1
|
刘 帅, 刘 磊, 刘 茁, 张 帆, 马 潞, 田 晓, 侯 小, 王 国, 赵 磊, 张 树. [Clinical treatment and prognosis of adrenocortical carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2024; 56:624-630. [PMID: 39041556 PMCID: PMC11284474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinicopathological features, prognostic value and surgical treatment experience in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus. METHODS We collected relevant data of the patients with adrenocortical carcinoma who had undergone surgery in Peking University Third Hospital from 2018 to 2023. The patients were divided into venous tumor thrombus group and non-tumor thrombus group. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the quantitative variables. The chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the categorical variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the survival rate. RESULTS A total of 27 patients with adrenocortical carcinoma were included, of whom 11 cases (40.7%) had venous tumor thrombus. In the patients with venous tumor thrombus, 8 patients were female and 3 were male. The median age was 49 (36, 58) years. The median body mass index was 26.0 (24.1, 30.4) kg/m2. Seven patients presented with symptoms at their initial visit. Six patients had a history of hypertension. Elevated levels of cortisol were observed in 2 cases. Three tumors were found on the left side, while 8 were found on the right side. Median tumor diameter was 9.4 (6.5, 12.5) cm. On the left, there was a case of tumor thrombus limited to the central vein of the left adrenal gland without invasion into the left renal vein, and two cases of tumor thrombus growth extending into the inferior vena cava below the liver. One case of tumor thrombus on the right adrenal central vein did not invade the inferior vena cava. Four cases of tumor thrombus invaded the inferior vena cava below the liver and three cases extended to the posterior of the liver. Ten patients were in European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) stage Ⅲ and one was in ENSAT stage Ⅳ. Open surgery was performed in 6 cases, laparoscopic surgery alone in 4 cases and robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in 1 case. Two patients underwent ipsilateral kidney resection. Median operative time was 332 (261, 440) min. Median intraoperative bleeding was 900 (700, 2 200) mL. Median hospital stay was 9 (5, 10) days. Median survival time for the patients with tumor thrombus was 24.0 months and median time to recurrence was 7.0 months. The median survival and recurrence time of 16 patients without tumor thrombus were not reached. The patients with tumor thrombus had worse 3-year overall survival (OS) rate (40.9% vs. 71.4%; Log-rank, P=0.038) and 2-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) (9.1% vs.53.7%; Log-rank, P=0.015) rates compared with the patients with non-tumor thrombus. CONCLUSION Patients with adrenocortical carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus have poor prognosis. Different adrenal tumor resections and venous tumor thrombus removal procedures based on different tumor thrombus locations are safe and effective in treating this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 帅 刘
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 磊 刘
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 茁 刘
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 帆 张
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 潞林 马
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 晓军 田
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 小飞 侯
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 国良 王
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 磊 赵
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - 树栋 张
- />北京大学第三医院泌尿外科, 北京 100191Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Shen Q, Gao M, Li J, Pang B. The role of Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 3 ( CDKN3) in promoting human tumors: Literature review and pan-cancer analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26061. [PMID: 38380029 PMCID: PMC10877342 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Although many experiments and clinical studies have proved the link between the expression of CDKN3 and human tumors, we have not been able to identify any bioinformatics study in which the extensive tumor-promoting effect of CDKN3 was systematically analyzed. Objective Explore the extensive tumor-promoting effects of CDKN3 and review the research progress of CDKN3 in cancer. Methods We systematically reviewed the literature on CDKN3 and tumors. We explored the potential tumor-promoting effects of CDKN3 on different tumors in the TCGA database and the GTEx database using multiple platforms and websites. We studied the expression level of CDKN3, survival, prognosis, diagnosis, genetic variation, immune infiltration, and enrichment analysis using databases such as TIMER 2.0, GEPIA2, cBioPortal, and STRING. Results We found that CDKN3 is highly expressed in most tumors. The expression of CDKN3 is closely related to the prognosis of some tumors. And CDKN3 may have diagnostic value. The conclusion of our literature review is roughly the same, but there are differences, which are worthy of further study. Moreover, CDKN3 may be related to immune cell infiltration in tumor tissues. The genetic alteration of LUAD, STAD, SARC, PCPG, and ESCA with "Amplification" as the main type. In addition, through enrichment analysis, we found that CDKN3 affects tumors mainly through the control of the cell cycle and mitosis. Conclusion CDKN3 is highly expressed in most tumor tissues and has a statistical correlation with survival prognosis. It has extensive tumor-promoting effects that may be related to mechanisms such as immune infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Zhang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Mengqi Gao
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Bo Pang
