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Liu H, Liu F, Wei Z, Liu P, Liu Q, Chen L, Hou X. Identification and functional characterization of compound heterozygous CYP11B1 gene mutations. Endocrine 2024; 84:253-264. [PMID: 38285409 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE 11β-Hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD) is the second leading cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CYP11B1 gene. We previously reported the case of a male Chinese patient with typical 11β-OHD symptoms. Sanger sequencing revealed that the patient carried a splice-site mutation, c.595+1G>A in the CYP11B1 gene. His mother and sister harbored the heterozygous mutation, c.595+1G>A. Paradoxically, Sanger sequencing did not detect any abnormality in the CYP11B1 gene of his father and brother. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to further explore the exact genetic etiology of 11β-OHD in this pedigree and analyze the functional consequence of the c.595+1G>A mutation. METHODS Gemomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood leukocytes of the family members and normal control individuals, followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect the copy number of the target CYP11B1 gene fragment. Mutation analysis was also performed via whole-exome sequencing (WES) followed by Sanger sequencing validation. In vitro minigene assay was also performed to investigate the impact of the c.595+1G>A mutation on pre-mRNA splicing. RESULTS qPCR results suggested a heterozygous deletion encompassing position c.595+1 along with flanking exonic and intronic sequences in the CYP11B1 gene of the patient and his father. WES followed by Sanger sequencing verified that the patient carried compound heterozygous mutations in the CYP11B1 gene, including a novel 2840-bp deletion (c.395+661_c.1121+180del) and c.595+1G>A, while his father carried the heterozygous c.395+661_c.1121+180del mutation. No other novel CYP11B1 mutations were found in the rest of the family members. Furthermore, minigene assay revealed that the c.595+1G>A mutation resulted in a 70-bp deletion of exon 3 in the mRNA, and this altered the reading frame at amino acid 176 and created a premature stop codon at amino acid 197. CONCLUSION We identified a novel 2840-bp-sized large deletion and confirmed that the c.595+1G>A mutation disrupts normal pre-mRNA splicing. Either mutation could significantly alter the reading frame and abolish CYP11B1 enzyme activity. Therefore, our findings widen the mutation spectrum of CYP11B1 and provide an accurate diagnosis of 11β-OHD at a molecular genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zichun Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, 29 Longtan Road, Tai'an, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Department of Genetics, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xinguo Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Jinan Clinical Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Liu B, Chen M, Yang Y, Huang Y, Qian Y, Dong M. Identification of of a PAX2 mutation from maternal mosaicism causes recurrent renal disorder in siblings. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 525:23-28. [PMID: 34906559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PAX2-related disorder is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by renal and eye abnormalities. Some patients may present with isolated renal abnormalities without obvious ocular abnormalities. It is associated with mutations in paired box gene 2 (PAX2), which is one of the families of paired box transcription factor genes. Studies on mosaicism have been limited in PAX2-related disorder, as only three families with mosaic PAX2 mutations have been reported in the literature. METHODS The proband with multicystic dysplastic kidneys from a Chinese family was recruited in our study. Detailed clinical symptoms were enquired. Trio-based whole exome sequencing (WES), SNP array, sanger sequencing and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) were used to characterize etiology in the proband. Prenatal diagnosis was performed through amniocentesis and prenatal ultrasound when the proband's mother was further pregnant at 20 weeks. RESULTS A heterozygous missense mutation in PAX2 (c.194 T > C) was identified in the proband. His asymptomatic mother has the same mutation with somatic mosaicism ratio of 22%. The mutation was also detected in the fetus. Prenatal ultrasound showed that bilateral hyperechogenic kidneys with decrease of renal size. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on PAX2 mosaicism in a Chinese family. Identifying PAX2 mosaicism provides more evidence for estimating recurrence risk. Our findings have important implications on genetic counseling for patients with PAX2-related disorder and provide an effective diagnostic technology for mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Liu
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Mengjia Chen
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Yingzhi Huang
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Yeqing Qian
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 1, Xueshi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, PR China.
