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Ückert AK, Rütschlin S, Gutbier S, Wörz NC, Miah MR, Martins AC, Hauer I, Holzer AK, Meyburg B, Mix AK, Hauck C, Aschner M, Böttcher T, Leist M. Identification of the bacterial metabolite aerugine as potential trigger of human dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Environ Int 2023; 180:108229. [PMID: 37797477 PMCID: PMC10666548 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The causes of nigrostriatal cell death in idiopathic Parkinson's disease are unknown, but exposure to toxic chemicals may play some role. We followed up here on suggestions that bacterial secondary metabolites might be selectively cytotoxic to dopaminergic neurons. Extracts from Streptomyces venezuelae were found to kill human dopaminergic neurons (LUHMES cells). Utilizing this model system as a bioassay, we identified a bacterial metabolite known as aerugine (C10H11NO2S; 2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]phenol) and confirmed this finding by chemical re-synthesis. This 2-hydroxyphenyl-thiazoline compound was previously shown to be a product of a wide-spread biosynthetic cluster also found in the human microbiome and in several pathogens. Aerugine triggered half-maximal dopaminergic neurotoxicity at 3-4 µM. It was less toxic for other neurons (10-20 µM), and non-toxic (at <100 µM) for common human cell lines. Neurotoxicity was completely prevented by several iron chelators, by distinct anti-oxidants and by a caspase inhibitor. In the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism, general survival was not affected by aerugine concentrations up to 100 µM. When transgenic worms, expressing green fluorescent protein only in their dopamine neurons, were exposed to aerugine, specific neurodegeneration was observed. The toxicant also exerted functional dopaminergic toxicity in nematodes as determined by the "basal slowing response" assay. Thus, our research has unveiled a bacterial metabolite with a remarkably selective toxicity toward human dopaminergic neurons in vitro and for the dopaminergic nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. These findings suggest that microbe-derived environmental chemicals should be further investigated for their role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Katharina Ückert
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Sina Rütschlin
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nathalie Christine Wörz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria; Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahfuzur R Miah
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Airton C Martins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Isa Hauer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Holzer
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Birthe Meyburg
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mix
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Christof Hauck
- Lehrstuhl Zellbiologie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, Postablage 621, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10641 Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Böttcher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry & Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Dept inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden foundation, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Suciu I, Pamies D, Peruzzo R, Wirtz PH, Smirnova L, Pallocca G, Hauck C, Cronin MTD, Hengstler JG, Brunner T, Hartung T, Amelio I, Leist M. G × E interactions as a basis for toxicological uncertainty. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2035-2049. [PMID: 37258688 PMCID: PMC10256652 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To transfer toxicological findings from model systems, e.g. animals, to humans, standardized safety factors are applied to account for intra-species and inter-species variabilities. An alternative approach would be to measure and model the actual compound-specific uncertainties. This biological concept assumes that all observed toxicities depend not only on the exposure situation (environment = E), but also on the genetic (G) background of the model (G × E). As a quantitative discipline, toxicology needs to move beyond merely qualitative G × E concepts. Research programs are required that determine the major biological variabilities affecting toxicity and categorize their relative weights and contributions. In a complementary approach, detailed case studies need to explore the role of genetic backgrounds in the adverse effects of defined chemicals. In addition, current understanding of the selection and propagation of adverse outcome pathways (AOP) in different biological environments is very limited. To improve understanding, a particular focus is required on modulatory and counter-regulatory steps. For quantitative approaches to address uncertainties, the concept of "genetic" influence needs a more precise definition. What is usually meant by this term in the context of G × E are the protein functions encoded by the genes. Besides the gene sequence, the regulation of the gene expression and function should also be accounted for. The widened concept of past and present "gene expression" influences is summarized here as Ge. Also, the concept of "environment" needs some re-consideration in situations where exposure timing (Et) is pivotal: prolonged or repeated exposure to the insult (chemical, physical, life style) affects Ge. This implies that it changes the model system. The interaction of Ge with Et might be denoted as Ge × Et. We provide here general explanations and specific examples for this concept and show how it could be applied in the context of New Approach Methodologies (NAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Suciu
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - David Pamies
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Petra H Wirtz
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
- Biological Work and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Christof Hauck
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Ivano Amelio
- Division for Systems Toxicology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Universitaetsstr. 10, 78457, Constance, Germany.
- CAAT Europe, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany.
