage. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136202. [PMID: 36037957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among others, the global change involves a worldwide increase in cropland area, with the concomitant rise in nitrogenous fertilizer supplementation and species range alterations, including parasites and pathogens. As most animals rely on their immune systems against these infectious agents, studying the potential effects of nitrogenous compounds on animal immune response is vital to understand their susceptibility to infections under these altered circumstances. Being subjected to an alarming process of global declines, amphibians are the object of particular attention, given their sensitivity to these compounds, especially to ammonium. Moreover, whereas adults can actively avoid polluted patches, larvae are confined within their waterbodies, thus exposed to contaminants in it. In this work, we test whether chronic exposure to a sublethal dose of ammonium during the larval stage of Pelophylax perezi frogs, released from all contamination after metamorphosis, leads to impaired inflammatory response to phytohemagglutinin in adults. We also test whether such a response differs between agrosystem individuals as compared with conspecifics from natural habitats. We found negative carryover effects of chronic exposure of larvae to ammonium on adult inflammatory response, which could imply a greater susceptibility to pathogens and parasites. However, this damage is only true for males, which, according to the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, could be a consequence of a testosterone-triggered impairment of male immune function. In disagreement with our prediction, however, we detected no differences in the inflammatory response of agrosystem frogs to phytohemagglutinin as compared with natural habitat conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Zamora-Camacho
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 2804, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Pedro Aragón
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Novais 2, 2804, Madrid, Spain
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Lok S, Lau TNH, Trost B, Tong AHY, Wintle RF, Engstrom MD, Stacy E, Waits LP, Scrafford M, Scherer SW. Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of the North American wolverine ( Gulo gulo luscus): a resource for conservation genomics. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6604289. [PMID: 35674384 PMCID: PMC9339297 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a chromosomal-level genome assembly of a male North American wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) from the Kugluktuk region of Nunavut, Canada. The genome was assembled directly from long-reads, comprising: 758 contigs with a contig N50 of 36.6 Mb; contig L50 of 20; base count of 2.39 Gb; and a near complete representation (99.98%) of the BUSCO 5.2.2 set of 9,226 genes. A presumptive chromosomal-level assembly was generated by scaffolding against two chromosomal-level Mustelidae reference genomes, the ermine and the Eurasian river otter, to derive a final scaffold N50 of 144.0 Mb and a scaffold L50 of 7. We annotated a comprehensive set of genes that have been associated with models of aggressive behavior, a trait which the wolverine is purported to have in the popular literature. To support an integrated, genomics-based wildlife management strategy at a time of environmental disruption from climate change, we annotated the principal genes of the innate immune system to provide a resource to study the wolverine’s susceptibility to new infectious and parasitic diseases. As a resource, we annotated genes involved in the modality of infection by the coronaviruses, an important class of viral pathogens of growing concern as shown by the recent spillover infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to naïve wildlife. Tabulation of heterozygous single nucleotide variants in our specimen revealed a heterozygosity level of 0.065%, indicating a relatively diverse genetic pool that would serve as a baseline for the genomics-based conservation of the wolverine, a rare cold-adapted carnivore now under threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Lok
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Timothy N H Lau
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Amy H Y Tong
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto , ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard F Wintle
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mark D Engstrom
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Elise Stacy
- Environmental Science Program, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Arctic Beringia , Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Lisette P Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Matthew Scrafford
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada , Thunder Bay, ON P7A 4K9, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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El-Sayed A, Kamel M. Climatic changes and their role in emergence and re-emergence of diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22336-22352. [PMID: 32347486 PMCID: PMC7187803 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and the associated climate changes are predictable. They are enhanced by burning of fossil fuels and the emission of huge amounts of CO2 gas which resulted in greenhouse effect. It is expected that the average global temperature will increase with 2-5 °C in the next decades. As a result, the earth will exhibit marked climatic changes characterized by extremer weather events in the coming decades, such as the increase in temperature, rainfall, summertime, droughts, more frequent and stronger tornadoes and hurricanes. Epidemiological disease cycle includes host, pathogen and in certain cases intermediate host/vector. A complex mixture of various environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and humidity) determines the suitable habitat/ecological niche for every vector host. The availability of suitable vectors is a precondition for the emergence of vector-borne pathogens. Climate changes and global warming will have catastrophic effects on human, animal and environmental ecosystems. Pathogens, especially neglected tropical disease agents, are expected to emerge and re-emerge in several countries including Europe and North America. The lives of millions of people especially in developing countries will be at risk in direct and indirect ways. In the present review, the role of climate changes in the spread of infectious agents and their vectors is discussed. Examples of the major emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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Quantitative RT-PCR assays for identification and typing of the Equine encephalosis virus. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:287-296. [PMID: 30637652 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-018-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine encephalosis (EE) is an acute, arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of equids. The clinical signs of EE are similar to milder forms of African horse sickness (AHS) and the two diseases can be easily confused. The Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) is a distinct virus species within the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae, with ten linear segments of dsRNA genome. Seven distinct serotypes of EEV have been recognised on the basis of sequence analyses of Seg-2. The need for differential diagnosis of similar forms of EE and AHS warranted the development of molecular diagnostic methods for specific detection and identification of EEV. We report the development of quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of any member of the EEV species targeting the highly conserved EEV Seg-9. Similar serotype-specific qRT-PCR assays were designed for each of the seven EEV serotypes targeting genome Seg-2, encoding the serotype determining VP2 protein. These assays were evaluated using different EEV serotypes and other closely related orbiviruses. They were shown to be EEV virus species-specific, or EEV type-specific capable of detecting 1 to 13 copies of viral RNA in clinical samples. The assays failed to detect RNA from closely related orbiviruses, including AHSV and Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) isolates.
