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Conte F, Sam JE, Lefeber DJ, Passier R. Metabolic Cardiomyopathies and Cardiac Defects in Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108632. [PMID: 37239976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive chronic disease that remains a primary cause of death worldwide, affecting over 64 million patients. HF can be caused by cardiomyopathies and congenital cardiac defects with monogenic etiology. The number of genes and monogenic disorders linked to development of cardiac defects is constantly growing and includes inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Several IMDs affecting various metabolic pathways have been reported presenting cardiomyopathies and cardiac defects. Considering the pivotal role of sugar metabolism in cardiac tissue, including energy production, nucleic acid synthesis and glycosylation, it is not surprising that an increasing number of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism are described with cardiac manifestations. In this systematic review, we offer a comprehensive overview of IMDs linked to carbohydrate metabolism presenting that present with cardiomyopathies, arrhythmogenic disorders and/or structural cardiac defects. We identified 58 IMDs presenting with cardiac complications: 3 defects of sugar/sugar-linked transporters (GLUT3, GLUT10, THTR1); 2 disorders of the pentose phosphate pathway (G6PDH, TALDO); 9 diseases of glycogen metabolism (GAA, GBE1, GDE, GYG1, GYS1, LAMP2, RBCK1, PRKAG2, G6PT1); 29 congenital disorders of glycosylation (ALG3, ALG6, ALG9, ALG12, ATP6V1A, ATP6V1E1, B3GALTL, B3GAT3, COG1, COG7, DOLK, DPM3, FKRP, FKTN, GMPPB, MPDU1, NPL, PGM1, PIGA, PIGL, PIGN, PIGO, PIGT, PIGV, PMM2, POMT1, POMT2, SRD5A3, XYLT2); 15 carbohydrate-linked lysosomal storage diseases (CTSA, GBA1, GLA, GLB1, HEXB, IDUA, IDS, SGSH, NAGLU, HGSNAT, GNS, GALNS, ARSB, GUSB, ARSK). With this systematic review we aim to raise awareness about the cardiac presentations in carbohydrate-linked IMDs and draw attention to carbohydrate-linked pathogenic mechanisms that may underlie cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Conte
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Juda-El Sam
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Lefeber
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Pradeep P, Kang H, Lee B. Glycosylation and behavioral symptoms in neurological disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:154. [PMID: 37156804 PMCID: PMC10167254 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation, the addition of glycans or carbohydrates to proteins, lipids, or other glycans, is a complex post-translational modification that plays a crucial role in cellular function. It is estimated that at least half of all mammalian proteins undergo glycosylation, underscoring its importance in the functioning of cells. This is reflected in the fact that a significant portion of the human genome, around 2%, is devoted to encoding enzymes involved in glycosylation. Changes in glycosylation have been linked to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and schizophrenia. Despite its widespread occurrence, the role of glycosylation in the central nervous system remains largely unknown, particularly with regard to its impact on behavioral abnormalities in brain diseases. This review focuses on examining the role of three types of glycosylation: N-glycosylation, O-glycosylation, and O-GlcNAcylation, in the manifestation of behavioral and neurological symptoms in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajitha Pradeep
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Kang
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Boyoung Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, South Korea.
- IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.
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3
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Yoldas Celik M, Yazici H, Erdem F, Yuksel Yanbolu A, Aykut A, Durmaz A, Zeybek S, Canda E, Kalkan Ucar S, Coker M. Unique clinical presentations and follow-up outcomes from experience with congenital disorders of glycosylation: PMM2-PGM1-DPAGT1-MPI-POMT2-B3GALNT2-DPM1-SRD5A3-CDG. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023:jpem-2022-0641. [PMID: 37042760 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Congenital Glycosylation Disorders (CDG) are a large group of inherited metabolic diseases with multi-organ involvement. Herein, we aimed to expand the clinical characteristics of patients with CDG based on our experience with diagnoses and follow-up of CDG patients from different subtypes. METHODS The clinical and laboratory findings from the last 15 years were reviewed retrospectively in Ege University Child Metabolism and Nutrition Department. RESULTS There were 8 (57.2 %) females and 6 (42.8 %) males. Diagnoses of the patients were PMM2-CDG (n=4), PGM1-CDG (n=2), DPAGT1-CDG (n=2), SRD5A3-CDG (n=2), MPI-CDG (n=1), POMT2-CDG (n=1), B3GALNT2-CDG (n=1), DPM1-CDG (n=1). The clinical findings of the patients were dysmorphia (85.7 %), developmental delay (85.7 %), intellectual disability (85.7 %), ocular abnormalities (64.2 %), skeletal malformations (64.2 %), failure to thrive (57.1 %), microcephaly (57.1 %), hepatomegaly (35.7 %), hearing loss (35.7 %), seizures (28.5 %), gastrointestinal symptoms (21.4 %), endocrine abnormalities (21.4 %), and cardiac abnormalities (7.1 %). Laboratory findings were abnormal TIEF (92.8 %), abnormal liver enzymes (64.2 %), decreased protein C (64.2 %), decreased antithrombin III (64.2 %), decreased protein S (42.8 %), hypogammaglobulinemia (35.7 %), cerebellar hypoplasia (28.5 %), CK elevation (7.1 %), and hypoglycemia (7.1 %). CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the literature by sharing our ultra-rare DPM1-CDG case with less than 20 cases in the literature and expanding the clinical and molecular characteristics of other CDG patients. Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, short stature, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, pericardial effusion, elevated CK, congenital myasthenia, and anorectal malformation were unique findings that were observed. Cerebello-ocular findings accompanying multi-organ involvement were an essential clue for a possible CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Yoldas Celik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Havva Yazici
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Fehime Erdem
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Yuksel Yanbolu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayca Aykut
- Department of Genetics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Asude Durmaz
- Department of Genetics, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Selcan Zeybek
- Department of Genetics, Tinaztepe University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ebru Canda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Sema Kalkan Ucar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Mahmut Coker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Türkiye
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4
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Holla VV, Rangarajan A, Arunachal G, Muthusamy B, Kamble N, Yadav R, Pal PK, Netravathi M. Mirror Movements and Dystonia in SRD5A3-Related Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: Expanding the Phenotypic and Genotypic Spectrum. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:510-513. [PMID: 36949806 PMCID: PMC10026265 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vikram V. Holla
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Anush Rangarajan
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Gautham Arunachal