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Hauck C, Schober AD, Schober AL, Fredersdorf-Hahn S, Hubauer U, Keyser A, Maier LS, Jungbauer CG, Uecer E. Secondary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy in octogenarians: effective and safe. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is well established for secondary prevention, but there is a lack of studies showing efficacy and safety in the elderly. The current study compared the outcome of octogenarians after ICD implantation to other age groups.
Methods
Data was achieved from a local ICD registry. Patients who received ICD implantation for secondary prevention were included. All-cause mortality, appropriate ICD therapy and acute adverse events requiring surgical intervention were compared between different age groups.
Results
519 patients were enrolled. 34 patients were ≥80 years. Over a median follow-up of 35 months after ICD implantation 129 patients (annual mortality rate 5.0%) died, including 16 patients in the age group ≥80 years (annual mortality rate 9.4%). Mortality rate in the age group ≥80 years was significantly higher than in the age groups ≤69 years (p<0.001) but no difference could be seen compared to age groups 70–79 y. Age at the time of ICD implantation was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (p<0.001). 29.7% of patients had appropriate ICD therapy with no difference between age groups. Acute adverse events leading to surgical intervention were low (n=13) and not age-related.
Conclusion
Age is an independent predictor of mortality after ICD implantation for secondary prevention. No difference in mortality rate could be seen between octogenarians and other elderly from 70 – 79 years. Appropriate ICD therapy and acute adverse events leading to surgical intervention were not age-related. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for secondary prevention seems to be an effective and safe therapy in octogenarians.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hauck
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A D Schober
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A L Schober
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - U Hubauer
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Keyser
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - L S Maier
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - E Uecer
- University hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Haack J, Hauck C, Klingenberg C, Pirner M, Warnecke S. A Consistent BGK Model with Velocity-Dependent Collision Frequency for Gas Mixtures. J Stat Phys 2021; 184:31. [PMID: 34720185 PMCID: PMC8549943 DOI: 10.1007/s10955-021-02821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We derive a multi-species BGK model with velocity-dependent collision frequency for a non-reactive, multi-component gas mixture. The model is derived by minimizing a weighted entropy under the constraint that the number of particles of each species, total momentum, and total energy are conserved. We prove that this minimization problem admits a unique solution for very general collision frequencies. Moreover, we prove that the model satisfies an H-Theorem and characterize the form of equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Haack
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - C. Hauck
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Bldg. 5700, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6164 USA
| | - C. Klingenberg
- Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 40, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Pirner
- Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 40, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S. Warnecke
- Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 40, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Grabinger T, Bode KJ, Demgenski J, Seitz C, Delgado ME, Kostadinova F, Reinhold C, Etemadi N, Wilhelm S, Schweinlin M, Hänggi K, Knop J, Hauck C, Walles H, Silke J, Wajant H, Nachbur U, W Wei-Lynn W, Brunner T. Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein-1 Regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-Mediated Destruction of Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:867-879. [PMID: 27889570 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that promotes inflammation and contributes to pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Unlike other cells and tissues, intestinal epithelial cells undergo rapid cell death upon exposure to TNF, by unclear mechanisms. We investigated the roles of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) in the regulation of TNF-induced cell death in the intestinal epithelium of mice and intestinal organoids. METHODS RNA from cell lines and tissues was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, protein levels were analyzed by immunoblot assays. BIRC2 (also called cIAP1) was expressed upon induction from lentiviral vectors in young adult mouse colon (YAMC) cells. YAMC cells, the mouse colon carcinoma cell line MC38, the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7, or mouse and human organoids were incubated with second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac)-mimetic compound LCL161 or recombinant TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TNFSF12) along with TNF, and cell death was quantified. C57BL/6 mice with disruption of Xiap, Birc2 (encodes cIAP1), Birc3 (encodes cIAP2), Tnfrsf1a, or Tnfrsf1b (Tnfrsf1a and b encode TNF receptors) were injected with TNF or saline (control); liver and intestinal tissues were collected and analyzed for apoptosis induction by cleaved caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. We also measured levels of TNF and alanine aminotransferase in serum from mice. RESULTS YAMC cells, and mouse and human intestinal organoids, died rapidly in response to TNF. YAMC and intestinal crypts expressed lower levels of XIAP, cIAP1, cIAP2, and cFLIP than liver tissue. Smac-mimetics reduced levels of cIAP1 and XIAP in MC38 and YAMC cells, and Smac-mimetics and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis increased TNF-induced cell death in YAMC cells and organoids-most likely by sequestering and degrading cIAP1. Injection of TNF greatly increased levels of cell death in intestinal tissue of cIAP1-null mice, compared with wild-type C57BL/6 mice, cIAP2-null mice, or XIAP-null mice. Excessive TNF-induced cell death in the intestinal epithelium was mediated TNF receptor 1. CONCLUSIONS In a study of mouse and human cell lines, organoids, and tissues, we found cIAP1 to be required for regulation of TNF-induced intestinal epithelial cell death and survival. These findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of TNF-mediated enteropathies and chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grabinger
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Konstantin J Bode
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Janine Demgenski
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Carina Seitz
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Delgado
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Feodora Kostadinova
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Cindy Reinhold
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nima Etemadi
- Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabine Wilhelm
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schweinlin
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kay Hänggi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janin Knop
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christof Hauck
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Translational Center Würzburg, Würzburg branch of the Fraunhofer IGB, Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Silke
- Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- Cell Signaling and Cell Death Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wong W Wei-Lynn
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany.
