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Pathak AK, Kural S, Singh S, Kumar L, Yadav M, Gupta M, Das P, Jain G. Development of a robust and generalizable algorithm "gQuant" for accurate normalizer gene selection in qRT-PCR analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18774. [PMID: 39138232 PMCID: PMC11322313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergent role of nucleic acid-based biomarkers-microRNAs(miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs), and messenger RNAs(mRNAs), is becoming increasingly prominent in disease diagnostics and risk assessment. qRT-PCR is the primary analytical method for quantitative measurement of biomarkers. Yet, the relative infancy of non-coding RNAs recognition as biomarkers poses a challenge due to the absence of a consensus on a universally accepted normalizer gene, an absolute requirement for accurate quantification. Current tools normalizer selection are fraught with statistical limitations and suboptimal graphical user interface for data visualisation. These deficiencies underscore the necessity for a balanced tool tailored to handle qRT-PCR datasets. Addressing the identified challenges, we have developed 'gQuant' tool crafted to address these limitations. We employed voting classifiers that combine predictions from multiple statistical methods. Tool's efficacy was validated through different available and in house data derived from urinary exosomal miRNAs datasets. Comparative analysis with existing tools revealed that their integrated methodologies could skew the ranking of normalizer genes, whereas 'gQuant' consistently yielded rankings characterised by lower standard-deviation, reduced covariance, and enhanced kernel density estimation values. Given 'gQuant's' promising performance, normalizer gene identification will be greatly improved, improving precision of gene expression quantification in a variety of research scenarios. The gQuant tool developed for this study is available for public use and can be accessed at [ https://github.com/ABHAYHBB/gQuant-Tool ]."
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Kumar Pathak
- DST-CIMS, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Sukhad Kural
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Urology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mahima Yadav
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Manjari Gupta
- DST-CIMS, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Parimal Das
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Garima Jain
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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2
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Payandeh Z, Tangruksa B, Synnergren J, Heydarkhan-Hagvall S, Nordin JZ, Andaloussi SE, Borén J, Wiseman J, Bohlooly-Y M, Lindfors L, Valadi H. Extracellular vesicles transport RNA between cells: Unraveling their dual role in diagnostics and therapeutics. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 99:101302. [PMID: 39094449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Modern methods of molecular diagnostics and therapy have revolutionized the field of medicine in recent years by providing more precise and effective tools for detecting and treating diseases. This progress includes a growing exploration of the body's secreted vesicles, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. EVs are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer vesicles secreted by almost every cell type studied so far. They are detected in body fluids and conditioned culture media from living cells. EVs play a crucial role in communication between cells and organs, both locally and over long distances. They are recognized for their ability to transport endogenous RNA and proteins between cells, including messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), misfolded neurodegenerative proteins, and several other biomolecules. This review explores the dual utilization of EVs, serving not only for diagnostic purposes but also as a platform for delivering therapeutic molecules to cells and tissues. Through an exploration of their composition, biogenesis, and selective cargo packaging, we elucidate the intricate mechanisms behind RNA transport between cells via EVs, highlighting their potential use for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Finally, it addresses challenges and outlines prospective directions for the clinical utilization of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Payandeh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41346, Sweden
| | - Benyapa Tangruksa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41346, Sweden; Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Heydarkhan-Hagvall
- Systems Biology Research Center, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, 541 28, Skövde, Sweden; Global Patient Safety - Biopharma, AstraZeneca, 431 83, Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joel Z Nordin
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Wiseman
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Bohlooly-Y
- Centre for Genomics Research, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lennart Lindfors
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, 41346, Sweden.