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Pérez-Ramírez E, Llorente F, Del Amo J, Nowotny N, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. Susceptibility and role as competent host of the red-legged partridge after infection with lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus isolates of Mediterranean and Central European origin. Vet Microbiol 2018; 222:39-45. [PMID: 30080671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV; genus Flavivirus; family Flaviviridae) is the aetiological agent of an emerging, mosquito-borne disease with great impact on human and animal health. Over the past 15 years, WNV has been responsible for large epidemics mainly in North America but also in Europe, where lineage 1 and more recently lineage 2 strains have caused an upsurge in the number of outbreaks with increased human infection and higher virulence for certain wild bird species. This study aimed to compare the course of infection of the lineage 1 WNV strains Israel/98 and Italy/08 and the lineage 2 strain Austria/08 in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), a gallinaceous bird indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula and widely distributed in Southern and Western Europe. After experimental inoculation, clinical and analytic parameters (viraemia, viral load, antibodies) were examined over a period of 15 days. All inoculated birds became viremic and showed clinical disease, with a morbidity rate of 100% and mortality rates between 22.2 and 55.5% depending on the virus strain. The red-legged partridge demonstrated to be a competent host for transmission of the three investigated WNV isolates with the highest competence index observed for the Italian strain. Likewise, this strain was the most pathogenic causing the highest viral loads in blood, organs, feathers and oral and cloacal secretions. These experimental results indicate that the red-legged partridge is highly susceptible to the infection with lineage 1 and 2 WNV strains and that this species may act as an amplifying host for both WNV lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Amo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Levi M, Kjellstrom T, Baldasseroni A. Impact of climate change on occupational health and productivity: a systematic literature review focusing on workplace heat. LA MEDICINA DEL LAVORO 2018; 109:163-79. [PMID: 29943748 PMCID: PMC7689800 DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v109i3.6851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: With climate change, mean annual air temperatures are getting hotter and extreme weather events will become more and more common in most parts of the world. Objectives: As part of the EU funded project HEAT-SHIELD we conducted a systematic review to summarize the epidemiological evidence of the effects of global warming-related heat exposure on workers’ health and productivity. Methods: Three separate searches, focused, respectively, on: i) heat-related illness (HRI), cardiovascular, respiratory and kidney diseases; ii) traumatic injuries; and iii) vector-borne diseases or vectors distribution, were conducted in PubMed. EMBASE was also consulted to retrieve relevant studies focused on the health effects of climate change. A fourth search strategy to assess the effects on work productivity was conducted both in PubMed and in the SCOPUS database. Results: A significant proportion of studies reported findings regarding the Mesoamerican nephropathy issue. This is a disease occurring especially among young and middle-aged male sugarcane workers, without conventional risk factors for chronic kidney disease. For injuries, there is a reversed U-shaped exposure-response relationship between Tmax and overall daily injury claims. Outdoor workers are at increased risk of vector-borne infectious diseases, as a positive correlation between higher air temperatures and current or future expansion of the habitat of vectors is being observed. As for productivity, agriculture and construction are the most studied sectors; a day with temperatures exceeding 32°C can reduce daily labour supply in exposed sectors by up to 14%. Conclusions: The present findings should inform development of further research and related health policies in the EU and beyond with regard to protecting working people from the effects of workplace heat during climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tord Kjellstrom
- Centre for technology research and innovation (CETRI Ltd), Lemesos, Cyprus.