- Department of Human GeneticsNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Babylakshmi Muthusamy
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology ParkBangaloreIndia
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Nitish Kamble
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Manjunath Netravathi
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & NeurosciencesBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
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5
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Kale D, Kikul F, Phapale P, Beedgen L, Thiel C, Brügger B. Quantification of Dolichyl Phosphates Using Phosphate Methylation and Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3210-3217. [PMID: 36716239 PMCID: PMC9933046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dolichyl monophosphates (DolPs) are essential lipids in glycosylation pathways that are highly conserved across almost all domains of life. The availability of DolP is critical for all glycosylation processes, as these lipids serve as membrane-anchored building blocks used by various types of glycosyltransferases to generate complex post-translational modifications of proteins and lipids. The analysis of DolP species by reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (RPLC-MS) remains a challenge due to their very low abundance and wide range of lipophilicities. Until now, a method for the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative assessment of DolP species from biological membranes has been lacking. Here, we describe a novel approach based on simple sample preparation, rapid and efficient trimethylsilyl diazomethane-dependent phosphate methylation, and RPLC-MS analysis for quantification of DolP species with different isoprene chain lengths. We used this workflow to selectively quantify DolP species from lipid extracts derived of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, HeLa, and human skin fibroblasts from steroid 5-α-reductase 3- congenital disorders of glycosylation (SRD5A3-CDG) patients and healthy controls. Integration of this workflow with global lipidomics analyses will be a powerful tool to expand our understanding of the role of DolPs in pathophysiological alterations of metabolic pathways downstream of HMG-CoA reductase, associated with CDGs, hypercholesterolemia, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Kale
- Heidelberg
University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120Heidelberg, Germany,Leibniz-Institut
für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139Dortmund, Germany,
| | - Frauke Kikul
- Heidelberg
University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prasad Phapale
- Leibniz-Institut
für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., 44139Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Beedgen
- Centre
for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University
Hospital Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Thiel
- Centre
for Child and Adolescent Medicine, University
Hospital Heidelberg, 69120Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Britta Brügger
- Heidelberg
University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120Heidelberg, Germany,
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6
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Nabavizadeh SH, Noeiaghdam R, Johari L, Hosseini SA, Esmaeilzadeh H, Alyasin SS. A rare case of
SRD5A3‐CDG
in a patient with ataxia and telangiectasia: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6564. [PMID: 36439385 PMCID: PMC9684675 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid 5α‐reductase type 3 congenital disorder of glycosylation (SRD5A3‐CDG) is an extremely rare congenital disease. Common manifestations are developmental delay, intellectual disability, ophthalmological abnormalities, cerebellar abnormalities, ataxia, and hypotonia. Here, we discuss a seven‐year‐old boy with SRD5A3‐CDG (homozygous variant c.57G>A [p.Trp19Ter]), featuring the unprecedented finding of telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hesamedin Nabavizadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Rafat Noeiaghdam
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Leila Johari
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | | | - Hossein Esmaeilzadeh
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Soheila Sadat Alyasin
- Allergy Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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7
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Brasil S, Allocca M, Magrinho SCM, Santos I, Raposo M, Francisco R, Pascoal C, Martins T, Videira PA, Pereira F, Andreotti G, Jaeken J, Kantautas KA, Perlstein EO, Ferreira VDR. Systematic Review: Drug Repositioning for Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation (CDG). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158725. [PMID: 35955863 PMCID: PMC9369176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in research have boosted therapy development for congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a group of rare genetic disorders affecting protein and lipid glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor biosynthesis. The (re)use of known drugs for novel medical purposes, known as drug repositioning, is growing for both common and rare disorders. The latest innovation concerns the rational search for repositioned molecules which also benefits from artificial intelligence (AI). Compared to traditional methods, drug repositioning accelerates the overall drug discovery process while saving costs. This is particularly valuable for rare diseases. AI tools have proven their worth in diagnosis, in disease classification and characterization, and ultimately in therapy discovery in rare diseases. The availability of biomarkers and reliable disease models is critical for research and development of new drugs, especially for rare and heterogeneous diseases such as CDG. This work reviews the literature related to repositioned drugs for CDG, discovered by serendipity or through a systemic approach. Recent advances in biomarkers and disease models are also outlined as well as stakeholders’ views on AI for therapy discovery in CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Brasil
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Mariateresa Allocca
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Salvador C. M. Magrinho
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- LAQV-Requimte, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Inês Santos
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Sci and Volunteer Program from School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Madalena Raposo
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Sci and Volunteer Program from School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Francisco
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlota Pascoal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Martins
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Sci and Volunteer Program from School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Videira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Florbela Pereira
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- LAQV-Requimte, Chemistry Department, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Giuseppina Andreotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Vanessa dos Reis Ferreira
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CDG & Allies PPAIN—Professionals and Patient Associations International Network, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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