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Wong CHM, Ko ICH, Ng CF. Liquid biomarkers in prostate cancer: recent advancements and future directions. Curr Opin Urol 2024:00042307-990000000-00158. [PMID: 38712633 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traditional diagnostic approaches of prostate cancer like PSA are limited by high false-positive rates and insufficient capture of tumour heterogeneity, necessitating the development of more precise tools. This review examines the latest advancements in liquid biomarkers for prostate cancer, focusing on their potential to refine diagnostic accuracy and monitor disease progression. RECENT FINDINGS Liquid biomarkers have gained prominence because of their minimally invasive nature and ability to reflect the molecular characteristics of prostate cancer. Circulating tumour cells provide insight into tumour cell dissemination and are indicative of aggressive disease phenotypes, with single-cell analyses revealing genomic instability and treatment resistance. Circulating tumour DNA offers real-time tumour genomic information, aiding in treatment decision-making in advanced prostate cancer, where it has been associated with clinical progression. MicroRNAs act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors and exhibit diagnostic and prognostic potential; however, their clinical utility is constrained by the lack of consistent validation. Extracellular vesicles contain tumour-derived biomolecules, with specific proteins demonstrating prognostic relevance. Applications of these markers to urinary testing have been demonstrated. SUMMARY Liquid biomarkers show potential in refining prostate cancer management. Future research should aim to integrate these biomarkers into a cohesive framework in line with precision medicine principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ho-Ming Wong
- SH Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Yamamoto K, Miyano K, Fujita M, Kurata W, Ohta H, Matsumoto K, Chiba M. Changes in cognitive ability and serum microRNA levels during aging in mice. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:120. [PMID: 38361521 PMCID: PMC10867737 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early stage that can result in dementia. MCI can be reversed, and diagnosis at an early stage is crucial to control the progression to dementia. Dementia is currently diagnosed based on interviews and screening tests; however, novel biomarkers must be identified to allow early MCI detection. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify novel biomarkers in the form of blood microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) for the diagnosis of MCI or early dementia. Blood samples were collected from C57BL/6NJcl male mice at four time points, including 4-week-old (4W), 8-week-old (8W), 36-week-old (36W) and 58-week-old (58W), and serum was isolated. Body weight and blood total cholesterol levels were increased, and blood alkaline phosphatase was decreased with aging. The 8W mice exhibited the highest cognitive ability in the Morris water maze test, whereas the 58W mice demonstrated decreased cognitive ability. The serum RNA concentrations of the 4W, 8W, 36W and 58W mice demonstrated no significant differences. Furthermore, small RNA levels were detected in the serum of all mice. miRNA microarray analysis revealed a >1.5-fold increase in the serum expression of two miRNAs (miR-21a-5p and miR-92a-3p) and a >1.5-fold decrease in the serum expression of two other miRNAs (miR-6769b-5p and miR-709) in 58W mice compared with those in 8W mice. In the future, we aim to further analyze aged mice to discover novel MCI biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyano
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Minami Fujita
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Wakana Kurata
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hiroya Ohta
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Kana Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Chiba
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
- Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
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Ding T, Diao Y, Zeng X, Zhou L, Wu G, Liu J, Hao X. Influential factors on urine EV DNA methylation detection and its diagnostic potential in prostate cancer. Front Genet 2024; 15:1338468. [PMID: 38440192 PMCID: PMC10909848 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1338468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The value of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) diagnostic markers is widely recognized. However, current research on EV DNA remains limited. This study investigates the biological properties, preprocessing factors, and diagnostic potential of EV DNA. We found that DNA positive vesicles account for 23.3% ± 6.7% of the urine total EV, with a large amount of DNA attached to the outside. EV DNA fragments are large, there is no significant effect on uEV DNA when store urine less than 6 h at 4°C. In addition, the influence of different EV extraction methods on methylation detection is also minor. More importantly, RASSF1A methylation in urine total EV DNA can distinguish between PCa and BPH, with an AUC of 0.874. Our results suggest the potential of urine EV DNA as a novel marker for PCa diagnosis. This provides a new idea for the study of urinary tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ding
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanjun Diao
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Xianfei Zeng
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Shanxi Lifegen Co., Ltd., Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Guojun Wu
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Urology, Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Jiayun Liu
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoke Hao
- Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Al-Jipouri A, Eritja À, Bozic M. Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:485. [PMID: 38203656 PMCID: PMC10779093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released from various cell types that have emerged as powerful new therapeutic option for a variety of diseases. EVs are involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells and in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, highlighting them as potential novel targets/platforms for therapeutics intervention and/or delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new aspects of EVs' biogenesis, biodistribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as safety/compatibility of both unmodified and engineered EVs upon administration in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of essential physiological and pathological roles of EVs in different organs and organ systems. We provide an overview regarding application of EVs as therapeutic targets, therapeutics, and drug delivery platforms. We also explore various approaches implemented over the years to improve the dosage of specific EV products for different administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Àuria Eritja
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
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Fredsøe J, Glud E, Boesen L, Løgager V, Poulsen MH, Pedersen BG, Borre M, Sørensen KD. Danish Prostate Cancer Consortium Study 1 (DPCC-1) protocol: Multicentre prospective validation of the urine-based three-microRNA biomarker model uCaP. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e077020. [PMID: 37940151 PMCID: PMC10632827 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary objective of the Danish Prostate Cancer Consortium Study 1 (DPCC-1) is to provide validation for a novel urine-based microRNA biomarker, called uCaP, for a diagnosis of prostate cancer. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Eligible participants are biopsy naïve men aged ≥18 years with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels ≥3 ng/mL, who are referred to prostate MRI due to suspicion of PC at one of the following three major urology/uroradiology centers: Aarhus University Hospital, Herlev & Gentofte University Hospital, or Odense University Hospital, where MRI and targeted biopsy are implemented in clinical use. Exclusion criteria include previous diagnosis of urogenital cancer, contraindication to MRI, gender reassignment treatment or PSA level >20 ng/mL. The participants will be asked to donate a urine sample in connection with their MRI. The study is observational, uses a diagnostic accuracy testing setup and will integrate into the current diagnostic pathway.We will measure the levels of the three microRNAs in the uCaP model (miR-222-3 p, miR-24-3 p and miR-30c-5p) in extracellular vesicle-enriched cell-free urine samples, to assess if uCaP can improve specificity and retain sensitivity for International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group ≥2 PC, when used as a reflex test to PSA ≥3 ng/mL. We hypothesise that uCaP can improve selection for prostate MRI and reduce the number of unnecessary scans and biopsies. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study is approved by the Central Denmark Region Committee on Health Research Ethics (reference number: 1-10-72-85-22). All participants will provide written informed consent. Study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented in scientific meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05767307 at clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fredsøe