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Bluetongue disease in small ruminants in south western Ethiopia: cross-sectional sero-epidemiological study. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:112. [PMID: 29422081 PMCID: PMC5806387 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The status of bluetongue disease, vectors for transmission of the disease and the serotypes involved are not clearly known in Ethiopia. This sero-epidemiological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bluetongue in small ruminants of South Western Ethiopia. Result 422 serum samples were screened for the presence of bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and 30.6% (129/422) (confidence interval CI 26.2–35%) of the sheep and goat serum samples were found positive. Multivariate analysis of several risk factors like age, sex, altitude, body condition and species of animals were studied and it was observed that species of animals, age and altitude had significant influence (P < 0.05) on seropositivity to BTV. Goats showed more seropositivity to bluetongue as compared to sheep [AOR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.5–3.9), P = 0.001], adult animals were more seropositive [AOR = 3.1, 95% CI (1.9–5.1), P = 0.001] than other age groups and animals at the lowland [AOR = 3.1, 95% CI (1.5–6.4), P = 0.002] showed more seropositivity to bluetongue than midland and high land. Sex and body condition of the animals had no statistically significant (P > 0.05) effect on seropositivity to bluetongue.
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Martínez-DE LA Puente J, Navarro J, Ferraguti M, Soriguer R, Figuerola J. First molecular identification of the vertebrate hosts of Culicoides imicola in Europe and a review of its blood-feeding patterns worldwide: implications for the transmission of bluetongue disease and African horse sickness. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 31:333-339. [PMID: 28748632 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens that affect wildlife, livestock and, occasionally, humans. Culicoides imicola (Kieffer, 1913) is considered to be the main vector of the pathogens that cause bluetongue disease (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS) in southern Europe. The study of blood-feeding patterns in Culicoides is an essential step towards understanding the epidemiology of these pathogens. Molecular tools that increase the accuracy and sensitivity of traditional methods have been developed to identify the hosts of potential insect vectors. However, to the present group's knowledge, molecular studies that identify the hosts of C. imicola in Europe are lacking. The present study genetically characterizes the barcoding region of C. imicola trapped on farms in southern Spain and identifies its vertebrate hosts in the area. The report also reviews available information on the blood-feeding patterns of C. imicola worldwide. Culicoides imicola from Spain feed on blood of six mammals that include species known to be hosts of the BT and AHS viruses. This study provides evidence of the importance of livestock as sources of bloodmeals for C. imicola and the relevance of this species in the transmission of BT and AHS viruses in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martínez-DE LA Puente
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Navarro
- Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Producción y Sanidad Animal de Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - M Ferraguti
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - R Soriguer
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Sánchez-Gómez A, Amela C, Fernández-Carrión E, Martínez-Avilés M, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Sierra-Moros MJ. Risk mapping of West Nile virus circulation in Spain, 2015. Acta Trop 2017; 169:163-169. [PMID: 28212847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
West Nile fever is an emergent disease in Europe. The objective of this study was to conduct a predictive risk mapping of West Nile Virus (WNV) circulation in Spain based on historical data of WNV circulation. Areas of Spain with evidence of WNV circulation were mapped based on data from notifications to the surveillance systems and a literature review. A logistic regression-based spatial model was used to assess the probability of WNV circulation. Data were analyzed at municipality level. Mean temperatures of the period from June to October, presence of wetlands and presence of Special Protection Areas for birds were considered as potential predictors. Two predictors of WNV circulation were identified: higher temperature [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.07, 95% CI 1.82-2.35, p<0.01] and presence of wetlands (3.37, 95% CI 1.89-5.99, p<0.01). Model validations indicated good predictions: area under the ROC curve was 0.895 (95% CI 0.870-0.919) for internal validation and 0.895 (95% CI 0.840-0.951) for external validation. This model could support improvements of WNV risk- based surveillance in Spain. The importance of a comprehensive surveillance for WNF, including human, animal and potential vectors is highlighted, which could additionally result in model refinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Sánchez-Gómez
- Coordinating Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, General Directorate of Public Health, Quality and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, Madrid, Spain Paseo del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Amela
- Coordinating Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, General Directorate of Public Health, Quality and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, Madrid, Spain Paseo del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Carrión
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Martínez-Avilés
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Centre and Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Avenida Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María José Sierra-Moros
