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Vuong TNAM, Bartolf-Kopp M, Andelovic K, Jungst T, Farbehi N, Wise SG, Hayward C, Stevens MC, Rnjak-Kovacina J. Integrating Computational and Biological Hemodynamic Approaches to Improve Modeling of Atherosclerotic Arteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307627. [PMID: 38704690 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, resulting in mortality, elevated healthcare costs, diminished productivity, and reduced quality of life for individuals and their communities. This is exacerbated by the limited understanding of its underlying causes and limitations in current therapeutic interventions, highlighting the need for sophisticated models of atherosclerosis. This review critically evaluates the computational and biological models of atherosclerosis, focusing on the study of hemodynamics in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. Computational models account for the geometrical complexities and hemodynamics of the blood vessels and stenoses, but they fail to capture the complex biological processes involved in atherosclerosis. Different in vitro and in vivo biological models can capture aspects of the biological complexity of healthy and stenosed vessels, but rarely mimic the human anatomy and physiological hemodynamics, and require significantly more time, cost, and resources. Therefore, emerging strategies are examined that integrate computational and biological models, and the potential of advances in imaging, biofabrication, and machine learning is explored in developing more effective models of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Bartolf-Kopp
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Andelovic
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Jungst
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication (IFB), KeyLab Polymers for Medicine of the Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584, Netherlands
| | - Nona Farbehi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Garvan Weizmann Center for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Steven G Wise
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Christopher Hayward
- St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Charles Stevens
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Jelena Rnjak-Kovacina
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Tyree Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Sokolowski K, Turner PV, Lewis E, Wange RL, Fortin MC. Exploring rabbit as a nonrodent species for general toxicology studies. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:29-39. [PMID: 38374304 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To avoid adverse events in humans, toxicity studies in nonclinical species have been the foundation of safety evaluation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is recognized that working with animals in research is a privilege, and conscientious use should always respect the 3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the wake of the shortages in routine nonrodent species and considering that nonanimal methods are not yet sufficiently mature, the value of the rabbit as a nonrodent species is worth exploring. Historically used in vaccine, cosmetic, and medical device testing, the rabbit is seldom used today as a second species in pharmaceutical development, except for embryo-fetal development studies, ophthalmic therapeutics, some medical devices and implants, and vaccines. Although several factors affect the decision of species selection, including pharmacological relevance, pharmacokinetics, and ADME considerations, there are no perfect animal models. In this forum article, we bring together experts from veterinary medicine, industry, contract research organizations, and government to explore the pros and cons, residual concerns, and data gaps regarding the use of the rabbit for general toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sokolowski
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elise Lewis
- Safety Assessment, Charles River Laboratories, Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Marie C Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Han Y, Zhou J, Zhang R, Liang Y, Lai L, Li Z. Genome-edited rabbits: Unleashing the potential of a promising experimental animal model across diverse diseases. Zool Res 2024; 45:253-262. [PMID: 38287906 PMCID: PMC11017087 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models are extensively used in all aspects of biomedical research, with substantial contributions to our understanding of diseases, the development of pharmaceuticals, and the exploration of gene functions. The field of genome modification in rabbits has progressed slowly. However, recent advancements, particularly in CRISPR/Cas9-related technologies, have catalyzed the successful development of various genome-edited rabbit models to mimic diverse diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, immunodeficiencies, aging-related ailments, neurological diseases, and ophthalmic pathologies. These models hold great promise in advancing biomedical research due to their closer physiological and biochemical resemblance to humans compared to mice. This review aims to summarize the novel gene-editing approaches currently available for rabbits and present the applications and prospects of such models in biomedicine, underscoring their impact and future potential in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Jiale Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Renquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Yuru Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510530, China
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guang Dong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou, Guangdong 510005, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China. E-mail:
