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Rodríguez‐Santiago MA, Wojna V, Miranda‐Valentín E, Arnold S, Sepúlveda‐Rivera V. Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease: Which dementia screening test to use in elderly Puerto Ricans with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease? ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 16:e12554. [PMID: 38454965 PMCID: PMC10918733 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Typically, Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis is not made at its earliest period, for instance, at mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early AD (E-AD). Our study aims to demonstrate a correlation between the screening tools, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), and the biological biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ42), phosphorylated tau (p-tau) proteins and total tau (t-tau)/Aβ42 ratio in Puerto Ricans > 55 years old with MCI and E-AD. We evaluated 30 participants, including demographics, memory scales, and CSF biomarkers. Twenty-eight CSF biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau protein, and t-tau/Aβ42 ratio) were analyzed using the Meso Scale Discovery Platform (MSD). Associations between memory scales (MoCA, MMSE, CDR) and CSF markers were performed using Spearman rho correlation. Our study revealed a statistical association favoring a direct relationship between MMSE and MoCA with t-tau/Aβ42 ratio in CSF (P = 0.022, P = 0.035, respectively). We found a trend toward significance with an inverse relationship with MMSE and Aβ42 (P = 0.069) and a direct relationship with MMSE and p-tau (P = 0.098). MMSE and MoCA screening tests were identified with a statistically significant association with the CSF biomarkers, specifically t-tau/Aβ42 ratio, in elderly Puerto Ricans with MCI and E-AD. Puerto Ricans > 55 years old with MCI and E-AD could be screened confidently with MMSE and MoCA for a higher likelihood of earlier detection and, thus, initiation of disease-modifying treatment and prompt non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Rodríguez‐Santiago
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
| | - Eric Miranda‐Valentín
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
| | - Steven Arnold
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General HospitalWang Ambulatory Care CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vanessa Sepúlveda‐Rivera
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
- Medical Sciences CampusSchool of MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineGeriatrics DivisionUniversity of Puerto RicoSan JuanPuerto RicoUSA
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Logue MW, Dasgupta S, Farrer LA. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease in the African American Population. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5189. [PMID: 37629231 PMCID: PMC10455208 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Black/African American (AA) individuals have a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) than White non-Hispanic persons of European ancestry (EUR) for reasons that may include economic disparities, cardiovascular health, quality of education, and biases in the methods used to diagnose AD. AD is also heritable, and some of the differences in risk may be due to genetics. Many AD-associated variants have been identified by candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and genome-sequencing studies. However, most of these studies have been performed using EUR cohorts. In this paper, we review the genetics of AD and AD-related traits in AA individuals. Importantly, studies of genetic risk factors in AA cohorts can elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying AD risk in AA and other populations. In fact, such studies are essential to enable reliable precision medicine approaches in persons with considerable African ancestry. Furthermore, genetic studies of AA cohorts allow exploration of the ways the impact of genes can vary by ancestry, culture, and economic and environmental disparities. They have yielded important gains in our knowledge of AD genetics, and increasing AA individual representation within genetic studies should remain a priority for inclusive genetic study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. Logue
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shoumita Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Medical Sciences and Education, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Reitz C, Pericak-Vance MA, Foroud T, Mayeux R. A global view of the genetic basis of Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:261-277. [PMID: 37024647 PMCID: PMC10686263 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00789-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) increases with age, family history and informative genetic variants. Sadly, there is still no cure or means of prevention. As in other complex diseases, uncovering genetic causes of AD could identify underlying pathological mechanisms and lead to potential treatments. Rare, autosomal dominant forms of AD occur in middle age as a result of highly penetrant genetic mutations, but the most common form of AD occurs later in life. Large-scale, genome-wide analyses indicate that 70 or more genes or loci contribute to AD. One of the major factors limiting progress is that most genetic data have been obtained from non-Hispanic white individuals in Europe and North America, preventing the development of personalized approaches to AD in individuals of other ethnicities. Fortunately, emerging genetic data from other regions - including Africa, Asia, India and South America - are now providing information on the disease from a broader range of ethnicities. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on AD genetics in populations across the world. We predominantly focus on replicated genetic discoveries but also include studies in ethnic groups where replication might not be feasible. We attempt to identify gaps that need to be addressed to achieve a complete picture of the genetic and molecular factors that drive AD in individuals across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- The John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- The Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Bell TR, Pope CN, Downer B, Barba C, Crowe M. Pain associates with subjective memory problems and cognition in older Puerto Rican adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2022; 29:985-999. [PMID: 34187312 PMCID: PMC8716642 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2021.1947957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether pain is associated with subjective memory problems or cognition in Puerto Rican older adults. Participants came from the Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions (PREHCO) study, aged 60 and over (n = 2,144). Analyses examined concurrent and longitudinal associations of pain with subjective memory problems and cognition using a cognitive screener. Overall, participants with pain were more likely to report concurrent subjective memory problems than those without pain. Older adults with pain also exhibited slightly lower concurrent cognition. Novel pain was associated with cognitive decline and greater likelihood of incident subjective memory problems at follow-up. Persistent pain was only related to incident subjective memory problems at follow-up. Pain is associated with cognitive decline and subjective memory problems in older Puerto Ricans. Future studies should implement more in-depth neuropsychological assessments and examine the potential role of barriers to pain management in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Reed Bell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Downer
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Cheyanne Barba
