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Sehgal R, Perfilyev A, Männistö V, Ågren J, Nilsson E, Käkelä P, Ling C, de Mello VD, Pihlajamäki J. Liver saturated fat content associates with hepatic DNA methylation in obese individuals. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 36765383 PMCID: PMC9921201 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the liver is known to induce hepatic steatosis and inflammation causing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Although SFAs have been shown to affect the epigenome in whole blood, pancreatic islets, and adipose tissue in humans, and genome-wide DNA methylation studies have linked epigenetic changes to NAFLD and NASH, studies focusing on the association of SFAs and DNA methylation in human liver are missing. We, therefore, investigated whether human liver SFA content associates with DNA methylation and tested if SFA-linked alterations in DNA methylation associate with NAFLD-related clinical phenotypes in obese individuals. RESULTS We identified DNA methylation (Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip) of 3169 CpGs to be associated with liver total SFA content (q-value < 0.05) measured using proton NMR spectroscopy in participants of the Kuopio Obesity Surgery Study (n = 51; mean ± SD:49.3 ± 8.5 years old; BMI:43.7 ± 6.2 kg/m2). Of these 3169 sites, 797 overlapped with previously published NASH-associated CpGs (NASH-SFA), while 2372 CpGs were exclusively associated with SFA (Only-SFA). The corresponding annotated genes of these only-SFA CpGs were found to be enriched in pathways linked to satiety and hunger. Among the 54 genes mapping to these enriched pathways, DNA methylation of CpGs mapping to PRKCA and TSPO correlated with their own mRNA expression (HumanHT-12 Expression BeadChip). In addition, DNA methylation of another ten of these CpGs correlated with the mRNA expression of their neighboring genes (p value < 0.05). The proportion of CpGs demonstrating a correlation of DNA methylation with plasma glucose was higher in NASH-SFA and only-SFA groups, while the proportion of significant correlations with plasma insulin was higher in only-NASH and NASH-SFA groups as compared to all CpGs on the Illumina 450 K array (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that one of the mechanisms how SFA could contribute to metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD is at the level of DNA methylation. We further propose that liver SFA-related DNA methylation profile may contribute more to hyperglycemia, while insulin-related methylation profile is more linked to NAFLD or NASH. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Sehgal
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alexander Perfilyev
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ville Männistö
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jyrki Ågren
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emma Nilsson
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pirjo Käkelä
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Charlotte Ling
- grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vanessa D. de Mello
- grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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Telles GD, Libardi CA, Conceição MS, Vechin FC, Lixandrão ME, Mangone FRR, Pavanelli AC, Nagai MA, Camera DM, Hawley JA, Ugrinowitsch C. Interrelated but Not Time-Aligned Response in Myogenic Regulatory Factors Demethylation and mRNA Expression after Divergent Exercise Bouts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:199-208. [PMID: 36136603 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA methylation regulates exercise-induced changes in the skeletal muscle transcriptome. However, the specificity and the time course responses in the myogenic regulatory factors DNA methylation and mRNA expression after divergent exercise modes are unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the time course changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression for selected myogenic regulatory factors ( MYOD1 , MYF5 , and MYF6 ) immediately after, 4 h after, and 8 h after a single bout of resistance exercise (RE), high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), and concurrent exercise (CE). METHODS Nine healthy but untrained males (age, 23.9 ± 2.8 yr; body mass, 70.1 ± 14.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake [V̇O 2peak ], 41.4 ± 5.2 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ; mean ± SD) performed a counterbalanced, randomized order of RE (4 × 8-12 repetition maximum), HIIE (12 × 1 min sprints at V̇O 2peak running velocity), and CE (RE followed by HIIE). Skeletal muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before (REST) immediately (0 h), 4 h, and 8 h after each exercise bout. RESULTS Compared with REST, MYOD1 , MYF5 , and MYF6 , mean methylation across all CpGs analyzed was reduced after 4 and 8 h in response to all exercise protocols ( P < 0.05). Reduced levels of MYOD1 methylation were observed after HIIE and CE compared with RE ( P < 0.05). Compared with REST, all exercise bouts increased mRNA expression over time ( MYOD1 at 4 and 8 h, and MYF6 at 4 h; P < 0.05). MYF5 mRNA expression was lower after 4 h compared with 0 h and higher at 8 h compared with 4 h ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We observed an interrelated but not time-aligned response between the exercise-induced changes in myogenic regulatory factors demethylation and mRNA expression after divergent exercise modes. Despite divergent contractile stimuli, changes in DNA methylation and mRNA expression in skeletal muscle were largely confined to the late (4-8 h) recovery period and similar between the different exercise challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Defante Telles
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Miguel Soares Conceição
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | - Felipe Cassaro Vechin
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
| | | | | | | | | | - Donny Michael Camera