- Coordinating Centre for Health Alerts and Emergencies, General Directorate of Public Health, Quality and Innovation, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, Madrid, Spain Paseo del Prado 18-20, 28071 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Filatov S, Szadziewski R. Annotated checklist and distribution of Culicoidesbiting midges of Ukraine (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1293744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Dennehy JJ. Evolutionary ecology of virus emergence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1389:124-146. [PMID: 28036113 PMCID: PMC7167663 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cross-species transmission of viruses into new host populations, termed virus emergence, is a significant issue in public health, agriculture, wildlife management, and related fields. Virus emergence requires overlap between host populations, alterations in virus genetics to permit infection of new hosts, and adaptation to novel hosts such that between-host transmission is sustainable, all of which are the purview of the fields of ecology and evolution. A firm understanding of the ecology of viruses and how they evolve is required for understanding how and why viruses emerge. In this paper, I address the evolutionary mechanisms of virus emergence and how they relate to virus ecology. I argue that, while virus acquisition of the ability to infect new hosts is not difficult, limited evolutionary trajectories to sustained virus between-host transmission and the combined effects of mutational meltdown, bottlenecking, demographic stochasticity, density dependence, and genetic erosion in ecological sinks limit most emergence events to dead-end spillover infections. Despite the relative rarity of pandemic emerging viruses, the potential of viruses to search evolutionary space and find means to spread epidemically and the consequences of pandemic viruses that do emerge necessitate sustained attention to virus research, surveillance, prophylaxis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College of the City University of New York, Queens, New York and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York
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15
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Aharonson-Raz K, Steinman A, Kavkovsky A, Bumbarov V, Berlin D, Lichter-Peled A, Berke O, Klement E. Analysis of the Association of Climate, Weather and Herd Immunity with the Spread of Equine Encephalosis Virus in Horses in Israel. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:593-602. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Aharonson-Raz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Steinman
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Kavkovsky
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - V. Bumbarov
- Department of Virology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Bet Dagan Israel
| | - D. Berlin
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - A. Lichter-Peled
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
| | - O. Berke
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - E. Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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16
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Maan S, Maan NS, Belaganahalli MN, Rao PP, Singh KP, Hemadri D, Putty K, Kumar A, Batra K, Krishnajyothi Y, Chandel BS, Reddy GH, Nomikou K, Reddy YN, Attoui H, Hegde NR, Mertens PPC. Full-Genome Sequencing as a Basis for Molecular Epidemiology Studies of Bluetongue Virus in India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131257. [PMID: 26121128 PMCID: PMC4488075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1998 there have been significant changes in the global distribution of bluetongue virus (BTV). Ten previously exotic BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe, causing severe disease outbreaks in naïve ruminant populations. Previously exotic BTV serotypes were also identified in the USA, Israel, Australia and India. BTV is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp.) and changes in the distribution of vector species, climate change, increased international travel and trade are thought to have contributed to these events. Thirteen BTV serotypes have been isolated in India since first reports of the disease in the country during 1964. Efficient methods for preparation of viral dsRNA and cDNA synthesis, have facilitated full-genome sequencing of BTV strains from the region. These studies introduce a new approach for BTV characterization, based on full-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, facilitating the identification of BTV serotype, topotype and reassortant strains. Phylogenetic analyses show that most of the equivalent genome-segments of Indian BTV strains are closely related, clustering within a major eastern BTV 'topotype'. However, genome-segment 5 (Seg-5) encoding NS1, from multiple post 1982 Indian isolates, originated from a western BTV topotype. All ten genome-segments of BTV-2 isolates (IND2003/01, IND2003/02 and IND2003/03) are closely related (>99% identity) to a South African BTV-2 vaccine-strain (western topotype). Similarly BTV-10 isolates (IND2003/06; IND2005/04) show >99% identity in all genome segments, to the prototype BTV-10 (CA-8) strain from the USA. These data suggest repeated introductions of western BTV field and/or vaccine-strains into India, potentially linked to animal or vector-insect movements, or unauthorised use of 'live' South African or American BTV-vaccines in the country. The data presented will help improve nucleic acid based diagnostics for Indian serotypes/topotypes, as part of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
- * E-mail: (SM); (PPCM)
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Manjunatha N. Belaganahalli
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Karam Pal Singh
- Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, K.A, India
| | - Kalyani Putty
- College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Kanisht Batra
- College of Veterinary Sciences, LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, Haryana, India
| | - Yadlapati Krishnajyothi
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India
| | - Bharat S. Chandel
- College of Veterinary Science and AH, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar-385 506, B.K., Gujarat, India
| | - G. Hanmanth Reddy
- Veterinary Biological & Research Institute, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad, 500028, T.S, India
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- College of Veterinary Science, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, T.S, India
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SM); (PPCM)
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17