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Rammelt T, Hauck C, Böhm J, Deutschmann O, Gläser R. Nitric Oxide Reduction of Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Gas by NH 3-SCR Upstream of the Turbocharger (Pre-Turbo SCR). CHEM-ING-TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201450055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gamarra F, Hauck C, Markmann S, Braunschweig F, Huber RM. Mukoziliäre Funktion des nasalen Epithels von Patienten mit Samter-Trias vor und nach adaptiven Desaktivierung mit Aspirin: in-vitro Messungen. Pneumologie 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1272323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Scholz S, Behn I, Honeck H, Hauck C, Braunbeck T, Segner H. Development of a monoclonal antibody for ELISA of CYP1A in primary cultures of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss hepatocytes. Biomarkers 2008; 2:287-94. [DOI: 10.1080/135475097231517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Hilbich C, Hauck C, Hoelzle M, Scherler M, Schudel L, Völksch I, Vonder Mühll D, Mäusbacher R. Monitoring mountain permafrost evolution using electrical resistivity tomography: A 7-year study of seasonal, annual, and long-term variations at Schilthorn, Swiss Alps. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jf000799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Götz-Trabert K, Hauck C, Wagner K, Fauser S, Schulze-Bonhage A. Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit epileptischer Aktivität bei Frontallappen- und Temporallappenepilepsien. KLIN NEUROPHYSIOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-976342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mester U, Hauck C, Anterist N, Löw M. Comparison of four viscoelastic substances for cataract surgery in eyes with cornea guttata. Dev Ophthalmol 2003; 34:25-31. [PMID: 12520598 DOI: 10.1159/000060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Mester
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bundesknappschaft's Hospital Sulzbach, Germany.
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Katz SD, Radin M, Graves T, Hauck C, Block A, LeJemtel TH. Effect of aspirin and ifetroban on skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with congestive heart failure treated with Enalapril. Ifetroban Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:170-6. [PMID: 10400007 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the acute and chronic effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition with aspirin and thromboxane A2 receptor blockade with ifetroban on the chronic vasodilating effects of enalapril in the skeletal muscle circulation of patients with heart failure. BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and antiplatelet therapy with aspirin independently reduce the risk for subsequent nonfatal coronary events in survivors of myocardial infarction. The safety of the combined administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and aspirin has been questioned due to their divergent effects on the vascular synthesis of vasodilating prostaglandins. METHODS Forearm blood flow (ml/min/100 ml) at rest and during rhythmic handgrip exercise and after transient arterial occlusion was determined by strain gauge plethysmography before and 4 h and six weeks after combined administration of enalapril with either aspirin, ifetroban or placebo in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial of 62 patients with mild to moderate heart failure. RESULTS Before randomization, forearm hemodynamics were similar in the three treatment groups except for increased resting forearm blood flow and decreased resting forearm vascular resistance in the aspirin group when compared with the placebo group. After combined administration of enalapril and study drug for 4 h and six weeks, changes from prerandomization values of mean arterial pressure, forearm blood flow and forearm vascular resistance at rest, during handgrip exercise and after transient arterial occlusion did not differ among the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that the vasodilating effects of enalapril in the skeletal muscle circulation of patients with heart failure are not critically dependent on prostaglandin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Katz
- Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Abstract
A study was conducted to systematically evaluate the general public's beliefs and opinions about hypnosis as well as to ascertain the sources of their beliefs. The evaluation was based on four samples representing different ages, socio-economic backgrounds, interests, and geographical locations. A 27 item, two-page questionnaire was developed to evaluate the opinions on a wide variety of topics related to hypnosis and clinical applications of hypnosis. The results indicate that although the different sample groups obtain their information about hypnosis from different sources, their beliefs about hypnosis are remarkably consistent. While the results indicate an interesting mix of ideas about hypnosis, some results indicate that most people have a positive view of the therapeutic benefits, with a vast majority of respondents believing that it reduces the time that is usually required to uncover causes of a person's problems and that hypnotized persons can undergo dental and medical procedures without pain. Other findings indicate that an extremely large proportion of the general public views hypnosis as a powerful tool to recover accurate memories under a variety of conditions including accurate memories as far back as birth or even past lives. These findings may extend and dovetail with the findings that some professionals overestimate the influence of hypnosis on retrieving accurate memories.