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - John A Hawley
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, AUSTRALIA
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, BRAZIL
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Fragoso-Bargas N, Page CM, Joubert BR, London SJ, Lee-Ødegård S, Opsahl JO, Sletner L, Jenum AK, Qvigstad E, Prasad RB, Moen GH, Birkeland KI, Sommer C. Epigenome-wide association study of serum folate in maternal peripheral blood leukocytes. Epigenomics 2023; 15:39-52. [PMID: 36974632 PMCID: PMC10072132 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2022-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To perform an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of serum folate in maternal blood. Methods: Cross-ancestry (Europeans = 302, South Asians = 161) and ancestry-specific EWAS in the EPIPREG cohort were performed, followed by methyl quantitative trait loci analysis and association with cardiometabolic phenotypes. Replication was attempted using maternal folate intake and blood methylation data from the MoBa study and verified if the findings were significant in a previous EWAS of maternal serum folate in cord blood. Results & conclusion: cg19888088 (cross-ancestry) in EBF3, cg01952260 (Europeans) and cg07077240 (South Asians) in HERC3 were associated with serum folate. cg19888088 and cg01952260 were associated with diastolic blood pressure. cg07077240 was associated with variants in CASC15. The findings were not replicated and were not significant in cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fragoso-Bargas
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity & Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian M Page
- Centre for Fertility & Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0403, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bonnie R Joubert
- Department of Health & Human Services, Population Health Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephanie J London
- Department of Health & Human Services, Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia O Opsahl
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Sletner
- Department of Pediatric & Adolescents Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, 1478, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Anne K Jenum
- Department of General Practice, Institute of Health & Society, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Qvigstad
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity & Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, 214 28, Malmö, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, Helsinki University, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gunn-Helen Moen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Public Health & Nursing, K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science & Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- The Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, 4102, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, BS8 1QU, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kåre I Birkeland
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity & Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Sommer
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity & Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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Zúñiga-Sánchez P, González-Ortega C, Cancino-Villarreal P, Martínez-Garza S, Molina-Torres J, Ramírez-Chávez E, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez AM, Lund G, Zaina S. Associations of fertility parameters with fatty acids and DNA methylation in Mexican women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:75-82. [PMID: 36450896 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids (FA) likely affect human fertility at multiple levels, as deviations from physiological FA profiles are obesogenic, and FA can modify DNA methylation (DNAm). Yet, the interplay of follicular fluid (FF) and serum FA with BMI and percentage body fat (PBF) in human fertility is not completely understood. Also, associations of DNAm with fertility are largely unexplored. METHODS Reproductive parameters ranging from retrieved oocyte number to infant birth weight, were recorded in Mexican women undergoing in vitro fertilization (n = 88). Multiple regression analysis sought BMI-adjusted and age-adjusted associations. Receiver operating characteristic analysis tested for discrimination between outcomes. RESULTS Associations of FF and serum FA were markedly distinct. While various FF FA (C16:1, C18:0, C20:2, C20:3, arachidonic acid) were significantly and inversely associated only with retrieved oocyte number, selected serum FA were associated with a broad range of pre-fertilization and post-fertilization parameters. Associations of BMI and FF FA were complex, as arachidonic acid was inversely associated with both BMI and retrieved oocyte number, while oleic acid (OA) was directly associated with BMI and PBF. Ultrasound-assessed clinical pregnancy outcome (CP) was directly associated with serum OA but inversely with its trans isomer elaidic acid (EA) and with BMI. Compounded BMI, serum EA and OA discriminated CP well (AUC = 0.74). Whole blood DNA methylation was significantly associated with and a moderate predictor (AUC = 0.66) of percent fertilized oocytes. CONCLUSIONS Overall FF FA pool composition rather than FA identity may impact oocyte production and cellular memory of FF FA is lost as the oocyte exits the follicular environment. The contrasting associations of BMI, FF OA and arachidonic acid suggest that the control of oocyte homeostasis by FF FA is uncoupled from BMI. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of compounding BMI with serum EA and OA to predict CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Zúñiga-Sánchez
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.,Institute of Sciences in Human Reproduction "Vida", Leon, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | | | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato, Mexico.
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Mexico.