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Marcantonio M, Rizzoli A, Metz M, Rosà R, Marini G, Chadwick E, Neteler M. Identifying the environmental conditions favouring West Nile Virus outbreaks in Europe. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121158. [PMID: 25803814 PMCID: PMC4372576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a globally important mosquito borne virus, with significant implications for human and animal health. The emergence and spread of new lineages, and increased pathogenicity, is the cause of escalating public health concern. Pinpointing the environmental conditions that favour WNV circulation and transmission to humans is challenging, due both to the complexity of its biological cycle, and the under-diagnosis and reporting of epidemiological data. Here, we used remote sensing and GIS to enable collation of multiple types of environmental data over a continental spatial scale, in order to model annual West Nile Fever (WNF) incidence across Europe and neighbouring countries. Multi-model selection and inference were used to gain a consensus from multiple linear mixed models. Climate and landscape were key predictors of WNF outbreaks (specifically, high precipitation in late winter/early spring, high summer temperatures, summer drought, occurrence of irrigated croplands and highly fragmented forests). Identification of the environmental conditions associated with WNF outbreaks is key to enabling public health bodies to properly focus surveillance and mitigation of West Nile virus impact, but more work needs to be done to enable accurate predictions of WNF risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marcantonio
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Markus Metz
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marini
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Chadwick
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Neteler
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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18
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Di Sabatino D, Bruno R, Sauro F, Danzetta ML, Cito F, Iannetti S, Narcisi V, De Massis F, Calistri P. Epidemiology of West Nile disease in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:907852. [PMID: 25302311 PMCID: PMC4180897 DOI: 10.1155/2014/907852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) transmission has been confirmed in the last four years in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. An increasing concern towards West Nile disease (WND) has been observed due to the high number of human and animal cases reported in these areas confirming the importance of this zoonosis. A new epidemiological scenario is currently emerging: although new introductions of the virus from abroad are always possible, confirming the epidemiological role played by migratory birds, the infection endemisation in some European territories today is a reality supported by the constant reoccurrence of the same strains across years in the same geographical areas. Despite the WND reoccurrence in the Old World, the overwintering mechanisms are not well known, and the role of local resident birds or mosquitoes in this context is poorly understood. A recent new epidemiological scenario is the spread of lineage 2 strain across European and Mediterranean countries in regions where lineage 1 strain is still circulating creating favourable conditions for genetic reassortments and emergence of new strains. This paper summarizes the main epidemiological findings on WNV occurrence in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin from 2009 to 2013, considering potential future spread patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Di Sabatino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Rossana Bruno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Sauro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Danzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca Cito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Simona Iannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Valeria Narcisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Fabrizio De Massis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale,” 64100 Teramo, Italy
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19
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Vögtlin A, Hofmann MA, Nenniger C, Renzullo S, Steinrigl A, Loitsch A, Schwermer H, Kaufmann C, Thür B. Long-term infection of goats with bluetongue virus serotype 25. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Nemeth NM, Oesterle PT. West Nile virus from an avian conservation perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/izy.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Nemeth
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - P. T. Oesterle
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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21
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Experimental infection of Carrion crows (Corvus corone) with two European West Nile virus (WNV) strains. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Gamino V, Höfle U. Pathology and tissue tropism of natural West Nile virus infection in birds: a review. Vet Res 2013; 44:39. [PMID: 23731695 PMCID: PMC3686667 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a globally distributed arthropod-borne flavivirus capable of infecting a wide variety of vertebrates, with birds as its natural reservoir. Although it had been considered a pathogen of little importance for birds, from the 1990's, and especially after its introduction in the North American continent in 1999, thousands of birds have succumbed to West Nile infection. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and pathology of WNV infection in birds highlighting differences in lesion and antigen distribution and severity among bird orders and families. Despite significant species differences in susceptibility to infection, WNV associated lesions and viral antigen are present in the majority of organs of infected birds. The non-progressive, acute or more prolonged course of the disease accounts for part of the differences in lesion and viral antigen distribution and lesion severity. Most likely a combination of host variables and environmental factors in addition to the intrinsic virulence and pathogenicity of the infecting WNV strain influence the pathogenesis of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gamino
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM) Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
| | - Ursula Höfle
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM) Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real 13005, Spain
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