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Rajabli F, Beecham GW, Hendrie HC, Baiyewu O, Ogunniyi A, Gao S, Kushch NA, Lipkin-Vasquez M, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Young JI, Dykxhoorn DM, Nuytemans K, Kunkle BW, Wang L, Jin F, Liu X, Feliciano-Astacio BE, Schellenberg GD, Dalgard CL, Griswold AJ, Byrd GS, Reitz C, Cuccaro ML, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Vance JM. A locus at 19q13.31 significantly reduces the ApoE ε4 risk for Alzheimer's Disease in African Ancestry. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1009977. [PMID: 35788729 PMCID: PMC9286282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African descent populations have a lower Alzheimer disease risk from ApoE ε4 compared to other populations. Ancestry analysis showed that the difference in risk between African and European populations lies in the ancestral genomic background surrounding the ApoE locus (local ancestry). Identifying the mechanism(s) of this protection could lead to greater insight into the etiology of Alzheimer disease and more personalized therapeutic intervention. Our objective is to follow up the local ancestry finding and identify the genetic variants that drive this risk difference and result in a lower risk for developing Alzheimer disease in African ancestry populations. We performed association analyses using a logistic regression model with the ApoE ε4 allele as an interaction term and adjusted for genome-wide ancestry, age, and sex. Discovery analysis included imputed SNP data of 1,850 Alzheimer disease and 4,331 cognitively intact African American individuals. We performed replication analyses on 63 whole genome sequenced Alzheimer disease and 648 cognitively intact Ibadan individuals. Additionally, we reproduced results using whole-genome sequencing of 273 Alzheimer disease and 275 cognitively intact admixed Puerto Rican individuals. A further comparison was done with SNP imputation from an additional 8,463 Alzheimer disease and 11,365 cognitively intact non-Hispanic White individuals. We identified a significant interaction between the ApoE ε4 allele and the SNP rs10423769_A allele, (β = -0.54,SE = 0.12,p-value = 7.50x10-6) in the discovery data set, and replicated this finding in Ibadan (β = -1.32,SE = 0.52,p-value = 1.15x10-2) and Puerto Rican (β = -1.27,SE = 0.64,p-value = 4.91x10-2) individuals. The non-Hispanic Whites analyses showed an interaction trending in the "protective" direction but failing to pass a 0.05 significance threshold (β = -1.51,SE = 0.84,p-value = 7.26x10-2). The presence of the rs10423769_A allele reduces the odds ratio for Alzheimer disease risk from 7.2 for ApoE ε4/ε4 carriers lacking the A allele to 2.1 for ApoE ε4/ε4 carriers with at least one A allele. This locus is located approximately 2 mB upstream of the ApoE locus, in a large cluster of pregnancy specific beta-1 glycoproteins on chromosome 19 and lies within a long noncoding RNA, ENSG00000282943. This study identified a new African-ancestry specific locus that reduces the risk effect of ApoE ε4 for developing Alzheimer disease. The mechanism of the interaction with ApoEε4 is not known but suggests a novel mechanism for reducing the risk for ε4 carriers opening the possibility for potential ancestry-specific therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hugh C. Hendrie
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sujuan Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Kushch
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Marina Lipkin-Vasquez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kara L. Hamilton-Nelson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Juan I. Young
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Derek M. Dykxhoorn
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Karen Nuytemans
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fulai Jin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clifton L. Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Goldie S. Byrd
- Maya Angelou Center for Health Equity, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York State, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
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Rajabli F, Feliciano-Astacio BE, Cukier HN, Wang L, Griswold AJ, Hamilton-Nelson KL, Adams LD, Rodriguez VC, Mena PR, Tejada S, Celis K, Whitehead PL, Van Booven DJ, Hofmann NK, Bussies PL, Prough M, Chinea A, Feliciano NI, Vardarajan BN, Reitz C, Lee JH, Prince MJ, Jimenez IZ, Mayeux RP, Acosta H, Dalgard CL, Haines JL, Vance JM, Cuccaro ML, Beecham GW, Pericak-Vance MA. Linkage of Alzheimer disease families with Puerto Rican ancestry identifies a chromosome 9 locus. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 104:115.e1-115.e7. [PMID: 33902942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genetic admixture of Caribbean Hispanics provides an opportunity to discover novel genetic factors in Alzheimer disease (AD). We sought to identify genetic variants for AD through a family-based design using the Puerto Rican (PR) Alzheimer Disease Initiative (PRADI). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and parametric linkage analysis were performed for 100 individuals from 23 multiplex PRADI families. Variants were prioritized by minor allele frequency (<0.01), functional potential [combined annotation dependent depletion score (CADD) >10], and co-segregation with AD. Variants were further ranked using an independent PR case-control WGS dataset (PR10/66). A genome-wide significant linkage peak was found in 9p21 with a heterogeneity logarithm of the odds score (HLOD) >5.1, which overlaps with an AD linkage region from two published independent studies. The region harbors C9orf72, but no expanded repeats were observed in the families. Seven variants prioritized by the PRADI families also displayed evidence for association in the PR10/66 (p < 0.05), including a missense variant in UNC13B. Our study demonstrated the importance of family-based design and WGS in genetic study of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid Rajabli
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Holly N Cukier
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anthony J Griswold
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kara L Hamilton-Nelson
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Larry D Adams
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa C Rodriguez
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pedro R Mena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sergio Tejada
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Katrina Celis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Patrice L Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Derek J Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia K Hofmann
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Parker L Bussies
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael Prough
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angel Chinea
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, PR, USA
| | - Nereida I Feliciano
- Hospital De Psiquiatría Estatal Dr. Ramón Fernández Marina-Centro Médico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Badri N Vardarajan
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christiane Reitz
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin J Prince
- Department of Epidemiological Psychiatry, Centre for Public Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College, London, UK
| | | | - Richard P Mayeux
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Epidemiology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute for Research on the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L Haines
- Department of Population & Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffery M Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael L Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gary W Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret A Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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