1
|
Coppola F, Jafari R, McReynolds KD, Král P. Sulfoglycodendron Antivirals with Scalable Architectures and Activities. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.01.606251. [PMID: 39131386 PMCID: PMC11312539 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.01.606251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Many viruses initiate their cell-entry by binding their multi-protein receptors to human heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) and other molecular components present on cellular membranes. These viral interactions could be blocked and the whole viruses could be eliminated by suitable HSPG-mimetics providing multivalent binding to viral protein receptors. Here, large sulfoglycodendron HSPG-mimetics of different topologies, structures, and sizes were designed to this purpose. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to examine the ability of these broad-spectrum antivirals to block multi-protein HSPG-receptors in HIV, SARS-CoV-2, HPV, and dengue viruses. To characterize the inhibitory potential of these mimetics, their binding to individual and multiple protein receptors was examined. In particular, vectorial distributions of binding energies between the mimetics and viral protein receptors were introduced and calculated along the simulated trajectories. Space-dependent residual analysis of the mimetic-receptor binding was also performed. This analysis revealed detail nature of binding between these antivirals and viral protein receptors, and provided evidence that large inhibitors with multivalent binding might act like a molecular glue initiating the self-assembly of protein receptors in enveloped viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Coppola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Roya Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Katherine D. McReynolds
- Departments of Chemistry, California State University Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819–6057, USA
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
- Departments of Physics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Swanson L, DeGuara S, Wang W, Yin F, Saini T, Weiss RJ, Selleck SB. Altering heparan sulfate suppresses cell abnormalities and neuron loss in Drosophila presenilin model of Alzheimer Disease. iScience 2024; 27:110256. [PMID: 39109174 PMCID: PMC11302002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We examined the function of heparan-sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in pathways affecting Alzheimer disease (AD)-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. Mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin-dependent cell loss were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn, together with partial loss-of-function of sulfateless (sfl), a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in human cell lines, Drosophila, and mouse astrocytes. RNA interference (RNAi) of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3, and APOE4. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced apoptosis and cell loss in the brain, phenotypes suppressed by reductions in sfl expression. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposomes, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by reduction of sfl. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Schultheis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alyssa Connell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander Kapral
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Robert J. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Richard Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shalini Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mackenzie O'Donnell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Matthew Roseman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lindsey Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sophia DeGuara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Weihua Wang
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Center for Innovation in Brain Science and Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Tripti Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ryan J. Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Scott B. Selleck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mongiat M, Pascal G, Poletto E, Williams DM, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycans of basement membranes: Crucial controllers of angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and autophagy. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2024; 2:e22. [PMID: 39184370 PMCID: PMC11340296 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic therapy is an established method for the treatment of several cancers and vascular-related diseases. Most of the agents employed target the vascular endothelial growth factor A, the major cytokine stimulating angiogenesis. However, the efficacy of these treatments is limited by the onset of drug resistance. Therefore, it is of fundamental importance to better understand the mechanisms that regulate angiogenesis and the microenvironmental cues that play significant role and influence patient treatment and outcome. In this context, here we review the importance of the three basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), namely perlecan, agrin and collagen XVIII. These HSPGs are abundantly expressed in the vasculature and, due to their complex molecular architecture, they interact with multiple endothelial cell receptors, deeply affecting their function. Under normal conditions, these proteoglycans exert pro-angiogenic functions. However, in pathological conditions such as cancer and inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling leads to the degradation of these large precursor molecules and the liberation of bioactive processed fragments displaying potent angiostatic activity. These unexpected functions have been demonstrated for the C-terminal fragments of perlecan and collagen XVIII, endorepellin and endostatin. These bioactive fragments can also induce autophagy in vascular endothelial cells which contributes to angiostasis. Overall, basement membrane proteoglycans deeply affect angiogenesis counterbalancing pro-angiogenic signals during tumor progression, and represent possible means to develop new prognostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Mongiat
