1
|
Kumar P, Rajasekaran K, Malarkannan S. Novel PI(3)K-p85α/p110δ-ITK-LAT-PLC-γ2 and Fyn-ADAP-Carma1-TAK1 Pathways Define Reverse Signaling via FasL. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:55-77. [PMID: 37947072 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023049638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of FasL in initiating death signals through Fas is well characterized. However, the reverse signaling pathway downstream of FasL in effector lymphocytes is poorly understood. Here, we identify that FasL functions as an independent activation receptor in NK cells. Activation via FasL results in the production of LFN-γ, GM-CSF, RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP1-β. Proximal signaling of FasL requires Lck and Fyn. Upon activation, FasL facilitates the phosphorylation of PI(3)K-p85α/p55α subunits. A catalytically inactive PI(3)K-p110δD910A mutation significantly impairs the cytokine and chemokine production by FasL. Activation of ITK and LAT downstream of FasL plays a central role in recruiting and phosphorylating PLC-γ2. Importantly, Fyn-mediated recruitment of ADAP links FasL to the Carmal/ Bcl10/Tak1 signalosome. Lack of Carma1, CARD domain of Carma1, or Tak1 significantly reduces FasL-mediated cytokine and chemokine production. These findings, for the first time, provide a detailed molecular blueprint that defines FasL-mediated reverse signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | | | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53226; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kao YC, Chang YW, Lai CP, Chang NW, Huang CH, Chen CS, Huang HC, Juan HF. Ectopic ATP synthase stimulates the secretion of extracellular vesicles in cancer cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:642. [PMID: 37322056 PMCID: PMC10272197 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTARCT Ectopic ATP synthase on the plasma membrane (eATP synthase) has been found in various cancer types and is a potential target for cancer therapy. However, whether it provides a functional role in tumor progression remains unclear. Here, quantitative proteomics reveals that cancer cells under starvation stress express higher eATP synthase and enhance the production of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are vital regulators within the tumor microenvironment. Further results show that eATP synthase generates extracellular ATP to stimulate EV secretion by enhancing P2X7 receptor-triggered Ca2+ influx. Surprisingly, eATP synthase is also located on the surface of tumor-secreted EVs. The EVs-surface eATP synthase increases the uptake of tumor-secreted EVs in Jurkat T-cells via association with Fyn, a plasma membrane protein found in immune cells. The eATP synthase-coated EVs uptake subsequently represses the proliferation and cytokine secretion of Jurkat T-cells. This study clarifies the role of eATP synthase on EV secretion and its influence on immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Kao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Charles P Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hao Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety / Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Cheng Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Fen Juan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Center for Computational and Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sun Y, Liu Y, Chu H. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Subtype Discovery via Immune Cell Scores from Tumor Microenvironment. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:2242577. [PMID: 37274867 PMCID: PMC10234372 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2242577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most prevalent cancers with a poor prognosis. Immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), is becoming a potential therapeutic choice for NPC patients. Thus, the identification of patients who could benefit from immunotherapy is clinically significant. METHODS The NPC expression profiles from GSE102349 were used to calculate the cell scores of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The consensus clustering method was utilized to identify the potential molecular subtypes among NPC samples. The hub genes were selected from subtype-specific genes by bioinformatics analysis. Machine learning models, including random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms, were constructed to predict the immune subtype. RESULTS In the present study, we identified two TME subtypes among NPC patients. Patients with the S1 subtype have higher levels of immune cells, immune checkpoint genes, and prognosis. Using expression data profiles of NPC patients, we constructed machine learning models for predicting TME subtypes of NPC patients. This model consists of 8 genes (LCK, CD247, FYN, ZAP70, SH2D1A, CD3D, CD3E, and CD3G). Among them, LCK, FYN, SH2D1A, and CD3D were associated with better prognoses. Among the two constructed models, SVM exhibited a higher area under curve (AUC) of 0.977, when compared with RF (AUC = 0.966). The web server based on the constructed machine learning models will contribute to the identification of NPC patients likely to benefit from ICB therapies. CONCLUSIONS This study identified NPC subtypes and provided an accurate model to select individuals who are most likely to respond to ICB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hanqi Chu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng S, Fu Y. FYN: emerging biological roles and potential therapeutic targets in cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36740671 PMCID: PMC9901160 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Src family protein kinases (SFKs) play a key role in cell