- International Medical Department of Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gao C, Fan X, Liu Y, Han Y, Liu S, Li H, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xue F. Comprehensive Analysis Reveals the Potential Roles of CDKN3 in Pancancer and Verification in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:5817-5839. [PMID: 38106976 PMCID: PMC10723185 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s438479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 3 (CDKN3) has been studied in many cancers. However, the comprehensive and systematic pancancer analysis of CDKN3 genes is still lacking. Methods Data were downloaded from online databases. R was used for analysis of the differential expression and gene alteration of CDKN3 and of the associations between CDKN3 expression and survival, signaling pathways, and drug sensitivity. Clinical samples and in vitro experiments were selected for verification. Results CDKN3 expression was higher in most types of cancers, and this phenotype was significantly correlated with poor survival. CDKN3 showed gene alterations and copy number alterations in many cancers and associated with some immune-related pathways and factors. Drug sensitivity analysis elucidated that CDKN3 could be a useful marker for therapy selection. Clinical samples elucidated CDKN3 expressed high in endometrial cancer tissue. In vitro studies showed that CDKN3 induced pro-tumor effect in immune environment and facilitated endometrial cancer cell proliferation and G1/S phase transition. Conclusion CDKN3 has been shown to be highly expressed in most types of cancers and promoted cancer cell progression. CDKN3 may serve as a novel marker in clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis prediction in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqin Fan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pathology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghosh C, Hu J, Kebebew E. Advances in translational research of the rare cancer type adrenocortical carcinoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:805-824. [PMID: 37857840 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy with an annual worldwide incidence of 1-2 cases per 1 million and a 5-year survival rate of <60%. Although adrenocortical carcinoma is rare, such rare cancers account for approximately one third of patients diagnosed with cancer annually. In the past decade, there have been considerable advances in understanding the molecular basis of adrenocortical carcinoma. The genetic events associated with adrenocortical carcinoma in adults are distinct from those of paediatric cases, which are often associated with germline or somatic TP53 mutations and have a better prognosis. In adult primary adrenocortical carcinoma, the main somatic genetic alterations occur in genes that encode proteins involved in the WNT-β-catenin pathway, cell cycle and p53 apoptosis pathway, chromatin remodelling and telomere maintenance pathway, cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway or DNA transcription and RNA translation pathways. Recently, integrated molecular studies of adrenocortical carcinomas, which have characterized somatic mutations and the methylome as well as gene and microRNA expression profiles, have led to a molecular classification of these tumours that can predict prognosis and have helped to identify new therapeutic targets. In this Review, we summarize these recent translational research advances in adrenocortical carcinoma, which it is hoped could lead to improved patient diagnosis, treatment and outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Electron Kebebew
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu K, Yuan X, Zhao L, Wang B, Zhang Y. Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis and the regulatory mechanism of AURKA, a gene associated with prognosis of ferroptosis of adrenal cortical carcinoma in the tumor micro-environment. Front Genet 2023; 13:996180. [PMID: 36685952 PMCID: PMC9845395 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.996180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The only curative option for patients with locally or locally advanced adrenocortical carcinoma is primary tumor curative sexual resection (ACC). However, overall survival remains low, with most deaths occurring within the first 2 years following surgery. The 5-year survival rate after surgery is less than 30%. As a result, more accurate prognosis-related predictive biomarkers must be investigated urgently to detect patients' disease status after surgery. Methods: Data from FerrDb were obtained to identify ferroptosis-related genes, and ACC gene expression profiles were collected from the GEO database to find differentially expressed ACC ferroptosis-related genes using differential expression analysis. The DEFGs were subjected to Gene Ontology gene enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis. PPI network building and predictive analysis were used to filter core genes. The expression of critical genes in ACC pathological stage and pan-cancer was then investigated. In recent years, immune-related factors, DNA repair genes, and methyltransferase genes have been employed in diagnosing and prognosis of different malignancies. Cancer cells are mutated due to DNA repair genes, and highly expressed DNA repair genes promote cancer. Dysregulation of methyltransferase genes and Immune-related factors, which are shown to be significantly expressed in numerous malignancies, also plays a crucial role in cancer. As a result, we investigated the relationship of AURKA with immunological checkpoints, DNA repair genes, and methyltransferases in pan-cancer. Result: The DEGs found in the GEO database were crossed with ferroptosis-related genes, yielding 42 differentially expressed ferroptosis-related genes. Six of these 42 genes, particularly AURKA, are linked to the prognosis of ACC. AURKA expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in patients with multiple cancers, and there was a significant positive correlation with Th2 cells. Furthermore, AURKA expression was positively