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Yarovinsky TO, Su M, Chen C, Xiang Y, Tang WH, Hwa J. Pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases: Pumping gasdermin on the fire. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101809. [PMID: 37478801 PMCID: PMC10528349 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of programmed cell death associated with activation of inflammasomes and inflammatory caspases, proteolytic cleavage of gasdermin proteins (forming pores in the plasma membrane), and selective release of proinflammatory mediators. Induction of pyroptosis results in amplification of inflammation, contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetic cardiomyopathy, and acute cardiovascular events, such as thrombosis and myocardial infarction. While engagement of pyroptosis during sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy and septic shock is expected and well documented, we are just beginning to understand pyroptosis involvement in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases with less defined inflammatory components, such as atrial fibrillation. Due to the danger that pyroptosis represents to cells within the cardiovascular system and the whole organism, multiple levels of pyroptosis regulation have evolved. Those include regulation of inflammasome priming, post-translational modifications of gasdermins, and cellular mechanisms for pore removal. While pyroptosis in macrophages is well characterized as a dramatic pro-inflammatory process, pyroptosis in other cell types within the cardiovascular system displays variable pathways and consequences. Furthermore, different cells and organs engage in local and distant crosstalk and exchange of pyroptosis triggers (oxidized mitochondrial DNA), mediators (IL-1β, S100A8/A9) and antagonists (IL-9). Development of genetic tools, such as Gasdermin D knockout animals, and small molecule inhibitors of pyroptosis will not only help us fully understand the role of pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases but may result in novel therapeutic approaches inhibiting inflammation and progression of chronic cardiovascular diseases to reduce morbidity and mortality from acute cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Yarovinsky
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meiling Su
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofei Chen
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaozu Xiang
- Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wai Ho Tang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Kowloon, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - John Hwa
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Chen J, Zhang H, Li L, Zhang X, Zhao D, Wang L, Wang J, Yang P, Sun H, Liu K, Chen W, Li L, Lin F, Li Z, Chen YE, Zhang J, Pang D, Ouyang H, He Y, Fan J, Tang X. Lp-PLA 2 (Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2) Deficiency Lowers Cholesterol Levels and Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e11-e28. [PMID: 36412196 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma Lp-PLA2 (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) activity is closely associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, whether and how Lp-PLA2 is directly involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still unclear. To examine the hypothesis that Lp-PLA2 could be a potential preventative target of atherosclerosis, we generated Lp-PLA2 knockout rabbits and investigated the pathophysiological functions of Lp-PLA2. METHODS Lp-PLA2 knockout rabbits were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system to assess the role of Lp-PLA2 in plasma lipids regulation and identify its underlying molecular mechanisms. Homozygous knockout rabbits along with wild-type rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet for up to 14 weeks and their atherosclerotic lesions were compared. Moreover, the effects of Lp-PLA2 deficiency on the key cellular behaviors in atherosclerosis were assessed in vitro. RESULTS When rabbits were fed a standard diet, Lp-PLA2 deficiency led to a significant reduction in plasma lipids. The decreased protein levels of SREBP2 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2) and HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase) in livers of homozygous knockout rabbits indicated that the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway was impaired with Lp-PLA2 deficiency. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that intracellular Lp-PLA2 efficiently enhanced SREBP2-related cholesterol biosynthesis signaling independently of INSIGs (insulin-induced genes). When fed a cholesterol-rich diet, homozygous knockout rabbits exhibited consistently lower level of hypercholesterolemia, and their aortic atherosclerosis lesions were significantly reduced by 60.2% compared with those of wild-type rabbits. The lesions of homozygous knockout rabbits were characterized by reduced macrophages and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Macrophages of homozygous knockout rabbits were insensitive to M1 polarization and showed reduced DiI-labeled lipoprotein uptake capacity compared with wild-type macrophages. Lp-PLA2 deficiency also inhibited the adhesion between monocytes and endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that Lp-PLA2 plays a causal role in regulating blood lipid homeostasis and Lp-PLA2 deficiency protects against dietary cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. Lp-PLA2 could be a potential target for the prevention of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Linquan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Lingyu Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Huan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Lin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Feng Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Zhanjun Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (Y.E.C., J.Z.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (Y.E.C., J.Z.)
| | - Daxin Pang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
| | - Yuquan He
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China (P.Y., H.S., K.L., W.C., Y.H.)
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.)
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China (J.C., H.Z., Linquan Li, X.Z., D.Z., L.W., J.W., Lin Li, F.L., Z.L., D.P., H.O., X.T.).,Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing, China (D.P., H.O., X.T.)