adhesion, invasion, proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and angiogenesis during tumor development. In humans, SFKs consists of eight family members with similar structure and function. There is a high level of overexpression or hyperactivity of SFKs in tumor, and they play an important role in multiple signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis. FYN is a member of the SFKs that regulate normal cellular processes. Additionally, FYN is highly expressed in many cancers and promotes cancer growth and metastasis through diverse biological functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and motility migration, as well as the development of drug resistance in many tumors. Moreover, FYN is involved in the regulation of multiple cancer-related signaling pathways, including interactions with ERK, COX-2, STAT5, MET and AKT. FYN is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for various tumor types, and suppressing FYN can improve the prognosis and prolong the life of patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of FYN's structure, expression, upstream regulators, downstream substrate molecules, and biological functions in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SanFei Peng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fortner A, Chera A, Tanca A, Bucur O. Apoptosis regulation by the tyrosine-protein kinase CSK. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1078180. [PMID: 36578781 PMCID: PMC9792154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1078180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a cytosolic tyrosine-protein kinase with an important role in regulating critical cellular decisions, such as cellular apoptosis, survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization and many others. Current knowledge on the CSK mechanisms of action, regulation and functions is still at an early stage, most of CSK's known actions and functions being mediated by the negative regulation of the SRC family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) through phosphorylation. As SFKs play a vital role in apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival regulation, SFK inhibition by CSK has a pro-apoptotic effect, which is mediated by the inhibition of cellular signaling cascades controlled by SFKs, such as the MAPK/ERK, STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Abnormal functioning of CSK and SFK activation can lead to diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurological manifestations. This review describes apoptosis regulation by CSK, CSK inhibition of the SFKs and further explores the clinical relevance of CSK in important pathologies, such as cancer, autoimmune, autoinflammatory, neurologic diseases, hypertension and HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andra Fortner
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chera
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antoanela Tanca
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,*Correspondence: Octavian Bucur, ; Antoanela Tanca,
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania,Viron Molecular Medicine Institute, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Octavian Bucur, ; Antoanela Tanca,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu X, Zheng G, Ren Y, He X, Peng B, Hu X, Liu W. A novel 2B4 receptor leads to worse pregnancy outcomes by facilitating TNF-α and IFN-γ production in dNK cells during Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:337. [PMID: 36153598 PMCID: PMC9509566 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infections are a major threat to human reproductive health because they can induce pregnancy failure, including recurrent abortion, stillbirth, and preterm birth. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection can result in adverse pregnancy outcomes by affecting certain immune molecules and cytokines. However, the detailed mechanisms behind T. gondii-induced pregnancy failure are poorly understood.
Methods
Toxoplasma gondii-infected wild-type (WT) pregnant mice and 2B4 knockout (2B4−/−) pregnant mice were established for in vivo study. Human decidual natural killer (dNK) cells were cultured for in vitro study. Abnormal pregnancy outcomes were observed, and the expression of 2B4, functional molecules (CD69, CD107a, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interferon gamma [IFN-γ]), and signaling molecules (SHP-2, Fyn, p-ERK, p-P38) in dNK cells were detected by flow cytometry, Western blot, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and/or immunofluorescence. The direct interactions (2B4 interacts with SHP-2 and Fyn; SHP-2 interacts with p-P38 and 2B4; Fyn interacts with p-ERK and 2B4) were verified by co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) in NK-92 cells.
Results
Here, results showed that 2B4 was significantly downregulated after T. gondii infection. Subsequently, infected 2B4−/− pregnant mice displayed worse pregnancy outcomes compared with infected WT pregnant mice. Also, increased TNF-α and IFN-γ expression and elevated dNK cell cytotoxicity were found in 2B4−/− pregnant mice during T. gondii infection. In contrast, reduced TNF-α and IFN-γ expression and decreased human dNK cell activity were found following 2B4 activation during T. gondii infection. Interestingly, results showed that 2B4 binds to adaptor SHP-2 or Fyn, which then triggers different signaling pathways to regulate TNF-α and IFN-γ expression in dNK cells during T. gondii infection. Further, SHP-2 binds 2B4 and p-P38 directly after 2B4 activation, which generates an inhibitory signal for TNF-α and IFN-γ in NK-92 cells. In addition, Fyn can bind to 2B4 and p-ERK after activation of 2B4, thereby inhibiting TNF-α and IFN-γ expression in NK-92 cells following T. gondii infection.
