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Netzley AH, Pelled G. The Pig as a Translational Animal Model for Biobehavioral and Neurotrauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2165. [PMID: 37626662 PMCID: PMC10452425 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the pig has attracted considerable attention as an important intermediary model animal in translational biobehavioral research due to major similarities between pig and human neuroanatomy, physiology, and behavior. As a result, there is growing interest in using pigs to model many human neurological conditions and injuries. Pigs are highly intelligent and are capable of performing a wide range of behaviors, which can provide valuable insight into the effects of various neurological disease states. One area in which the pig has emerged as a particularly relevant model species is in the realm of neurotrauma research. Indeed, the number of investigators developing injury models and assessing treatment options in pigs is ever-expanding. In this review, we examine the use of pigs for cognitive and behavioral research as well as some commonly used physiological assessment methods. We also discuss the current usage of pigs as a model for the study of traumatic brain injury. We conclude that the pig is a valuable animal species for studying cognition and the physiological effect of disease, and it has the potential to contribute to the development of new treatments and therapies for human neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesa H. Netzley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Galit Pelled
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Kittrell HC, Mochel JP, Brown JT, Forseth AMK, Hayman KP, Rajewski SM, Coetzee JF, Schneider BK, Ratliffe B, Skoland KJ, Karriker LA. Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous, Intramuscular, Oral, and Transdermal Administration of Flunixin Meglumine in Pre-wean Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:586. [PMID: 33005646 PMCID: PMC7485418 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration and tail-docking of pre-wean piglets are common procedures that are known to induce pain and would benefit from pain mitigation. Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug currently approved in the United States for pyrexia in swine and lameness pain in cattle. The objective of this study was to establish the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters resulting from intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), oral (PO) and transdermal (TD) administration of FM in pre-wean piglets. FM was administered to thirty-nine pre-wean piglets at a target dose of 2.2 mg/kg for IV and IM and 3.3 mg/kg for PO and TD route. Plasma was collected at twenty-seven time points from 0 to 9 days after FM administration and concentrations were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis (NCA) methods and nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME). Initial plasma concentration for IV (C0) 11,653 μg/L and mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) 6,543 μg/L (IM), 4,883 μg/L (PO), and 31.5 μg/L (TD) were measured. The time points of peak FM concentrations (tmax) were estimated 30 min, 1 h, and 24 h for IM, PO, and TD, respectively. The bioavailability (F) of PO and IM FM was estimated at >99%, while the bioavailability of TD FM was estimated to be 7.8%. The reported Cmax of FM after IM and PO administration is consistent with therapeutic concentration ranges that mitigate pain in other species and adult pigs. However, the low estimated concentration of FM after TD dosing is not expected to mitigate pain in pre-wean piglets. The low F of TD FM suggests that expanding the surface area of application is unlikely to be sufficient to establish an effective TD dose for pain, while the high bioavailability for PO FM should allow for an effective dose regimen to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Kittrell
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Justin T Brown
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Anna Marie K Forseth
- Animal Health Division, Montana Department of Livestock, Helena, MT, United States
| | - Kristen P Hayman
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Suzanne M Rajewski
- Analytical Chemistry Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Benjamin K Schneider
- SMART Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Brette Ratliffe
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristin J Skoland
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Locke A Karriker
- Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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