associated with tumor immune infiltration in Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), Liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC), Sarcoma (SARC), Esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), and Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), but negatively correlated with the immune score, matrix score, and calculated score in these tumors. Further investigation into the relationship between AURKA expression and immune examination gene expression revealed that AURKA could control the tumor-resistant pattern in most tumors by regulating the expression level of specific immune examination genes. Conclusion: AURKA may be an independent prognostic marker for predicting ACC patient prognosis. AURKA may play an essential role in the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity, according to a pan-cancer analysis, and it has the potential to be a predictive biomarker for multiple cancers.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao X, Zhang X, Shao S, Yang Q, Shen C, Yang X, Jiao W, Liu J, Wang Y. High expression of GMNN predicts malignant progression and poor prognosis in ACC. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:301. [PMID: 36539849 PMCID: PMC9764478 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine neoplasm, which is characterized by poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Novel and reliable prognostic and metastatic biomarkers are lacking for ACC patients. This study aims at screening potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of ACC through bioinformatic methods and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. METHODS In the present study, by using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ACC and validated these DEGs in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ACC cohort. A DEGs-based signature was additionally constructed and we assessed its prognosis and prescient worth for ACC by survival analysis and nomogram. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to verify the relationship between hub gene-GMNN expressions and clinicopathologic outcomes in ACC patients. RESULTS A total of 24 DEGs correlated with the prognosis of ACC were screened from the TCGA and GEO databases. Five DEGs were subsequently selected in a signature which was closely related to the survival rates of ACC patients and GMNN was identified as the core gene in this signature. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression showed that the GMNN was an independent prognostic factor for ACC patients (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, GMNN was closely related to the OS and PFI of ACC patients treated with mitotane (P < 0.001). IHC confirmed that GMNN protein was overexpressed in ACC tissues compared with normal adrenal tissues and significantly correlated with stage (P = 0.011), metastasis (P = 0.028) and Ki-67 index (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS GMNN is a novel tumor marker for predicting the malignant progression, metastasis and prognosis of ACC, and may be a potential therapeutic target for ACC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhao Zhao
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Xuezhou Zhang
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Shixiu Shao
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Qingbo Yang
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Chengquan Shen
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Wei Jiao
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Research Management and International Cooperation, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Gu W, Liu Y, Wen X, Tian L, Yan S, Chen S. A novel quantitative prognostic model for initially diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:251. [PMID: 35948974 PMCID: PMC9367158 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases (BMs) had been researched in some researches, but the combination of clinical characteristics and serum inflammatory indexes as a noninvasive and more accurate model has not been described. Methods We retrospectively screened patients with BMs at the initial diagnosis of NSCLC at Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center. LASSO-Cox regression analysis was used to establish a novel prognostic model for predicting OS based on blood biomarkers. The predictive accuracy and discriminative ability of the prognostic model was compared to Adjusted prognostic Analysis (APA), Recursive Partition Analysis (RPA), and Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) using concordance index (C-index), time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (td-ROC) curve, Decision Curve Analysis(DCA), net reclassification improvement index (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement index (IDI). Results 10-parameter signature's predictive model for the NSCLC patients with BMs was established according to the results of LASSO-Cox regression analysis. The C-index of the prognostic model to predict OS was 0.672 (95% CI = 0.609 ~ 0.736) which was significantly higher than APA,RPA and GPA. The td-ROC curve and DCA of the predictive model also demonstrated good predictive accuracy of OS compared to APA, RPA and GPA. Moreover, NRI and IDI analysis indicated that the prognostic model had improved prediction ability compared with APA, RPA and GPA. Conclusion The novel prognostic model demonstrated favorable performance than APA, RPA, and GPA for predicting OS in NSCLC patients with BMs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02671-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshen Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wen
- Department of Central Sterile Supply, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510055, People's Republic of China
| | - Liru Tian