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Gabriel Pascal
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Evelina Poletto
- Department of Research and Diagnosis, Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Davion M. Williams
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schultheis N, Connell A, Kapral A, Becker RJ, Mueller R, Shah S, O'Donnell M, Roseman M, Wang W, Yin F, Weiss R, Selleck SB. Heparan sulfate modified proteins affect cellular processes central to neurodegeneration and modulate presenilin function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.23.576895. [PMID: 38328107 PMCID: PMC10849577 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.23.576895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PSEN1) are the most common cause of familial, early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), typically producing cognitive deficits in the fourth decade. A variant of APOE, APOE3 Christchurch (APOE3ch) , was found associated with protection from both cognitive decline and Tau accumulation in a 70-year-old bearing the disease-causing PSEN1-E280A mutation. The amino acid change in ApoE3ch is within the heparan sulfate (HS) binding domain of APOE, and purified APOEch showed dramatically reduced affinity for heparin, a highly sulfated form of HS. The physiological significance of ApoE3ch is supported by studies of a mouse bearing a knock-in of this human variant and its effects on microglia reactivity and Aβ-induced Tau deposition. The studies reported here examine the function of heparan sulfate-modified proteoglycans (HSPGs) in cellular and molecular pathways affecting AD-related cell pathology in human cell lines and mouse astrocytes. The mechanisms of HSPG influences on presenilin- dependent cell loss and pathology were evaluated in Drosophila using knockdown of the presenilin homolog, Psn , together with partial loss of function of sulfateless (sfl) , a homolog of NDST1 , a gene specifically affecting HS sulfation. HSPG modulation of autophagy, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism were shown to be conserved in cultured human cell lines, Drosophila , and mouse astrocytes. RNAi of Ndst1 reduced intracellular lipid levels in wild-type mouse astrocytes or those expressing humanized variants of APOE, APOE3 , and APOE4 . RNA-sequence analysis of human cells deficient in HS synthesis demonstrated effects on the transcriptome governing lipid metabolism, autophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and showed significant enrichment in AD susceptibility genes identified by GWAS. Neuron-directed knockdown of Psn in Drosophila produced cell loss in the brain and behavioral phenotypes, both suppressed by simultaneous reductions in sfl mRNA levels. Abnormalities in mitochondria, liposome morphology, and autophagosome-derived structures in animals with Psn knockdown were also rescued by simultaneous reduction of sfl. sfl knockdown reversed Psn- dependent transcript changes in genes affecting lipid transport, metabolism, and monocarboxylate carriers. These findings support the direct involvement of HSPGs in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Farrugia BL, Melrose J. The Glycosaminoglycan Side Chains and Modular Core Proteins of Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans and the Varied Ways They Provide Tissue Protection by Regulating Physiological Processes and Cellular Behaviour. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14101. [PMID: 37762403 PMCID: PMC10531531 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the roles of HS-proteoglycans (HS-PGs) in general, and, in particular, perlecan and syndecan as representative examples and their interactive ligands, which regulate physiological processes and cellular behavior in health and disease. HS-PGs are essential for the functional properties of tissues both in development and in the extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling that occurs in response to trauma or disease. HS-PGs interact with a biodiverse range of chemokines, chemokine receptors, protease inhibitors, and growth factors in immune regulation, inflammation, ECM stabilization, and tissue protection. Some cell regulatory proteoglycan receptors are dually modified hybrid HS/CS proteoglycans (betaglycan, CD47). Neurexins provide synaptic stabilization, plasticity, and specificity of interaction, promoting neurotransduction, neurogenesis, and differentiation. Ternary complexes of glypican-1 and Robbo-Slit neuroregulatory proteins direct axonogenesis and neural network formation. Specific neurexin-neuroligin complexes stabilize synaptic interactions and neural activity. Disruption in these interactions leads to neurological deficits in disorders of functional cognitive decline. Interactions with HS-PGs also promote or inhibit tumor development. Thus, HS-PGs have complex and diverse regulatory roles in the physiological processes that regulate cellular behavior and the functional properties of normal and pathological tissues. Specialized HS-PGs, such as the neurexins, pikachurin, and Eyes-shut, provide synaptic stabilization and specificity of neural transduction and also stabilize the axenome primary cilium of phototoreceptors and ribbon synapse interactions with bipolar neurons of retinal neural networks, which are essential in ocular vision. Pikachurin and Eyes-Shut interactions with an α-dystroglycan stabilize the photoreceptor synapse. Novel regulatory roles for HS-PGs controlling cell behavior and tissue function are expected to continue to be uncovered in this fascinating class of proteoglycan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School (Northern), University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|