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den Heijer P, Vermeer F, Ambrosioni E, Sadowski Z, López-Sendón JL, von Essen R, Beaufils P, Thadani U, Adgey J, Pierard L, Brinker J, Davies RF, Smalling RW, Wallentin L, Caspi A, Pangerl A, Trickett L, Hauck C, Henry D, Chew P. Evaluation of a weight-adjusted single-bolus plasminogen activator in patients with myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized angiographic trial of lanoteplase versus alteplase. Circulation 1998; 98:2117-25. [PMID: 9815865 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.98.20.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lanoteplase (nPA) is a rationally designed variant of tissue plasminogen activator with greater fibrinolytic potency and slower plasma clearance than alteplase. METHODS AND RESULTS InTIME (Intravenous nPA for Treatment of Infarcting Myocardium Early), a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, double-placebo angiographic trial, evaluated the dose-response relationship and safety of single-bolus, weight-adjusted lanoteplase. Patients (n=602) presenting within 6 hours of acute myocardial infarction were randomized and treated with either a single-bolus injection of lanoteplase (15, 30, 60, or 120 kU/kg) or accelerated alteplase. The primary objective was to determine TIMI grade flow at 60 minutes. Angiographic assessments were also performed at 90 minutes and on days 3 to 5. Follow-up was continued for 30 days. Lanoteplase achieved its primary objective, demonstrating a dose-response in TIMI grade 3 flow at 60 minutes (23.6% to 47.1% of subjects, P<0. 001). Similar results were observed at 90 minutes (26.1% to 57.1%, P<0.001). At 90 minutes, coronary patency (TIMI 2 or 3) increased across the dose range up to 83% of subjects at 120 kU/kg lanoteplase compared with 71.4% with alteplase. Thus, at this dose, lanoteplase was superior to alteplase in restoring coronary patency (difference, 12%; 95% CI, 1% to 23%). The early safety experience in this study suggests that lanoteplase was well tolerated at all doses with safety comparable to that of alteplase. CONCLUSIONS Lanoteplase, a single-bolus, weight-adjusted agent, increased coronary patency at 60 and 90 minutes in a dose-dependent fashion. Coronary patency at 90 minutes was achieved more frequently with 120 kU/kg lanoteplase than alteplase. In this study, safety with lanoteplase and alteplase was comparable. InTIME-II, a worldwide mortality trial, will evaluate efficacy and safety with this promising new agent.
