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Qadri H, Shah AH, Alkhanani M, Almilaibary A, Mir MA. Immunotherapies against human bacterial and fungal infectious diseases: A review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1135541. [PMID: 37122338 PMCID: PMC10140573 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1135541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nations' ongoing struggles with a number of novel and reemerging infectious diseases, including the ongoing global health issue, the SARS-Co-V2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) outbreak, serve as proof that infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to the global public health. Moreover, the fatality rate in humans is rising as a result of the development of severe infectious diseases brought about by multiple drug-tolerant pathogenic microorganisms. The widespread use of traditional antimicrobial drugs, immunosuppressive medications, and other related factors led to the establishment of such drug resistant pathogenic microbial species. To overcome the difficulties commonly encountered by current infectious disease management and control processes, like inadequate effectiveness, toxicities, and the evolution of drug tolerance, new treatment solutions are required. Fortunately, immunotherapies already hold great potential for reducing these restrictions while simultaneously expanding the boundaries of healthcare and medicine, as shown by the latest discoveries and the success of drugs including monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), vaccinations, etc. Immunotherapies comprise methods for treating diseases that specifically target or affect the body's immune system and such immunological procedures/therapies strengthen the host's defenses to fight those infections. The immunotherapy-based treatments control the host's innate and adaptive immune responses, which are effective in treating different pathogenic microbial infections. As a result, diverse immunotherapeutic strategies are being researched more and more as alternative treatments for infectious diseases, leading to substantial improvements in our comprehension of the associations between pathogens and host immune system. In this review we will explore different immunotherapies and their usage for the assistance of a broad spectrum of infectious ailments caused by various human bacterial and fungal pathogenic microbes. We will discuss about the recent developments in the therapeutics against the growing human pathogenic microbial diseases and focus on the present and future of using immunotherapies to overcome these diseases. Graphical AbstractThe graphical abstract shows the therapeutic potential of different types of immunotherapies like vaccines, monoclonal antibodies-based therapies, etc., against different kinds of human Bacterial and Fungal microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almilaibary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Eiz-Vesper B, Ravens S, Maecker-Kolhoff B. αβ and γδ T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr Virus: insights in immunocompetence, immune failure and therapeutic augmentation in transplant patients. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 82:102305. [PMID: 36963323 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a human gamma herpes virus, which causes several diseases in immunocompetent (mononucleosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, gastric cancer, endemic Burkitt's lymphoma, head and neck cancer) and immunosuppressed (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, EBV-associated soft tissue tumors) patients. It elicits a complex humoral and cellular immune response with both innate and adaptive immune components. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the interplay of immune cells in EBV-associated diseases in recent years, and several therapeutic approaches have been developed to augment cellular immunity toward EBV for control of EBV-associated malignancy. This review will focus on recent developments in immunosuppressed transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Germany; CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Sarina Ravens
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- CRC900 Microbial persistence and its control; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF); Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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Williams TJ, Harvey S, Armstrong-James D. Immunotherapeutic approaches for fungal infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:130-137. [PMID: 33147544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of antifungal treatments, fungal infections are still causing morbidity all around the globe with unacceptably high mortality rates. A major driver for the rising incidence of serious fungal infections is due to a substantial increase in immunocompromised individuals with autoimmune diseases, cancers and transplants. Because of growing resistance in fungus to frontline triazole antifungals and the association of fungal disease with the immunocompromised host, adjunctive host-directed therapy is seen as a promising choice to improve patient outcomes. Immunotherapeutic treatments being explored as adjunct therapies to existing antifungal treatments include cytokine therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cellular immunotherapy. In this review, we give a brief overview of potential immunotherapies and recent developments in the field, which are needed to tackle the growing problem of fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Williams
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, 14 Armstrong Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom
| | - Sunshine Harvey
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, 14 Armstrong Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom
| | - Darius Armstrong-James
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, 14 Armstrong Rd, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom.