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6
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Qu P, Cao W, Liu E. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Rabbits. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:169-181. [PMID: 37041334 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology that enables differentiated somatic cells to acquire a totipotent state, thus making it of great value in developmental biology, biomedical research, and agricultural applications. Rabbit cloning associated with transgenesis has the potential to improve the applicability of this species for disease modeling, drug testing, and production of human recombinant proteins. In this chapter, we introduce our SCNT protocol for the production of live cloned rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenbin Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Wani AK, Akhtar N, Singh R, Prakash A, Raza SHA, Cavalu S, Chopra C, Madkour M, Elolimy A, Hashem NM. Genome centric engineering using ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPR-Cas9 systems for trait improvement and disease control in Animals. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1-16. [PMID: 35781172 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Livestock is an essential life commodity in modern agriculture involving breeding and maintenance. The farming practices have evolved mainly over the last century for commercial outputs, animal welfare, environment friendliness, and public health. Modifying genetic makeup of livestock has been proposed as an effective tool to create farmed animals with characteristics meeting modern farming system goals. The first technique used to produce transgenic farmed animals resulted in random transgene insertion and a low gene transfection rate. Therefore, genome manipulation technologies have been developed to enable efficient gene targeting with a higher accuracy and gene stability. Genome editing (GE) with engineered nucleases-Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) regulates the targeted genetic alterations to facilitate multiple genomic modifications through protein-DNA binding. The application of genome editors indicates usefulness in reproduction, animal models, transgenic animals, and cell lines. Recently, CRISPR/Cas system, an RNA-dependent genome editing tool (GET), is considered one of the most advanced and precise GE techniques for on-target modifications in the mammalian genome by mediating knock-in (KI) and knock-out (KO) of several genes. Lately, CRISPR/Cas9 tool has become the method of choice for genome alterations in livestock species due to its efficiency and specificity. The aim of this review is to discuss the evolution of engineered nucleases and GETs as a powerful tool for genome manipulation with special emphasis on its applications in improving economic traits and conferring resistance to infectious diseases of animals used for food production, by highlighting the recent trends for maintaining sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Khurshid Wani
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Ajit Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, 120 Mason Farm Road, CB# 7260, 3093 Genetic Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-2760, USA
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P -ta 1Decembrie 10, 410073, Oradea, Romania
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Nesrein M Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
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8
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Kamato D, Ilyas I, Xu S, Little PJ. Non-Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis: Approaches to Exploring the Translational Potential of New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12964. [PMID: 36361754 PMCID: PMC9656683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the largest single cause of disease-related mortality worldwide and the major underlying pathology is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis develops as a complex process of vascular lipid deposition and retention by modified proteoglycans, endothelial dysfunction and unresolved chronic inflammation. There are a multitude of current therapeutic agents, most based on lowering plasma lipid levels, but, overall, they have a lower than optimum level of efficacy and many deaths continue to arise from cardiovascular disease world-wide. To identify and evaluate potential novel cardiovascular drugs, suitable animal models that reproduce human atherosclerosis with a high degree of fidelity are required as essential pre-clinical research tools. Commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis include mice (ApoE-/-, LDLR-/- mice and others), rabbits (WHHL rabbits and others), rats, pigs, hamster, zebrafish and non-human primates. Models based on various wild-type and genetically modified mice have been extensively reviewed but mice may not always be appropriate. Thus, here, we provide an overview of the advantages and shortcomings of various non-mouse animal models of atherosclerotic plaque formation, and plaque rupture, as well as commonly used interventional strategies. Taken together, the combinatorial selection of suitable animal models readily facilitates reproducible and rigorous translational research in discovering and validating novel anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Iqra Ilyas
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Laboratory of Metabolics and Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Peter J. Little
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- Sunshine Coast Health Institute and School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Birtinya, QLD 4575, Australia
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9
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Cao W, Zhao J, Qu P, Liu E. Current Progress and Prospects in Rabbit Cloning. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:63-70. [PMID: 35167365 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2021.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) shows great value in the generation of transgenic animals, protection of endangered animals, and stem cell therapy. The combination of SCNT and gene editing has produced a variety of genetically modified animals for life science and medical research. Rabbits have unique advantages as transgenic bioreactors and human disease models; however, the low SCNT efficiency severely impedes the application of this technology. The difficulty in SCNT may be attributable to the abnormal reprogramming of somatic cells in rabbits. This review focuses on the abnormal reprogramming of cloned mammalian embryos and evaluates the progress and prospects of rabbit somatic cell cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Cao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengxiang Qu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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10