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eske Glud
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Boesen
- Department of Urological Research, Herlev & Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Løgager
- Department of Radiology, Herlev & Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mads Hvid Poulsen
- Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Borre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Dalsgaard Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Azani A, Omran SP, Ghasrsaz H, Idani A, Eliaderani MK, Peirovi N, Dokhani N, Lotfalizadeh MH, Rezaei MM, Ghahfarokhi MS, KarkonShayan S, Hanjani PN, Kardaan Z, Navashenagh JG, Yousefi M, Abdolahi M, Salmaninejad A. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, targeting and prognosis of prostate cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154618. [PMID: 37331185 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Globally, prostate cancer (PC) is leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. Despite significant advances in the treatment and management of this disease, the cure rates for PC remains low, largely due to late detection. PC detection is mostly reliant on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE); however, due to the low positive predictive value of current diagnostics, there is an urgent need to identify new accurate biomarkers. Recent studies support the biological role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the initiation and progression of PC, as well as their potential as novel biomarkers for patients' diagnosis, prognosis, and disease relapse. In the advanced stages, cancer-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) may constitute a significant part of circulating vesicles and cause detectable changes in the plasma vesicular miRNA profile. Recent computational model for the identification of miRNA biomarkers discussed. In addition, accumulating evidence indicates that miRNAs can be utilized to target PC cells. In this article, the current understanding of the role of microRNAs and exosomes in the pathogenesis and their significance in PC prognosis, early diagnosis, chemoresistance, and treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Azani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Parvizi Omran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Ghasrsaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Asra Idani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niloufar Peirovi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Dokhani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Sepideh KarkonShayan
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Parisa Najari Hanjani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Zahra Kardaan
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Yousefi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mitra Abdolahi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-Disciplinary Center, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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Suciu I, Pamies D, Peruzzo R, Wirtz PH, Smirnova L, Pallocca G, Hauck C, Cronin MTD, Hengstler JG, Brunner T, Hartung T, Amelio I, Leist M. G × E interactions as a basis for toxicological uncertainty. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2035-2049. [PMID: 37258688 PMCID: PMC10256652 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To transfer toxicological findings from model systems, e.g. animals, to humans, standardized safety factors are applied to account for intra-species and inter-species variabilities. An alternative approach would be to measure and model the actual compound-specific uncertainties. This biological concept assumes that all observed toxicities depend not only on the exposure situation (environment = E), but also on the genetic (G) background of the model (G × E). As a quantitative discipline, toxicology needs to move beyond merely qualitative G × E concepts. Research programs are required that determine the major biological variabilities affecting toxicity and categorize their relative weights and contributions. In a complementary approach, detailed case studies need to explore the role of genetic backgrounds in the adverse effects of defined chemicals. In addition, current understanding of the selection and propagation of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) in different biological environments is very limited. To improve understanding, a particular focus is required on modulatory and counter-regulatory steps. For quantitative approaches to address uncertainties, the concept of "genetic" influence needs a more precise definition. What is usually meant by this term in the context of G × E are the protein functions encoded by the genes. Besides the gene sequence, the regulation of the gene expression and function should also be accounted for. The widened concept of past and present "gene expression" influences is summarized here as Ge. Also, the concept of "environment" needs some re-consideration in situations where exposure timing (Et) is pivotal: prolonged or repeated exposure to the insult (chemical, physical, life style) affects Ge. This implies that it changes the model system. The interaction of Ge with Et might be denoted as Ge × Et. We provide here general explanations and specific examples for this concept and show how it could be applied in the context of New Approach Methodologies (NAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - David Pamies
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Christof Hauck
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division for Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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10
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Aseervatham J. Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050710. [PMID: 37237523 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from endosomes and are released by all cells irrespective of their origin or type. They play an important role in cell communication and can act in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. They are 40-150 nm in diameter and have a similar composition to the cell of origin. An exosome released by a particular cell is unique since it carries information about the state of the cell in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs carried by cancer-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role by taking part in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune evasion. Depending on the type of miRNA that it carries as its cargo, it can render cells chemo- or radiosensitive or resistant and can also act as a tumor suppressor. Since the composition of exosomes is affected by the cellular state, stress, and changes in the environment, they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers makes them an excellent choice as vehicles for drug delivery. Because of their easy availability and stability, they can be used to replace cancer biopsies, which are invasive and expensive. Exosomes can also be used to follow the progression of diseases and monitor treatment strategies. A better understanding of the roles and functions of exosomal miRNA can be used to develop noninvasive, innovative, and novel treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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