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Abudayyeh A, Hamdi A, Abdelrahim M, Lin H, Page VD, Rondon G, Andersson BS, Afrough A, Martinez CS, Tarrand JJ, Kontoyiannis DP, Marin D, Gaber AO, Oran B, Chemaly RF, Ahmed S, Abudayyeh I, Olson A, Jones R, Popat U, Champlin RE, Shpall EJ, Rezvani K. Poor immune reconstitution is associated with symptomatic BK polyomavirus viruria in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2016; 19. [PMID: 27862740 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) infections are known indicators of immune suppression in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients; they can lead to hemorrhagic cystitis, ureteral stenosis, renal dysfunction, and prolonged hospital stays. In this study, we determined transplant-associated variables and immune parameters that can predict for the risk of BKPyV viruria. We hypothesized that BKPyV infection is a marker of poor immune recovery. METHODS We analyzed all engrafted patients undergoing first allogeneic HSCT at MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston between January 2004 and December 2012. We evaluated their immune parameters and their transplant-associated factors. BKPyV positivity was defined as BKPyV detection in urine by polymerase chain reaction testing. Cox proportional hazards model, as well as competing risk analysis method using subdistribution hazard models with death as competing risk, were applied to assess risk of BKPyV viruria. RESULTS We identified a total of 2477 patients with a median age of 52 years. BKPyV viruria was manifest in 25% (n=629) of the patients. The median time from transplantation to BKPyV viruria development was 42 days among the patients who had BKPyV viruria. On multivariate analysis, tumor type, acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, myeloablative conditioning regimen, cord blood as the graft source, CD3+ , CD4+ , CD8+ , CD56+ , NK counts, and low platelet count were shown to be significantly associated with BKPyV infection. These finding were further confirmed when models incorporating the competing risk of death yielded similar findings. CONCLUSION In this study, we report significant associations between BKPyV reactivation following allogeneic HSCT and suppressed immune variables. In addition, this study provides valuable information on the immune status of HSCT recipients as a predictor of BKPyV infections that may in turn help us formulate plans for more effective prevention and treatment of this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Abudayyeh
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amir Hamdi
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heather Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valda D Page
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Section of Nephrology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriela Rondon
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aimaz Afrough
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Martinez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Tarrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Osama Gaber
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Betul Oran
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy F Chemaly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Islam Abudayyeh
- Division of Cardiology, Interventional Cardiology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Olson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy Jones
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Uday Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Fuji S, Löffler J, Einsele H, Kapp M. Immunotherapy for opportunistic infections: Current status and future perspectives. Virulence 2016; 7:939-949. [PMID: 27385102 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1207038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has significantly improved during the last decades. However, opportunistic infections such as viral and mold infections are still a major obstacle for cure. Within this field, adoptive T cell therapy against pathogens is a promising treatment approach. Recently, the techniques to develop T cell products including pathogen-specific T cells have been sophisticated and are now available in accordance to good manufacturing practice (GMP). Here, we aim to summarize current knowledge about adoptive T cell therapy against viral and mold infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Fuji
- a Department of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation , National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Internal Medicine II , Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- b Department of Internal Medicine II , Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- b Department of Internal Medicine II , Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Markus Kapp
- b Department of Internal Medicine II , Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Cruz CR, Bollard CM. T-cell and natural killer cell therapies for hematologic malignancies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: enhancing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Haematologica 2016; 100:709-19. [PMID: 26034113 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but infection, graft-versus-host disease and relapse are still important problems. Calcineurin inhibitors, T-cell depletion strategies, and immunomodulators have helped to prevent graft-versus-host disease, but have a negative impact on the graft-versus-leukemia effect. T cells and natural killer cells are both thought to be important in the graft-versus-leukemia effect, and both cell types are amenable to ex vivo manipulation and clinical manufacture, making them versatile immunotherapeutics. We provide an overview of these immunotherapeutic strategies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with discussions centered on natural killer and T-cell biology. We discuss the contributions of each cell type to graft-versus-leukemia effects, as well as the current research directions in the field as related to adoptive cell therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Toubert A, Einsele H. From immunomonitoring to immune intervention. Front Immunol 2015; 5:669. [PMID: 25610438 PMCID: PMC4285170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Toubert
- Immunology-Histocompatibility, Laboratoire d'Immunologie et d'Histocompatibilité, Laboratoire Jean Dausset, INSERM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Diderot , Paris , France
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany
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Doerr HW, Berger A. Vaccination against infectious diseases: what is promising? Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 203:365-71. [PMID: 25064610 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination has proven to be one of the best weapons protecting the mankind against infectious diseases. Along with the huge progress in microbiology, numerous highly efficacious and safe vaccines have been produced by conventional technology (cultivation), by the use of molecular biology (genetic modification), or by synthetic chemistry. Sterilising prevention is achieved by the stimulation of antibody production, while the stimulation of cell-mediated immune responses may prevent the outbreak of disease in consequence of an acute or reactivated infection. From several examples, two rules are deduced to evaluate the perspectives of future vaccine developments: They are promising, if (1) the natural infectious disease induces immunity or (2) passive immunisation (transfer of antibodies, adoptive transfer of lymphocytes) is successful in preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Wilhelm Doerr
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt/M., Germany,
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Fuji S, Kapp M, Einsele H. Alloreactivity of virus-specific T cells: possible implication of graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effects. Front Immunol 2013; 4:330. [PMID: 24133497 PMCID: PMC3796284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune reconstitution of functional virus-specific T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been intensively investigated. However, the possible role of crossreactivity of these virus-specific T cells against allogeneic targets is still unclear. Theoretically, as in the field of organ transplantation, virus-specific T cells possess crossreactivity potential after allogeneic HSCT. Such crossreactivity is assumed to play a role in graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effects. In this article, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of current understanding about crossreactivity of virus-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, University Hospital of Würzburg , Würzburg , Germany ; Division of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital , Tokyo , Japan
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