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Fan J, Watanabe T. Atherosclerosis: Known and unknown. Pathol Int 2022; 72:151-160. [PMID: 35076127 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic disease, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, is the number one killer worldwide. Atherosclerosis is considered to be caused by multiple factors, including genetic and environmental factors. In humans, it takes several decades until the clinical complications develop. There are many known risk factors for atherosclerosis, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes and smoking, which are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, it is generally believed that atherosclerosis is vascular chronic inflammation initiated by interactions of these risk factors and arterial wall cells. In the past 30 years, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis have been investigated extensively using genetically modified animals, and lipid-reducing drugs, such as statins, have been demonstrated as the most effective for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. However, despite this progress, questions regarding the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis remain and there is a need to develop new animal models and novel therapeutics to treat patients who cannot be effectively treated by statins. In this review, we will focus on two topics of atherosclerosis, "pathology" and "pathogenesis," and discuss unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan.,School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Teruo Watanabe
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Fukuoka Wajiro Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Siew WS, Tang YQ, Kong CK, Goh BH, Zacchigna S, Dua K, Chellappan DK, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Phisalprapa P, Yap WH. Harnessing the Potential of CRISPR/Cas in Atherosclerosis: Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8422. [PMID: 34445123 PMCID: PMC8395110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents one of the major causes of death globally. The high mortality rates and limitations of current therapeutic modalities have urged researchers to explore potential alternative therapies. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is commonly deployed for investigating the genetic aspects of Atherosclerosis. Besides, advances in CRISPR/Cas system has led to extensive options for researchers to study the pathogenesis of this disease. The recent discovery of Cas9 variants, such as dCas9, Cas9n, and xCas9 have been established for various applications, including single base editing, regulation of gene expression, live-cell imaging, epigenetic modification, and genome landscaping. Meanwhile, other Cas proteins, such as Cas12 and Cas13, are gaining popularity for their applications in nucleic acid detection and single-base DNA/RNA modifications. To date, many studies have utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate disease models of atherosclerosis and identify potential molecular targets that are associated with atherosclerosis. These studies provided proof-of-concept evidence which have established the feasibility of implementing the CRISPR/Cas system in correcting disease-causing alleles. The CRISPR/Cas system holds great potential to be developed as a targeted treatment for patients who are suffering from atherosclerosis. This review highlights the advances in CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in establishing pathogenetic and therapeutic role of specific genes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng Siew
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
| | - Yin Quan Tang
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (FHMS), Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chee Kei Kong
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Centre for Translational Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University (IMU), Bukit Jalil 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Unit of Excellence in Research and Product Development of Coffee, Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (A.D.); (S.S.)
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence on Herbal Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Division of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Pochamana Phisalprapa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Ambulatory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.S.S.); (Y.Q.T.)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (FHMS), Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Tozaki T, Ohnuma A, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Kakoi H, Hirota K, Kusano K, Nagata S. Simulated validation of intron-less transgene detection using DELLY for gene-doping control in horse sports. Anim Genet 2021; 52:759-761. [PMID: 34339052 DOI: 10.1111/age.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gene doping is prohibited in horseracing. In a previous study, we developed a method for non-targeted transgene detection using DELLY, which is based on split-read (SR) and paired-end (PE) algorithms to detect structural variants, on WGS data. In this study, we validated the detection sensitivity of DELLY using artificially generated sequence data of 12 target genes. With DELLY, at least one intron was detected as a deletion in eight targeted genes using the 150 bp PE read WGS data, whereas all targeted genes were detected by DELLY using the 100 bp PE read data. The detection sensitivity was higher in 100 bp PE reads than in 150 bp PE reads, despite a lower total sequence coverage, probably because of mismatch tolerance between the mapped reads and reference genome. In addition, it was observed that the average intron size detected by SR alone was 293 bp and that that detected by both SR and PE was 8924 bp. Thus, we showed that transgenes with various intron-exon structures could be detected using DELLY, suggesting its application in gene-doping control in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tozaki
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - A Ohnuma
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - M Kikuchi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - T Ishige
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - H Kakoi
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - K Hirota
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
| | - K Kusano
- Equine Department, Japan Racing Association, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato, Tokyo, 106-8401, Japan
| | - S Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsurutamachi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0851, Japan
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