Conclusions
These data suggest that 2B4 may be a novel danger-signaling molecule that is implicated in pregnancy failure during T. gondii infection. Unraveling the mechanism by which 2B4 regulates dNK cell activity will provide novel insights to aid our understanding of T. gondii-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Graphical Abstract
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang H, Huang J, Yi W, Li J, He N, Kang L, He Z, Chen C. Identification of Immune-Related Key Genes as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers of Sepsis in Children. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2441-2459. [PMID: 35444449 PMCID: PMC9015049 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s359908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The pathogenesis of sepsis is still unclear due to its complexity, especially in children. This study aimed to analyse the immune microenvironment and regulatory networks related to sepsis in children at the molecular level and to identify key immune-related genes to provide a new basis for the early diagnosis of sepsis. Methods The GSE145227 and GSE26440 datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. The analyses included differentially expressed genes (DEGs), functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) interaction network, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), protein–protein interaction (PPI) network, key gene screening, correlation of sepsis molecular subtypes/immune infiltration with key gene expression, the diagnostic capabilities of key genes, and networks describing the interaction of key genes with transcription factors and small-molecule compounds. Finally, real-time quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) was performed to verify the expression of key genes. Results A total of 236 immune-related DEGs, most of which were enriched in immune-related biological functions, were found. Further analysis of immune cell infiltration showed that M0 macrophages and neutrophils infiltrated more in the sepsis group, while fewer activated memory CD4+ T cells, resting memory CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells did. The interaction network of ceRNA was successfully constructed. Six key genes (FYN, FBL, ATM, WDR75, FOXO1 and ITK) were identified by WGCNA and PPI analysis. We found strong associations between key genes and constructed septic molecular subtypes or immune cell infiltration. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve values of the key genes for diagnosis were all greater than 0.84. Subsequently, we successfully constructed an interaction network of key genes and transcription factors/small-molecule compounds. Finally, the key genes in the samples were verified by RT–qPCR. Conclusion Our results offer new insights into the pathogenesis of sepsis in children and provide new potential diagnostic biomarkers for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Yi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Li
- Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan He
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Kang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijie He
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhijie He; Chun Chen, Email ;
| | - Chun Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li M, Qiao R, Zhong R, Wei Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Wang L, Xu T, Wang Y, Dai L, Gu W, Han B, Yang R. FYB methylation in peripheral blood as a potential marker for the early-stage lung cancer: a case-control study in Chinese population. Biomarkers 2021; 27:79-85. [PMID: 34882057 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.2016970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in China. Exploring novel biomarkers for the early detection of LC is important. MATERIALS AND METHODS We quantified DNA methylation levels of three CpG sites of FYB gene in peripheral blood in 163 early-stage LC cases (88.3% at stage I) and 187 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Covariates-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for -10% methylation were calculated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS With multiple testing corrections, hypomethylation of FYB_CpG_4 was significantly associated with LC (OR = 2.04, p = 4.50E-04) even with LC at stage I (OR = 1.41, p = 0.003) without obvious bias between genders, but it mainly affected the subjects older than 55 years (OR = 2.04, p = 0.015). Hypomethylation of FYB_CpG_2 was also associated with LC, but only for the males (OR = 1.76, p = 0.018). FYB_CpG_3 methylation had no association with LC, but interestingly its methylation level in the males was only half of that in the females. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We proposed a novel association between blood-based abnormal FYB methylation and very early-stage LC. The age- and gender-related DNA methylation patterns also revealed the diversity and precision of epigenetic regulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Qiao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Runbo Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Nanjing TANTICA Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Nanjing TANTICA Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Nanjing TANTICA Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Nanjing TANTICA Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Dai
- Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanjian Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rongxi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing TANTICA Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khalil M, Wang D, Hashemi E, Terhune SS, Malarkannan S. Implications of a 'Third Signal' in NK Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081955. [PMID: 34440725 PMCID: PMC8393955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems are evolutionarily divergent. Primary signaling in T and B cells depends on somatically rearranged clonotypic receptors. In contrast, NK cells use germline-encoded non-clonotypic receptors such as NCRs, NKG2D, and Ly49H. Proliferation and effector functions of T and B cells are dictated by unique peptide epitopes presented on MHC or soluble humoral antigens. However, in NK cells, the primary signals are mediated by self or viral proteins. Secondary signaling mediated by various cytokines is involved in metabolic reprogramming, proliferation, terminal maturation, or memory formation in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. The family of common gamma (γc) cytokine receptors, including IL-2Rα/β/γ, IL-7Rα/γ, IL-15Rα/β/γ, and IL-21Rα/γ are the prime examples of these secondary signals. A distinct set of cytokine receptors mediate a ‘third’ set of signaling. These include IL-12Rβ1/β2, IL-18Rα/β, IL-23R, IL-27R (WSX-1/gp130), IL-35R (IL-12Rβ2/gp130), and IL-39R (IL-23Rα/gp130) that can prime, activate, and mediate effector functions in lymphocytes. The existence of the ‘third’ signal is known in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. However, the necessity, context, and functional relevance of this ‘third signal’ in NK cells are elusive. Here, we define the current paradigm of the ‘third’ signal in NK cells and enumerate its clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khalil
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elaheh Hashemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.T.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malarkannan S. Molecular mechanisms of FasL-mediated 'reverse-signaling'. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:31-37. [PMID: 32905906 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effector lymphocytes, including NK and T cells, express FasL. Expression of Fas, the receptor for FasL in tumor cells, renders them susceptible to NK and T cell-mediated killing. The functional relevance of FasL in initiating death signals in tumor cells is well-characterized. However, the cytoplasmic interacting partners and the potential signaling pathways downstream of FasL are far from fully defined. FasL possesses an 81 amino acid long cytoplasmic tail with multiple unique recruitment motifs. We predict multiple interdependent signaling complexes form the core of the 'reverse signaling' downstream of FasL. A direct interaction between the proline-rich domain of FasL and the SH3 domain of PI(3)K-p85α initiates the first pathway. This cascade helps FasL to link to PLC-γ2 via PIP3 or the Akt-dependent activation of mTOR complexes. Independently, a GRB2/GADs-binding PXXP cytoplasmic motif of FasL can initiate a Ras-GTP-dependent PAK1→C-Raf→MEK1/2→ERK1/2 activation. FasL can recruit Fyn via the proline-rich domain leading to the recruitment of ADAP. Through its ability to directly interact with Carma1 and TAK1, ADAP initiates the formation of the Carma1/Bcl10/Malt1-based CBM signalosome that is primarily responsible for inflammatory cytokine production. Here, we explore the conserved cytoplasmic domains of FasL, the potential signaling molecules that interact, and the functional downstream consequences within the effector lymphocytes to define the FasL-mediated 'reverse signaling'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Myosin XVI in the Nervous System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081903. [PMID: 32824179 PMCID: PMC7464383 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myosin family is a large inventory of actin-associated motor proteins that participate in a diverse array of cellular functions. Several myosin classes are expressed in neural cells and play important roles in neural functioning. A recently discovered member of the myosin superfamily, the vertebrate-specific myosin XVI (Myo16) class is expressed predominantly in neural tissues and appears to be involved in the development and proper functioning of the nervous system. Accordingly, the alterations of MYO16 has been linked to neurological disorders. Although the role of Myo16 as a generic actin-associated motor is still enigmatic, the N-, and C-terminal extensions that flank the motor domain seem to confer unique structural features and versatile interactions to the protein. Recent biochemical and physiological examinations portray Myo16 as a signal transduction element that integrates cell signaling pathways to actin cytoskeleton reorganization. This review discusses the current knowledge of the structure-function relation of Myo16. In light of its prevalent localization, the emphasis is laid on the neural aspects.