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Zhu YY, Sun GL, Yang ZL. SATB2-associated syndrome caused by a novel SATB2 mutation in a Chinese boy: A case report and literature review. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:6081-6090. [PMID: 34368330 PMCID: PMC8316932 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i21.6081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2)-associated syndrome (SAS; OMIM 612313) is an autosomal dominant disorder. Alterations in the SATB2 gene have been identified as causative.
CASE SUMMARY We report a case of a 13-year-old Chinese boy with lifelong global developmental delay, speech and language delay, and intellectual disabilities. He had short stature and irregular dentition, but no other abnormal clinical findings. A de novo heterozygous nonsense point mutation was detected by genetic analysis in exon 6 of SATB2, c.687C>A (p.Y229X) (NCBI reference sequence: NM_001172509.2), and neither of his parents had the mutation. This mutation is the first reported and was evaluated as pathogenic according to the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. SAS was diagnosed, and special education performed. Our report of a SAS case in China caused by a SATB2 mutation expanded the genotype options for the disease. The heterogeneous manifestations can be induced by complicated pathogenic involvements and functions of SATB2 from reviewed literatures: (1) SATB2 haploinsufficiency; (2) the interference of truncated SATB2 protein to wild-type SATB2; and (3) different numerous genes regulated by SATB2 in brain and skeletal development in different developmental stages.
CONCLUSION Global developmental delays are usually the initial presentations, and the diagnosis was challenging before other presentations occurred. Regular follow-up and genetic analysis can help to diagnose SAS early. Verification for genes affected by SATB2 mutations for heterogeneous manifestations may help to clarify the possible pathogenesis of SAS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Gui-Lian Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China
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Jin P, Gao X, Wang M, Qian Y, Yang J, Yang Y, Xu Y, Xu Y, Dong M. Case Report: Identification of Maternal Low-Level Mosaicism in the Dystrophin Gene by Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Front Genet 2021; 12:686993. [PMID: 34276787 PMCID: PMC8280780 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.686993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline mosaicism should be suspected when the same de novo mutations are identified in a second pregnancy with asymptomatic parents. Our study aims to find a feasible approach to reveal the existence of germline mosaicism. Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification was performed on a Duchenne muscular dystrophy affected pedigree to detect deletion mutations. Then gap-polymerase chain reaction was performed to amplify the breakpoints junction sequence. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction was utilized to identify the mutation frequencies in healthy parents. The same deletion in the exon 51 of the dystrophin gene, which was 50,035 bp in size, was detected in the proband and the fetus but not in their parents. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction analysis of peripheral blood samples revealed mutant alleles of 3.53% in maternal blood cells. We here report a case of maternal low-level mosaicism confirmed by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction in peripheral blood samples, which reveals the existence of germline mosaicism. Gap-polymerase chain reaction combined with droplet digital polymerase chain reaction provide insights into the detection of germline mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhen Jin
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Gao
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqing Qian
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingjin Yang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Xu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Minyue Dong
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Weiss CV, Harshman L, Inoue F, Fraser HB, Petrov DA, Ahituv N, Gokhman D. The cis-regulatory effects of modern human-specific variants. eLife 2021; 10:e63713. [PMID: 33885362 PMCID: PMC8062137 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes enabled the discovery of sequences that differ between modern and archaic humans, the majority of which are noncoding. However, our understanding of the regulatory consequences of these differences remains limited, in part due to the decay of regulatory marks in ancient samples. Here, we used a massively parallel reporter assay in embryonic stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and bone osteoblasts to investigate the regulatory effects of the 14,042 single-nucleotide modern human-specific variants. Overall, 1791 (13%) of sequences containing these variants showed active regulatory activity, and 407 (23%) of these drove differential expression between human groups. Differentially active sequences were associated with divergent transcription factor binding motifs, and with genes enriched for vocal tract and brain anatomy and function. This work provides insight into the regulatory function of variants that emerged along the modern human lineage and the recent evolution of human gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly V Weiss
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Lana Harshman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Fumitaka Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Hunter B Fraser
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David Gokhman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, StanfordStanfordUnited States
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