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Duarte-Silva E, Oriá AC, Mendonça IP, Paiva IHR, Leuthier Dos Santos K, Sales AJ, de Souza JRB, Maes M, Meuth SG, Peixoto CA. The Antidepressant- and Anxiolytic-Like Effects of the Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitor Tadalafil are Associated with the Modulation of the Gut-Brain Axis During CNS Autoimmunity. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:45. [PMID: 39158758 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that severely affects the central nervous system (CNS). Apart from neurological symptoms, it is also characterized by neuropsychiatric comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) such as Sildenafil and Tadalafil have been shown to possess antidepressant-like effects, but the mechanisms underpinning such effects are not fully characterized. To address this question, we used the EAE model of MS, behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, western blot, and 16 S rRNA sequencing. Here, we showed that depressive-like behavior in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice is due to neuroinflammation, reduced synaptic plasticity, dysfunction in glutamatergic neurotransmission, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) resistance, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and immune cell infiltration to the CNS, as well as inflammation, increased intestinal permeability, and immune cell infiltration in the distal colon. Furthermore, 16 S rRNA sequencing revealed that behavioral dysfunction in EAE mice is associated with changes in the gut microbiota, such as an increased abundance of Firmicutes and Saccharibacteria and a reduction in Proteobacteria, Parabacteroides, and Desulfovibrio. Moreover, we detected an increased abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae and a reduced abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii. Surprisingly, we showed that Tadalafil likely exerts antidepressant-like effects by targeting all aforementioned disease aspects. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in EAE is associated with a plethora of neuroimmune and gut microbiota-mediated mechanisms and that Tadalafil exerts antidepressant-like effects probably by targeting these mechanisms. Harnessing the knowledge of these mechanisms of action of Tadalafil is important to pave the way for future clinical trials with depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Duarte-Silva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology for Health (PPGBBS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ-PE)/ Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Ingrid Prata Mendonça
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Igor Henrique Rodrigues Paiva
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGCB), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Juliana Sales
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, 4002, Bulgaria
- IMPACT, the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Mental Health Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Sven Guenther Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40255, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Alves Peixoto
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Recife, PE, Brazil.
- Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Li Z, Chen K, Shao Q, Lu H, Zhang X, Pu Y, Sun X, He H, Cao L. Nanoparticulate MgH 2 ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 36710351 PMCID: PMC9885636 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Anxiety and depression are the most common psychiatric comorbidities of MS, which seriously affect patients' quality of life, treatment compliance, and prognosis. However, current treatments for anxiety and depression in MS show low therapeutic efficacy and significant side effects. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic effects of a novel low-toxic anti-inflammatory drug, nanoparticulate magnesium hydride (MgH2), on mood disorders of MS. We observed that anxiety/depression-like behaviors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice were alleviated by MgH2 treatment. In addition, disease severity and inflammatory demyelination were also diminished. Furthermore, we confirmed the suppressive effect of MgH2 on depression in the acute restraint stress model. Mechanistically, MgH2 may play a therapeutic role by promoting microglial M2 polarization, inhibiting microglial M1 polarization, and reducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Therefore, nanoparticulate MgH2 may be a promising therapeutic drug for psychiatric comorbidities of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Li
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Kefu Chen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Qi Shao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Hongtao Lu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xin Zhang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yingyan Pu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Hua He
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Neurosurgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Li Cao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Military of Education, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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3
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Reiszadeh-Jahromi S, Haddadi M, Mousavi P, Sanadgol N. Prophylactic effects of cucurbitacin B in the EAE Model of multiple sclerosis by adjustment of STAT3/IL-23/IL-17 axis and improvement of neuropsychological symptoms. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2937-2953. [PMID: 36287356 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Although remarkable progress has been made in treating MS, current therapies are less effective in protecting against the progression of the disease. Since cucurbitacins have shown an extreme range of pharmacological properties, in this study, we aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect of cucurbitacin B (CuB) in the experimental MS model. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by subcutaneous immunization of MOG35-55 in C57BL/6 mice. CuB interventions (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) were performed every other day from the first day of EAE induction. Assessment of clinical scores and motor function, inflammatory responses, and microglial activation were assessed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses. CuB (1 mg/kg) significantly decreased the population of CD45+ (P < 0.01), CD11b+ (P < 0.01) and CD45+/CD11b+ (P < 0.05) cells in cortical lesions of EAE mice. In addition, activation of STAT3 (P < 0.001), expression of IL-17 A and IL-23 A (both mRNA and protein), and transcription of Iba-1 significantly decreased. On the contrary, CuB (1 mg/kg) significantly increased the transcription of MBP and Olig-2. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the severity of EAE (P < 0.05), and an improvement in motor function (P < 0.05) and coordination (P < 0.05) were observed after treatment with a high dose of CuB. Our results suggest that CuB may have a wide-ranging effect on autoimmune responses in MS via a reduction in STAT3 activation, microgliosis, and adaptation of the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Further studies are needed to investigate the exact effect of CuB in glial cells and its efficiency and bioavailability in other neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Haddadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Acharjee S, Gordon PMK, Lee BH, Read J, Workentine ML, Sharkey KA, Pittman QJ. Characterization of microglial transcriptomes in the brain and spinal cord of mice in early and late experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a RiboTag strategy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14319. [PMID: 34253764 PMCID: PMC8275680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Acharjee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul M K Gordon
- Centre for Health Genomics and Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Justin Read
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Quentin J Pittman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. Behavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:23-46. [PMID: 31442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of cuprizone (CPZ) to animals has been extensively used to model the processes of demyelination and remyelination, with many papers adopting a narrative linked to demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), the aetiology of which is unknown. However, no current animal model faithfully replicates the myriad of symptoms seen in the clinical condition of MS. CPZ ingestion causes mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes leads to central nervous system demyelination and glial cell activation. Although there are a wide variety of behavioural tests available for characterizing the functional deficits in animal models of disease, including that of CPZ-induced deficits, they have focused on a narrow subset of outcomes such as motor performance, cognition, and anxiety. The literature has not been systematically reviewed in relation to these or other symptoms associated with clinical MS. This paper reviews these tests and makes recommendations as to which are the most important in order to better understand the role of this model in examining aspects of demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. The Physical Burden of Immunoperception. BIOPHYSICS AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE SIXTH SENSE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123546 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The previous chapter introduced the ImmunoEmotional Regulatory System (IMMERS). Also, there was a brief discussion about psychological states/psychiatric disorders that so far have been linked to the IMMERS. The present chapter considers another aspect of the IMMERS in which physiological states/physical diseases can be fit to the IMMERS.
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Ghezzi P, Floridi L, Boraschi D, Cuadrado A, Manda G, Levic S, D'Acquisto F, Hamilton A, Athersuch TJ, Selley L. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Environmental and Psychological Stressors: A Biomarker Perspective. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:852-872. [PMID: 28494612 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The environment can elicit biological responses such as oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation as a consequence of chemical, physical, or psychological changes. As population studies are essential for establishing these environment-organism interactions, biomarkers of OS or inflammation are critical in formulating mechanistic hypotheses. Recent Advances: By using examples of stress induced by various mechanisms, we focus on the biomarkers that have been used to assess OS and inflammation in these conditions. We discuss the difference between biomarkers that are the result of a chemical reaction (such as lipid peroxides or oxidized proteins that are a result of the reaction of molecules with reactive oxygen species) and those that represent the biological response to stress, such as the transcription factor NRF2 or inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. CRITICAL ISSUES The high-throughput and holistic approaches to biomarker discovery used extensively in large-scale molecular epidemiological exposome are also discussed in the context of human exposure to environmental stressors. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We propose to consider the role of biomarkers as signs and to distinguish between signs that are just indicators of biological processes and proxies that one can interact with and modify the disease process. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 852-872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Ghezzi
- 1 Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Luciano Floridi
- 2 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom .,3 Alan Turing Institute , London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Boraschi
- 4 Institute of Protein Biochemistry , National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- 5 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols UAM-CSIC , Madrid, Spain .,6 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- 7 "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology , Bucharest, Romania
| | - Snezana Levic
- 1 Brighton & Sussex Medical School , Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Fulvio D'Acquisto
- 8 William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Hamilton
- 8 William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J Athersuch
- 9 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
| | - Liza Selley