Collapse
|
13
|
Thakar MS, Kearl TJ, Malarkannan S. Controlling Cytokine Release Syndrome to Harness the Full Potential of CAR-Based Cellular Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1529. [PMID: 32076597 PMCID: PMC7006459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-based therapies offer a promising, targeted approach to effectively treat relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies. However, the treatment-related toxicity defined as cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) often develops in patients, and if uncontrolled, can be fatal. Grading systems have now been developed to further characterize and objectify clinical findings in order to provide algorithm-based guidance on CRS-related treatment decisions. The pharmacological treatments associated with these algorithms suppress inflammation through a variety of mechanisms and are paramount to improving the safety profile of CAR-based therapies. However, fatalities are still occurring, and there are downsides to these treatments, including the possibility of disrupting CAR-T cell persistence. This review article will describe the clinical presentation and current management of CRS, and through our now deeper understanding of downstream signaling pathways, will provide a molecular framework to formulate new hypotheses regarding clinical applications to contain proinflammatory cytokines responsible for CRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Tyce J Kearl
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Center of Excellence in Prostate Cancer, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nanbakhsh A, Srinivasamani A, Holzhauer S, Riese MJ, Zheng Y, Wang D, Burns R, Reimer MH, Rao S, Lemke A, Tsaih SW, Flister MJ, Lao S, Dahl R, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Mirc11 Disrupts Inflammatory but Not Cytotoxic Responses of NK Cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1647-1662. [PMID: 31515257 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells generate proinflammatory cytokines that are required to contain infections and tumor growth. However, the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate NK cell functions are not fully understood. Here, we define the role of the microRNA cluster known as Mirc11 (which includes miRNA-23a, miRNA-24a, and miRNA-27a) in NK cell-mediated proinflammatory responses. Absence of Mirc11 did not alter the development or the antitumor cytotoxicity of NK cells. However, loss of Mirc11 reduced generation of proinflammatory factors in vitro and interferon-γ-dependent clearance of Listeria monocytogenes or B16F10 melanoma in vivo by NK cells. These functional changes resulted from Mirc11 silencing ubiquitin modifiers A20, Cbl-b, and Itch, allowing TRAF6-dependent activation of NF-κB and AP-1. Lack of Mirc11 caused increased translation of A20, Cbl-b, and Itch proteins, resulting in deubiquitylation of scaffolding K63 and addition of degradative K48 moieties on TRAF6. Collectively, our results describe a function of Mirc11 that regulates generation of proinflammatory cytokines from effector lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Nanbakhsh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sandra Holzhauer
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Laboratory of B Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Demin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Laboratory of B Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinformatics Core, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael H Reimer
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Angela Lemke
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Flister
- Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Richard Dahl
- Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Genome Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ludwig N, Hecksteden A, Kahraman M, Fehlmann T, Laufer T, Kern F, Meyer T, Meese E, Keller A, Backes C. Spring is in the air: seasonal profiles indicate vernal change of miRNA activity. RNA Biol 2019; 16:1034-1043. [PMID: 31035857 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1612217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The envisioned application of miRNAs as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers calls for an in-depth understanding of their distribution and variability in different physiological states. While effects with respect to ethnic origin, age, or gender are known, the inter-individual variability of miRNAs across the four seasons remained largely hidden. We sequentially profiled the complete repertoire of blood-borne miRNAs for 25 physiologically normal individuals in spring, summer, fall, and winter (altogether 95 samples) and validated the results on 292 individuals (919 samples collected with the Mitra home sampling device) by RT-qPCR. Principal variance component analysis suggests that the largest variability observed in miRNA expression is due to individual variability and the individuals' gender. But the results also highlight a deviation of miRNA activity in samples collected during spring time. Following adjustment for multiple testing, remarkable differences are observed between spring and fall (77 miRNAs). The two most dys-regulated miRNAs were miR-181c-5p and miR-106b-5p (adjusted p-value of 0.007). Other significant miRNAs include miR-140-3p, miR-21-3p, and let-7c-5p. The dys-regulation was validated by RT-qPCR. Systems biology analysis further provides strong evidence for the immunological origin of the signals: dys-regulated miRNAs are enriched in CD56 cells and belong to various signalling and immune-system-related pathways. Our data suggest that besides known confounding factors such as age and sex, also the season in which a test is conducted might have a considerable influence on the expression of blood-borne miRNAs and subsequently might interfere with diagnosis based on such signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ludwig
- a Department of Human Genetics , Saarland University Hospital , Homburg , Germany.,b Center for Human and Molecular Biology , Saarland University , Homburg , Germany