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Fischer V, Rodríguez-Gascón A, Heitz F, Tynes R, Hauck C, Cohen D, Vickers AE. The multidrug resistance modulator valspodar (PSC 833) is metabolized by human cytochrome P450 3A. Implications for drug-drug interactions and pharmacological activity of the main metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos 1998; 26:802-11. [PMID: 9698296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of valspodar (PSC 833; PSC), which is developed as a multidrug resistance-reversing agent, was investigated to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions and the pharmacological activity of major metabolites. The primary metabolites of PSC produced by human liver microsomes were monohydroxylated, as revealed by LC/MS. The major site of hydroxylation was at amino acid 9, resulting in M9, as determined by cochromatography with synthetic M9. Dihydroxylated and N-demethylated metabolites were also detected. PSC metabolism in two human livers exhibited KM values of 1.3-2.8 microM. The intrinsic clearance was 9-36 ml/min/kg of body weight. PSC biotransformation was cytochrome P450 (CYP or P450) 3A dependent, based on chemical inhibition and on metabolism by Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing CYP3A. Ketoconazole was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.01-0.04 microM). The inhibition by 27 compounds, including four antineoplastic agents, corresponded to the inhibitory potentials of these compounds toward CYP3A. For vinblastine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and etoposide, the IC50 values were 5, 12, 20, and 150 microM, respectively. M9 was also an inhibitor, with a lower apparent affinity for CYP3A (IC50 = 21 microM), compared with that of PSC. M9 was also less active as a multidrug resistance-reversing agent. M9 demonstrated low potency in sensitizing resistant cells to paclitaxel and was a poor inhibitor of rhodamine-123 efflux from paclitaxel-resistant cells. In addition, compared with PSC, a higher concentration of M9 was needed to compete with the photoaffinity labeling of P-glycoprotein. Conversely, PSC inhibited only reactions catalyzed by CYP3A, including cyclosporine A metabolism (IC50 = 6.5 microM) and p-hydroxyphenyl-C3'-paclitaxel formation (Ki = 1.2 microM). Thus, PSC behaves in a manner very similar to that of other cyclosporines, and a comparable drug-drug interaction profile is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fischer
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA
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Dannecker R, Vickers AE, Ubeaud G, Hauck C. In vitro biotransformation of SDZ RAD: a new immunosuppressive macrolide in human liver microsomal preparations. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2206. [PMID: 9723442 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(98)00592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present biotransformation study using human in vitro liver samples, metabolites of SDZ RAD were characterized by LC-MS. The major metabolites resulted from single hydroxylation and demethylation pathways and corresponded to the class of first-generation metabolites; 39-O-demethyl-RAD was identified as metabolite. The potential ring-opened degradation product resulting from ester hydrolysis and its dehydrated analogue (seco acid) was detected to comparable amounts in both the incubations and in controls without the presence of NADPH. The direct formation of rapamycin from SDZ RAD could not be detected in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dannecker
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Zahn T, Hauck C, Holzschuh J, Braunbeck T. Acute and sublethal toxicity of seepage waters from garbage dumps to permanent cell lines and primary cultures of hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a novel approach to environmental risk assessment for chemicals and chemical mixtures. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed 1995; 196:455-79. [PMID: 7727025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the suitability of cytopathological criteria in isolated fish hepatocytes as endpoints in (eco)toxicological research, liver cells isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by collagenase perfusion were exposed in vitro for up to 5 days to sublethal dilutions of two seepage water samples collected from garbage dumps. Hepatocytes were analysed with respect to acute (lactate dehydrogenase leakage) and sublethal toxicity (electron microscopy, stereology). In addition, acute toxicity (24 h) was tested in the piscine fibrocytic cell line R1 by means of crystal violet staining and neutral red retention. Acute toxicity in R1 cells and isolated hepatocytes could only be documented for sample I at dilutions of 1:2 and 1:4. This difference in toxicity could be corroborated by cytological alterations in isolated hepatocytes, which could be documented for dilutions of 1:100 and 1:8 in samples I and II, respectively. Ultrastructural changes were time- and dose-dependent and included reduction of hepatocellular volume, disturbance of intracellular compartmentation, modified heterochromatin distribution, transformation of rough endoplasmic reticulum into concentric membrane whorls, proliferation of lysosomes and cytoplasmic vacuoles, as well as reduction of hepatocellular glycogen. Although several hepatocellular reactions were found after exposure to either sample, the syndrome of ultrastructural alterations allowed clear differentiation between the two samples. Results illustrate that cytological effects far below macroscopically detectable damage can be discovered not only in intact fish, but also in fish cell culture systems. On the basis of the data presented, a multi-tiered test procedure for aquatic toxicity assessment exclusively based on tests with fish cell culture systems is proposed: (1) rapid screening for acute toxicity with permanent cell lines; (2) short-term tests with more complex, yet more sensitive systems such as primary hepatocytes with straightforward biochemical endpoints; (3) prolonged exposure of isolated hepatocytes in combination with ultrastructural and biochemical investigations as a sensitive tool to detect adverse effects at environmentally relevant toxicant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zahn
- Department of Zoology I, University of Heidelberg
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Hauck C. Der Pyrmonter Badearzt Seip, 1686-1757. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1937. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1201178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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