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu W, Anwaier A, Ma C, Liu W, Tian X, Palihati M, Hu X, Qu Y, Zhang H, Ye D. Multi-omics reveals novel prognostic implication of SRC protein expression in bladder cancer and its correlation with immunotherapy response. Ann Med 2021; 53:596-610. [PMID: 33830879 PMCID: PMC8043611 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1908588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to identify potential prognostic biomarkers of bladder cancer (BCa) based on large-scale multi-omics data and investigate the role of SRC in improving predictive outcomes for BCa patients and those receiving immune checkpoint therapies (ICTs). METHODS Large-scale multi-comic data were enrolled from the Cancer Proteome Atlas, the Cancer Genome Atlas and gene expression omnibus based on machining-learning methods. Immune infiltration, survival and other statistical analyses were implemented using R software in cancers (n = 12,452). The predictive value of SRC was performed in 81 BCa patients receiving ICT from aa validation cohort (n = 81). RESULTS Landscape of novel candidate prognostic protein signatures of BCa patients was identified. Differential BECLIN, EGFR, PKCALPHA, ANNEXIN1, AXL and SRC expression significantly correlated with the outcomes for BCa patients from multiply cohorts (n = 906). Notably, risk score of the integrated prognosis-related proteins (IPRPs) model exhibited high diagnostic accuracy and consistent predictive ability (AUC = 0.714). Besides, we tested the clinical relevance of baseline SRC protein and mRNA expression in two independent confirmatory cohorts (n = 566) and the prognostic value in pan-cancers. Then, we found that elevated SRC expression contributed to immunosuppressive microenvironment mediated by immune checkpoint molecules of BCa and other cancers. Next, we validated SRC expression as a potential biomarker in predicting response to ICT in 81 BCa patient from FUSCC cohort, and found that expression of SRC in the baseline tumour tissues correlated with improved survival benefits, but predicts worse ICT response. CONCLUSION This study first performed the large-scale multi-omics analysis, distinguished the IPRPs (BECLIN, EGFR, PKCALPHA, SRC, ANNEXIN1 and AXL) and revealed novel prediction model, outperforming the currently traditional prognostic indicators for anticipating BCa progression and better clinical strategies. Additionally, this study provided insight into the importance of biomarker SRC for better prognosis, which may inversely improve predictive outcomes for patients receiving ICT and enable patient selection for future clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Aihetaimujiang Anwaier
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chunguang Ma
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xi Tian
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Maierdan Palihati
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoxin Hu
- Department of Radiology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu W, Anwaier A, Liu W, Tian X, Zhu WK, Wang J, Qu Y, Zhang H, Ye D. Systematic Genome-Wide Profiles Reveal Alternative Splicing Landscape and Implications of Splicing Regulator DExD-Box Helicase 21 in Aggressive Progression of Adrenocortical Carcinoma. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 1:243-256. [PMID: 36939770 PMCID: PMC9590509 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) in the tumor biological process has provided a novel perspective on carcinogenesis. However, the clinical significance of individual AS patterns of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has been underestimated, and in-depth investigations are lacking. We selected 76 ACC samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) SpliceSeq and SpliceAid2 databases, and 39 ACC samples from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC). Prognosis-related AS events (PASEs) and survival analysis were evaluated based on prediction models constructed by machine-learning algorithm. In total, 23,984 AS events and 3,614 PASEs were detected in the patients with ACC. The predicted risk score of each patient suggested that eight PASEs groups were significantly correlated with the clinical outcomes of these patients (p < 0.001). Prognostic models produced AUC values of 0.907 in all PASEs' groups. Eight splicing factors (SFs), including BAG2, CXorf56, DExD-Box Helicase 21 (DDX21), HSPB1, MBNL3, MSI1, RBMXL2, and SEC31B, were identified in regulatory networks of ACC. DDX21 was identified and validated as a novel clinical promoter and therapeutic target in 115 patients with ACC from TCGA and FUSCC cohorts. In conclusion, the strict standards used in this study ensured the systematic discovery of profiles of AS events using genome-wide cohorts. Our findings contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the landscape and underlying mechanism of AS, providing valuable insights into the potential usages of DDX21 for predicting prognosis for patients with ACC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-021-00026-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Aihetaimujiang Anwaier
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Transplantation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Tian
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Zhu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- grid.412987.10000 0004 0630 1330Department of Transplantation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- grid.452404.30000 0004 1808 0942Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, No. 270 Dong’an Road, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A New Stemness-Related Prognostic Model for Predicting the Prognosis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6669570. [PMID: 34671679 PMCID: PMC8523240 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6669570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study is aimed at identifying stemness-related genes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Methods The RNA-seq data of PADC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. The mRNA expression-based stemness index (mRNAsi) and epigenetically regulated mRNAsi (EREG-mRNAsi) of PADC patients were evaluated. The mRNAsi-related gene sets in PADC were identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). The key genes were further analyzed using functional enrichment analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate the prognostic value of the key genes. Prognostic hub genes were used to establish nomograms. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, concordance index (C-index), and calibration curves were used to assess the discrimination and accuracy of the nomogram. Finally, these results were validated in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results A total of 36 key genes related to mRNAsi were identified by WGCNA. A prognostic gene signature compromising seven genes (TPX2, ZWINT, UBE2C, CCNB2, CDK1, BUB1, and BIRC5) was established to predict the overall survival (OS) of PADC patients. The Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for PADC. Patients were then divided into the high-risk and low-risk groups. The ROC curves, C-index, and calibration curves indicated good performance of the prognostic signature in the TCGA and GEO datasets. Moreover, the nomogram incorporating clinical parameters showed better sensitivity and specificity for predicting the OS of PADC patients. Conclusion The stemness-related prognostic model successfully predicted the OS of PADC patients and could be used for the treatment of PADC.
Collapse
|
11
|
A Hypoxia Signature for Predicting Prognosis and Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:2298973. [PMID: 34603443 PMCID: PMC8481041 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2298973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with dismal prognosis. Hypoxia is one of characteristics of cancer leading to tumor progression. For ACC, however, no reliable prognostic signature on the basis of hypoxia genes has been built. Our study aimed to develop a hypoxia-associated gene signature in ACC. Data of ACC patients were obtained from TCGA and GEO databases. The genes included in hypoxia risk signature were identified using the Cox regression analysis as well as LASSO regression analysis. GSEA was applied to discover the enriched gene sets. To detect a possible connection between the gene signature and immune cells, the CIBERSORT technique was applied. In ACC, the hypoxia signature including three genes (CCNA2, COL5A1, and EFNA3) was built to predict prognosis and reflect the immune microenvironment. Patients with high-risk scores tended to have a poor prognosis. According to the multivariate regression analysis, the hypoxia signature could be served as an independent indicator in ACC patients. GSEA demonstrated that gene sets linked to cancer proliferation and cell cycle were differentially enriched in high-risk classes. Additionally, we found that PDL1 and CTLA4 expression were significantly lower in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group, and resting NK cells displayed a significant increase in the high-risk group. In summary, the hypoxia risk signature created in our study might predict prognosis and evaluate the tumor immune microenvironment for ACC.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu X, Li C, Xu W, Wu Y, Wang J, Chen S, Zhang H, Huang H, Huang H, Liu W. Malignant Tumor Purity Reveals the Driven and Prognostic Role of CD3E in Low-Grade Glioma Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:676124. [PMID: 34557404 PMCID: PMC8454269 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.676124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to the initiation and progression of many neoplasms. However, the impact of low-grade glioma (LGG) purity on carcinogenesis remains to be elucidated. We selected 509 LGG patients with available genomic and clinical information from the TCGA database. The percentage of tumor infiltrating immune cells and the tumor purity of LGG were evaluated using the ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Stromal-related genes were screened through Cox regression, and protein-protein interaction analyses and survival-related genes were selected in 487 LGG patients from GEO database. Hub genes involved in LGG purity were then identified and functionally annotated using bioinformatics analyses. Prognostic implications were validated in 100 patients from an Asian real-world cohort. Elevated tumor purity burden, immune scores, and stromal scores were significantly associated with poor outcomes and increased grade in LGG patients from the TCGA cohort. In addition, CD3E was selected with the most significant prognostic value (Hazard Ratio=1.552, P<0.001). Differentially expressed genes screened according to CD3E expression were mainly involved in stromal related activities. Additionally, significantly increased CD3E expression was found in 100 LGG samples from the validation cohort compared with adjacent normal brain tissues. High CD3E expression could serve as an independent prognostic indicator for survival of LGG patients and promotes malignant cellular biological behaviors of LGG. In conclusion, tumor purity has a considerable impact on the clinical, genomic, and biological status of LGG. CD3E, the gene for novel membrane immune biomarker deeply affecting tumor purity, may help to evaluate the prognosis and develop individual immunotherapy strategies for LGG patients. Evaluating the ratio of differential tumor purity and CD3E expression levels may provide novel insights into the complex structure of the LGG microenvironment and targeted drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Lu
- Department of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Naval Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Transplantation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical University, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huadong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| | - Haineng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| | - Wangrui Liu
