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Abstract
The microbiome represents a hidden world of tiny organisms populating not only our surroundings but also our own bodies. By enabling comprehensive profiling of these invisible creatures, modern genomic sequencing tools have given us an unprecedented ability to characterize these populations and uncover their outsize impact on our environment and health. Statistical analysis of microbiome data is critical to infer patterns from the observed abundances. The application and development of analytical methods in this area require careful consideration of the unique aspects of microbiome profiles. We begin this review with a brief overview of microbiome data collection and processing and describe the resulting data structure. We then provide an overview of statistical methods for key tasks in microbiome data analysis, including data visualization, comparison of microbial abundance across groups, regression modeling, and network inference. We conclude with a discussion and highlight interesting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Peterson
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Satabdi Saha
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kim-Anh Do
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Singh NP, Wu EY, Fan J, Love MI, Patro R. Tree-based differential testing using inferential uncertainty for RNA-Seq. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.25.573288. [PMID: 38234739 PMCID: PMC10793400 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.25.573288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Identifying differentially expressed transcripts poses a crucial yet challenging problem in transcriptomics. Substantial uncertainty is associated with the abundance estimates of certain transcripts which, if ignored, can lead to the exaggeration of false positives and, if included, may lead to reduced power. For a given set of RNA-Seq samples, TreeTerminus arranges transcripts in a hierarchical tree structure that encodes different layers of resolution for interpretation of the abundance of transcriptional groups, with uncertainty generally decreasing as one ascends the tree from the leaves. We introduce trenDi, which utilizes the tree structure from TreeTerminus for differential testing. The candidate nodes are determined in a data-driven manner to maximize the signal that can be extracted from the data while controlling for the uncertainty associated with estimating the transcript abundances. The identified candidate nodes can include transcripts and inner nodes, with no two nodes having an ancestor/descendant relationship. We evaluated our method on both simulated and experimental datasets, comparing its performance with other tree-based differential methods as well as with uncertainty-aware differential transcript/gene expression methods. Our method detects inner nodes that show a strong signal for differential expression, which would have been overlooked when analyzing the transcripts alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Pratap Singh
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Euphy Y. Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
| | - Jason Fan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Michael I. Love
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
| | - Rob Patro
- Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park
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3
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Heumos L, Schaar AC, Lance C, Litinetskaya A, Drost F, Zappia L, Lücken MD, Strobl DC, Henao J, Curion F, Schiller HB, Theis FJ. Best practices for single-cell analysis across modalities. Nat Rev Genet 2023; 24:550-572. [PMID: 37002403 PMCID: PMC10066026 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00586-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell technologies have enabled high-throughput molecular profiling of cells across modalities and locations. Single-cell transcriptomics data can now be complemented by chromatin accessibility, surface protein expression, adaptive immune receptor repertoire profiling and spatial information. The increasing availability of single-cell data across modalities has motivated the development of novel computational methods to help analysts derive biological insights. As the field grows, it becomes increasingly difficult to navigate the vast landscape of tools and analysis steps. Here, we summarize independent benchmarking studies of unimodal and multimodal single-cell analysis across modalities to suggest comprehensive best-practice workflows for the most common analysis steps. Where independent benchmarks are not available, we review and contrast popular methods. Our article serves as an entry point for novices in the field of single-cell (multi-)omic analysis and guides advanced users to the most recent best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Heumos
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna C Schaar
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Machine Learning, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Christopher Lance
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anastasia Litinetskaya
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Drost
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Luke Zappia
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Malte D Lücken
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel C Strobl
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Henao
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabiola Curion
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Department of Computational Health, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany.
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Center for Machine Learning, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany.
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Mishra AK, Müller CL. Negative binomial factor regression with application to microbiome data analysis. Stat Med 2022; 41:2786-2803. [PMID: 35466418 PMCID: PMC9325477 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human microbiome provides essential physiological functions and helps maintain host homeostasis via the formation of intricate ecological host‐microbiome relationships. While it is well established that the lifestyle of the host, dietary preferences, demographic background, and health status can influence microbial community composition and dynamics, robust generalizable associations between specific host‐associated factors and specific microbial taxa have remained largely elusive. Here, we propose factor regression models that allow the estimation of structured parsimonious associations between host‐related features and amplicon‐derived microbial taxa. To account for the overdispersed nature of the amplicon sequencing count data, we propose negative binomial reduced rank regression (NB‐RRR) and negative binomial co‐sparse factor regression (NB‐FAR). While NB‐RRR encodes the underlying dependency among the microbial abundances as outcomes and the host‐associated features as predictors through a rank‐constrained coefficient matrix, NB‐FAR uses a sparse singular value decomposition of the coefficient matrix. The latter approach avoids the notoriously difficult joint parameter estimation by extracting sparse unit‐rank components of the coefficient matrix sequentially, effectively delivering interpretable bi‐clusters of taxa and host‐associated factors. To solve the nonconvex optimization problems associated with these factor regression models, we present a novel iterative block‐wise majorization procedure. Extensive simulation studies and an application to the microbial abundance data from the American Gut Project (AGP) demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed procedure. In the AGP data, we identify several factors that strongly link dietary habits and host life style to specific microbial families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Mishra
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute Simons Foundation New York New York USA
| | - Christian L. Müller
- Center for Computational Mathematics, Flatiron Institute Simons Foundation New York New York USA
- Department of Statistics LMU München Munich Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology Helmholtz Zentrum München Munich Germany
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