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5
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de la Rocha C, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J, de Jesús Flores-Sierra J, Orozco-Castellanos LM, Galván-Chía JP, Sánchez AV, Zaina S, Lund G. Cumulative Metabolic and Epigenetic Effects of Paternal and/or Maternal Supplementation with Arachidonic Acid across Three Consecutive Generations in Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061057. [PMID: 35326508 PMCID: PMC8947399 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the known associations between arachidonic acid (AA), weight gain, and neurological and immune function, AA exposure leads to alterations in global and gene-specific DNA methylation (DNAm) and fatty acid (FA) content in human cultured cells. However, it is unknown as to whether the latter effects occur in vivo and are maintained over extended periods of time and across generations. To address this issue, we asked whether AA supplementation for three consecutive generations (prior to coitus in sires or in utero in dams) affected offspring growth phenotypes, in addition to liver DNAm and FA profiles in mice. Twelve-week-old BALB/c mice were exposed daily to AA dissolved in soybean oil (vehicle, VH), or VH only, for 10 days prior to mating or during the entire pregnancy (20 days). On average, 15 mice were supplemented per generation, followed by analysis of offspring body weight and liver traits (x average = 36 and 10 per generation, respectively). Body weight cumulatively increased in F2 and F3 offspring generations and positively correlated with milligrams of paternal or maternal offspring AA exposure. A concomitant increase in liver weight was observed. Notably, akin to AA-challenged cultured cells, global DNAm and cis-7-hexadecenoic acid (16:1n-9), an anti-inflammatory FA that is dependent on stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) activity, increased with milligrams of AA exposure. In accordance, liver Scd1 promoter methylation decreased with milligrams of germline AA exposure and was negatively correlated with liver weight. Our results show that mice retain cellular memories of AA exposure across generations that could potentially be beneficial to the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen de la Rocha
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (C.d.l.R.); (D.R.-R.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (C.d.l.R.); (D.R.-R.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Enrique Ramírez-Chávez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (E.R.-C.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - José de Jesús Flores-Sierra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato, León 37000, Mexico; (J.d.J.F.-S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luis M. Orozco-Castellanos
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico; (L.M.O.-C.); (J.P.G.-C.)
| | - Juan P. Galván-Chía
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36000, Mexico; (L.M.O.-C.); (J.P.G.-C.)
| | - Atenea Vázquez Sánchez
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (C.d.l.R.); (D.R.-R.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, León Campus, University of Guanajuato, León 37000, Mexico; (J.d.J.F.-S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, Irapuato 36500, Mexico; (C.d.l.R.); (D.R.-R.); (A.V.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-462-623-9664
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Gimeno I, García-Manrique P, Carrocera S, López-Hidalgo C, Valledor L, Martín-González D, Gómez E. The Metabolic Signature of In Vitro Produced Bovine Embryos Helps Predict Pregnancy and Birth after Embryo Transfer. Metabolites 2021; 11:484. [PMID: 34436426 PMCID: PMC8399324 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro produced (IVP) embryos show large metabolic variability induced by breed, culture conditions, embryonic stage and sex and gamete donors. We hypothesized that the birth potential could be accurately predicted by UHPLC-MS/MS in culture medium (CM) with the discrimination of factors inducing metabolic variation. Day-6 embryos were developed in single CM (modified synthetic oviduct fluid) for 24 h and transferred to recipients as fresh (28 ETs) or frozen/thawed (58 ETs) Day-7 blastocysts. Variability was induced with seven bulls, slaughterhouse oocyte donors, culture conditions (serum + Bovine Serum Albumin [BSA] or BSA alone) prior to single culture embryonic stage records (Day-6: morula, early blastocyst, blastocyst; Day-7: expanding blastocyst; fully expanded blastocysts) and cryopreservation. Retained metabolite signals (6111) were analyzed as a function of pregnancy at Day-40, Day-62 and birth in a combinatorial block study with all fixed factors. We identified 34 accumulated metabolites through 511 blocks, 198 for birth, 166 for Day-62 and 147 for Day-40. The relative abundance of metabolites was higher within blocks from non-pregnant (460) than from pregnant (51) embryos. Taxonomy classified lipids (12 fatty acids and derivatives; 224 blocks), amino acids (12) and derivatives (3) (186 blocks), benzenoids (4; 58 blocks), tri-carboxylic acids (2; 41 blocks) and 5-Hydroxy-l-tryptophan (2 blocks). Some metabolites were effective as single biomarkers in 95 blocks (Receiver Operating Characteristic - Area Under the Curve [ROC-AUC]: 0.700-1.000). In contrast, more accurate predictions within the largest data sets were obtained with combinations of 2, 3 and 4 single metabolites in 206 blocks (ROC-AUC = 0.800-1.000). Pregnancy-prone embryos consumed more amino acids and citric acid, and depleted less lipids and cis-aconitic acid. Big metabolic differences between embryos support efficient pregnancy and birth prediction when analyzed in discriminant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gimeno
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.G.); (S.C.); (D.M.-G.)
| | - Pablo García-Manrique
- Molecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Scientific and Technical Services, University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Susana Carrocera
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.G.); (S.C.); (D.M.-G.)
| | - Cristina López-Hidalgo
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.L.-H.); (L.V.)
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias (IUBA), University of Oviedo, Catedrático Rodrigo Uria s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (C.L.-H.); (L.V.)
| | - David Martín-González
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.G.); (S.C.); (D.M.-G.)
| | - Enrique Gómez
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Camino de Rioseco 1225, 33394 Gijón, Spain; (I.G.); (S.C.); (D.M.-G.)
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