- Department of Nursing and Health Management, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Challenging Pharmacokinetics of Mitotane: An Old Drug in Need of New Packaging. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:575-593. [PMID: 34287806 PMCID: PMC8397669 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant tumor originating from the adrenal gland cortex with a heterogeneous but overall dismal prognosis in advanced stages. For more than 50 years, mitotane has remained a cornerstone for the treatment of ACC as adjuvant and palliative therapy. It has a very poor aqueous solubility of 0.1 mg/l and high partition coefficient in octanol/water (log P) value of 6. The commercially available dosage form is 500 mg tablets (Lysodren®). Even at doses up to 6 g/day (12 tablets in divided doses) for several months, > 50% patients do not achieve therapeutic plasma concentration > 14 mg/l due to poor water solubility, large volume of distribution and inter/intra-individual variability in bioavailability. This article aims to give a concise update of the clinical challenges associated with the administration of high-dose mitotane oral therapy which encompass the issues of poor bioavailability, difficult-to-predict pharmacokinetics and associated adverse events. Moreover, we present recent efforts to improve mitotane formulations. Their success has been limited, and we therefore propose an injectable mitotane formulation instead of oral administration, which could bypass many of the main issues associated with high-dose oral mitotane therapy. A parenteral administration of mitotane could not only help to alleviate the adverse effects but also circumvent the variable oral absorption, give better control over therapeutic plasma mitotane concentration and potentially shorten the time to achieve therapeutic drug plasma concentrations considerably. Mitotane as tablet form is currently the standard treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. It has been used for 5 decades but suffers from highly variable responses in patients, subsequent adverse effects and overall lower response rate. This can be fundamentally linked to the exceedingly poor water solubility of mitotane itself. In terms of enhancing water solubility, a few research groups have attempted to develop better formulations of mitotane to overcome the issues associated with tablet dosage form. However, the success rate was limited, and these formulations did not make it into the clinics. In this article, we have comprehensively reviewed the properties of these formulations and discuss the reasons for their limited utility. Furthermore, we discuss a recently developed mitotane nanoformulation that led us to propose a novel approach to mitotane therapy, where intravenous delivery supplements the standard oral administration. With this article, we combine the current state of knowledge as a single piece of information about the various problems associated with the use of mitotane tablets, and herein we postulate the development of a new injectable mitotane formulation, which can potentially circumvent the major problems associated to mitotane's poor water solubility.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen F, Han J, Tang B. Patterns of Immune Infiltration and the Key Immune-Related Genes in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection in Bioinformatics Analyses. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2857-2869. [PMID: 34211294 PMCID: PMC8242140 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s317405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune-inflammatory mechanisms contribute greatly to the complex process leading to type A aortic dissection (TAAD). This study aims to explore immune infiltration and key immune-related genes in acute TAAD. Methods ImmuCellAI algorithm was applied to analyze patterns of immune infiltration in TAAD samples and normal aortic vessel samples in the GSE153434 dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Immune-related genes were obtained from overlapping DEGs of GSE153434 and immune genes of the ImmPort database. The hub genes were obtained based on the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. The hub genes in TAAD were validated in the GSE52093 dataset. The correlation between the key immune-related genes and infiltrating immune cells was further analyzed. Results In the study, the abundance of macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer T cells (NKT cells), natural regulatory T cells (nTreg), T-helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) and monocytes was increased in TAAD samples, whereas that of dendritic cells (DCs), CD4 T cells, central memory T cells (Tcm), mucosa associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) and B cells was decreased. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were identified and validated in the GSE52093 dataset as the key immune-related genes. Furthermore, IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were correlated with different types of immune cells. Conclusion In conclusion, several immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, NKT cells, and nTreg may be involved in the development of TAAD. IL-6, CCL2 and HGF were identified and validated as the key immune-related genes of TAAD via bioinformatics analyses. The key immune cells and immune-related genes have the potential to be developed as targets of prevention and immunotherapy for patients with TAAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mizdrak M, Tičinović Kurir T, Božić J. The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33578890 PMCID: PMC7916711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells. Distinguishing the etiology of adrenal mass, between benign adenomas, which are quite frequent in general population, and malignant carcinomas with dismal prognosis is often unfeasible. Even after pathohistological analysis, diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinomas is not always straightforward and represents a great challenge for experienced and multidisciplinary expert teams. No single imaging method, hormonal work-up or immunohistochemical labelling can definitively prove the diagnosis of ACC. Over several decades' great efforts have been made in finding novel reliable and available diagnostic and prognostic factors including steroid metabolome profiling or target gene identification. Despite these achievements, the 5-year mortality rate still accounts for approximately 75% to 90%, ACC is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and therapeutic options are unfortunately limited. Therefore, imperative is to identify new biological markers that can predict patient prognosis and provide new therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mizdrak
- Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tina Tičinović Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Božić
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Identification of ribosomal protein family in triple-negative breast cancer by bioinformatics analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227258. [PMID: 33305312 PMCID: PMC7789804 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for ∼20% of all breast cancer (BC) cases. The management of TNBC represents a challenge due to its worse prognosis, heterogeneity and lack of targeted therapy. Moreover, its mechanisms are not fully clear. The aim of the study is to identify crucial genes between TNBC and non-TNBC for underlying targets for diagnostic and therapeutic methods of TNBC. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between TNBC and non-TNBC were selected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database after the integrated analysis of two datasets (GSE65194 and GSE76124). Then Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis were performed by DAVID database, protein-protein interaction (PPI) of DEGs was constructed by Search Tool for the Retrieval of Reciprocity Genes (STRING) database. Furthermore, centrality analysis and module analysis were carried out by Cytoscape to analyze the TNBC-related PPI. Subsequently, overall survival (OS) analysis was performed by GEPIA. Finally, the expressions of these key genes in TNBC and non-TNBC tissues were tested by qRT-PCR. The results showed that 955 DEGs were obtained, which were mainly enriched in ribosome, ribosomal subunit, and so on. Moreover, 19 candidate genes were focused on by centrality analysis and module analysis. Furthermore, we found the low expressions of ribosomal protein S9 (RPS9), ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14), ribosomal protein S27 (RPS27), ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) and ribosomal protein L14 (RPL14) were related to a poor OS in BC patients. Additionally, qRT-PCR results suggested that these five genes were notably down-regulated in TNBC tissues. In summary, the present study suggests that ribosomal proteins are related to TNBC, and they may play an important role in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of TNBC.
Collapse
|
17
|
Knott EL, Leidenheimer NJ. A Targeted Bioinformatics Assessment of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Reveals Prognostic Implications of GABA System Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228485. [PMID: 33187258 PMCID: PMC7697095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but deadly cancer for which few treatments exist. Here, we have undertaken a targeted bioinformatics study of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ACC dataset focusing on the 30 genes encoding the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system—an under-studied, evolutionarily-conserved system that is an emerging potential player in cancer progression. Our analysis identified a subset of ACC patients whose tumors expressed a distinct GABA system transcriptome. Transcript levels of ABAT (encoding a key GABA shunt enzyme), were upregulated in over 40% of tumors, and this correlated with several favorable clinical outcomes including patient survival; while enrichment and ontology analysis implicated two cancer-related biological pathways involved in metastasis and immune response. The phenotype associated with ABAT upregulation revealed a potential metabolic heterogeneity among ACC tumors associated with enhanced mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, many GABAA receptor subunit-encoding transcripts were expressed, including two (GABRB2 and GABRD) prognostic for patient survival. Transcripts encoding GABAB receptor subunits and GABA transporters were also ubiquitously expressed. The GABA system transcriptome of ACC tumors is largely mirrored in the ACC NCI-H295R cell line, suggesting that this cell line may be appropriate for future functional studies investigating the role of the GABA system in ACC cell growth phenotypes and metabolism.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhai W, Lu H, Dong S, Fang J, Yu Z. Identification of potential key genes and key pathways related to clear cell renal cell carcinoma through bioinformatics analysis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:853-863. [PMID: 32556097 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a common malignancy of the genitourinary system and is associated with high mortality rates. However, the molecular mechanism of ccRCC pathogenesis is still unclear, which translates to few effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this study, we conducted a bioinformatics analysis on three Gene Expression Omnibus datasets and identified 437 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ccRCC development and prognosis, of which 311 and 126 genes are respectively down-regulated and up-regulated. The protein-protein interaction network of these DEGs consists of 395 nodes and 1872 interactions and 2 prominent modules. The Staphylococcus aureus infection and complement and coagulation cascades are significantly enriched in module 1 and are likely involved in ccRCC progression. Forty-two hub genes were screened, of which von Willebrand factor, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, plasminogen, formimidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase, solute carrier family 34 member 1, hydroxyacid oxidase 2, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 are possibly related to the prognosis of ccRCC. The differential expression of all nine genes was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the ccRCC and normal renal tissues. These key genes are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC and warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhai
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Haijiao Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Shenghua Dong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tian X, Xu W, Wang Y, Anwaier A, Wang H, Wan F, Zhu Y, Cao D, Shi G, Zhu Y, Qu Y, Zhang H, Ye D. Identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and prognostic validation of tumor-infiltrating mast cells in adrenocortical carcinoma: results from bioinformatics and real-world data. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1784529. [PMID: 32923148 PMCID: PMC7458645 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1784529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the composition of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) and prognostic significance of tumor-infiltrating mast cells (TIMC) in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). Methods The gene expression profiles of ACC were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE90713, GSE12368). The abundance of TIICs in ACC samples was calculated by CIBERSORT algorithm and immunohistochemistry was used to identify mast cells of 39 tumor samples from Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by LIMMA package using R software. Survival analysis was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. Results The abundance of mast cells (p = .008) was positively correlated with ACC patients' outcome in TCGA cohort and was also positively correlated with both overall survival (p < .05) and progression-free survival (p < .05) in FUSCC cohort. Different TIMC infiltrations showed significant changes in signaling pathways including DNA replication, nuclear chromosome segregation, and meiotic cell cycle process of ACC. In addition, elevated expression of eight hub genes (KIF18A, CDCA8, SKA1, CEP55, BUB1, CDK1, SGOL1, SGOL2) related to the abundance of TIMC in ACC was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of the patients. Conclusion In conclusion, higher TIMC infiltration was positively correlated with ACC patients' outcome in both TCGA and FUSCC cohort. Lower TIMC infiltration and elevated expression of hub genes (KIF18A, CDCA8, SKA1, CEP55, BUB1, CDK1, SGOL1, SGOL2) are markedly correlated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis, which might shed lights on novel targets for treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tian
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Aihetaimujiang Anwaier
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Fangning Wan
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dalong Cao
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guohai Shi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang D, Liu J, Liu S, Li W. Identification of Crucial Genes Associated With Immune Cell Infiltration in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Genet 2020; 11:342. [PMID: 32391055 PMCID: PMC7193721 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The dreadful prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is primarily due to the low early diagnosis rate, rapid progression, and high recurrence rate. Valuable prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed for HCC. In this study, microarray data were downloaded from GSE14520, GSE22058, International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC), and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among GSE14520, GSE22058, and ICGC databases. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to establish gene co-expression modules of DEGs, and genes of key modules were examined to identify hub genes using univariate Cox regression in the ICGC cohort. Expression levels and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) were determined to estimate the prognostic competence of the hub genes. These hub genes were also validated in the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and TCGA databases. TIMER algorithm and GSCALite database were applied to analyze the association of the hub genes with immunocytotic infiltration and their pathway enrichment. Altogether, 276 DEGs were identified and WGCNA described a unique and significantly DEGs-associated co-expression module containing 148 genes, with 10 hub genes selected by univariate Cox regression in the ICGC cohort (BIRC5, FOXM1, CENPA, KIF4A, DTYMK, PRC1, IGF2BP3, KIF2C, TRIP13, and TPX2). Most of the genes were validated in the GEPIA databases, except IGF2BP3. The results of multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the abovementioned hub genes are all independent predictors of HCC. The 10 genes were also confirmed to be associated with immune cell infiltration using the TIMER algorithm. Moreover, four-gene signature was developed, including BIRC5, CENPA, FOXM1, DTYMK. These hub genes and the model demonstrated a strong prognostic capability and are likely to be a therapeutic target for HCC. Moreover, the association of these genes with immune cell infiltration improves our understanding of the occurrence and development of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchuan Wang
- Office of Medical Ethics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory, Yue Bei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
| | - Shengshuo Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenli Li
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory, Yue Bei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Yue Bei People’s Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Li,
| |
Collapse
|