- 9 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom
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8
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Borjini N, Fernández M, Giardino L, Calzà L. Cytokine and chemokine alterations in tissue, CSF, and plasma in early presymptomatic phase of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:291. [PMID: 27846891 PMCID: PMC5111339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used experimental animal model for human multiple sclerosis (MS) that has been used so far to study the acute and remission-relapsing phases of the disease. Despite the vast literature on neuroinflammation onset and progression in EAE, important questions are still open regarding in particular the early asymptomatic phase between immunization and clinical onset. METHODS In this study, we performed a time-course investigation of neuroinflammation and demyelination biomarkers in the spinal cord (SC), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood in EAE induced in dark agouti (DA) female rats compared to the controls and adjuvant-injected rats, using high-throughput technologies for gene expression and protein assays and focusing on the time-course between immunization, clinical onset (1, 5, 8 days post-immunization (DPI)), and progression (11 and 18 DPI). The expression profile of 84 genes related to T cell activation/signaling, adaptive immunity, cytokine/chemokine inflammation, demyelination, and cellular stress were analyzed in the tissue; 24 cytokines were measured in the CSF and plasma. RESULTS The macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) was the first up-regulated protein as far as 1 DPI, not only in blood but also in CSF and SC. A treatment with GW2580, a selective CSF1R inhibitor, slowed the disease progression, significantly reduced the severity, and prevented the relapse phase. Moreover, both pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, VEGF) were up-regulated starting from 8 DPI. Myelin genes were down-regulated starting from 8 DPI, especially MAL, MBP, and PMP22 while an opposite expression profile was observed for inflammation-related genes, such as CXCL11 and CXCL10. CONCLUSIONS This early cytokine and chemokine regulation indicates that novel biomarkers and therapeutic options could be explored in the asymptomatic phase of EAE. Overall, our findings provide clear evidence that CSF1R signaling regulates inflammation in EAE, supporting therapeutic targeting of CSF1R in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozha Borjini
- Research and Development, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Via Palermo 26/A, Parma, 43100 Italy
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
| | - Luciana Giardino
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano Emilia, BO 40064 Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia I 40064 Italy
- IRET Foundation, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Bologna, Ozzano Emilia 40064 Italy
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Gentile A, De Vito F, Fresegna D, Musella A, Buttari F, Bullitta S, Mandolesi G, Centonze D. Exploring the role of microglia in mood disorders associated with experimental multiple sclerosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:243. [PMID: 26161070 PMCID: PMC4479791 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia is increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases. In particular, microglia may be the cellular link between inflammation and behavioral alterations: by releasing a number of soluble factors, among which pro-inflammatory cytokines, that can regulate synaptic activity, thereby leading to perturbation of behavior. In multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common neuroinflammatory disorder affecting young adults, microglia activation and dysfunction may account for mood symptoms, like depression and anxiety, that are often diagnosed in patients even in the absence of motor disability. Behavioral studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, have shown that emotional changes occur early in the disease and in correlation to inflammatory mediator and neurotransmitter level alterations. However, such studies lack a full and comprehensive analysis of the role played by microglia in EAE-behavioral syndrome. We review the experimental studies addressing behavioral symptoms in EAE, and propose the study of neuron-glia interaction as a powerful but still poorly explored tool to investigate the burden of microglia in mood alterations associated to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Gentile
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy ; Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca De Vito
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy ; Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Fresegna
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy ; Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Buttari
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Silvia Bullitta
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia/Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC) Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata Rome, Italy ; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy
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10
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Smile--It's in your blood! Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:287-92. [PMID: 25107703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emotions and feelings are the bricks of our social life and yet we often forget that they have a significant impact on our physical wellbeing. Indeed, a growing number of studies have shown that both an imbalanced or improved emotional state can significantly influence the way our immune system responds. In this commentary, we have summarized the most recent studies on the effects of different types of emotional states on the immune system and we have also explored the effects of mood modulator approaches on the immune response. We hope this commentary will prompt scientists and clinicians to think about the therapeutic value and potential of emotions and feelings in immune-related diseases. At the same time, we think that this commentary will shed some light on the scientific truth behind the very famous expression "It's in my blood" when we talk about feelings and personality.
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