| | - Anne Hecksteden
- c Department of Sports Medicine , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Mustafa Kahraman
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany.,e Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Tobias Fehlmann
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Thomas Laufer
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany.,e Hummingbird Diagnostics GmbH , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Fabian Kern
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- c Department of Sports Medicine , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Eckart Meese
- a Department of Human Genetics , Saarland University Hospital , Homburg , Germany
| | - Andreas Keller
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Christina Backes
- d Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics , Saarland University , Saarbrücken , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abel AM, Tiwari AA, Gerbec ZJ, Siebert JR, Yang C, Schloemer NJ, Dixon KJ, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. IQ Domain-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein 1 Regulates Cytoskeletal Reorganization and Facilitates NKG2D-Mediated Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activation and Cytokine Gene Translation in Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1168. [PMID: 29892299 PMCID: PMC5985319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play essential roles in mediating antitumor immunity. NK cells respond to various inflammatory stimuli including cytokines and stress-induced cellular ligands which activate germline-encoded activation receptors (NKRs), such as NKG2D. The signaling molecules activated downstream of NKRs are well defined; however, the mechanisms that regulate these pathways are not fully understood. IQ domain-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is a ubiquitously expressed scaffold protein. It regulates diverse cellular signaling programs in various physiological contexts, including immune cell activation and function. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of IQGAP1 in NK cells. Development and maturation of NK cells from mice lacking IQGAP1 (Iqgap1-/- ) were mostly intact; however, the absolute number of splenic NK cells was significantly reduced. Phenotypic and functional characterization revealed a significant reduction in the egression of NK cells from the bone marrow of Iqagp1-/- mice altering their peripheral homeostasis. Lack of IQGAP1 resulted in reduced NK cell motility and their ability to mediate antitumor immunity in vivo. Activation of Iqgap1-/- NK cells via NKRs, including NKG2D, resulted in significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines compared with wild-type (WT). This reduction in Iqgap1-/- NK cells is neither due to an impaired membrane proximal signaling nor a defect in gene transcription. The levels of Ifng transcripts were comparable between WT and Iqgap1-/- , suggesting that IQGAP1-dependent regulation of cytokine production is regulated by a post-transcriptional mechanism. To this end, Iqgap1-/- NK cells failed to fully induce S6 phosphorylation and showed significantly reduced protein translation following NKG2D-mediated activation, revealing a previously undefined regulatory function of IQGAP1 via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1. Together, these results implicate IQGAP1 as an essential scaffold for NK cell homeostasis and function and provide novel mechanistic insights to the post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Abel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Aradhana A Tiwari
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Zachary J Gerbec
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jason R Siebert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Nathan J Schloemer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kate J Dixon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Scorpio DG, Choi KS, Dumler JS. Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Related Defects in CD8, NKT, and NK Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:710. [PMID: 29686681 PMCID: PMC5900440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, caused by the tick-transmitted Anaplasma phagocytophilum, is not controlled by innate immunity, and induces a proinflammatory disease state with innate immune cell activation. In A. phagocytophilum murine infection models, hepatic injury occurs with production of IFNγ thought to be derived from NK, NKT cells, and CD8 T lymphocytes. Specific A. phagocytophilum ligands that drive inflammation and disease are not known, but suggest a clinical and pathophysiologic basis strikingly like macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS). We studied in vivo responses of NK, NKT, and CD8 T lymphocytes from infected animals for correlates of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and examined in vitro interactions with A. phagocytophilum-loaded antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Murine splenocytes were examined and found deficient in cytotoxicity as determined by CD107a expression in vitro for specific CTL effector subsets as determined by flow cytometry. Moreover, A. phagocytophilum-loaded APCs did not lead to IFNγ production among CTLs in vitro. These findings support the concept of impaired cytotoxicity with A. phagocytophilum presentation by APCs that express MHC class I and that interact with innate and adaptive immune cells with or after infection. The findings strengthen the concept of an enhanced proinflammatory phenotype, such as MAS and HPS disease states as the basis of disease and severity with A. phagocytophilum infection, and perhaps by other obligate intracellular bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana G Scorpio
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kyoung-Seong Choi
- College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, South Korea
| | - J Stephen Dumler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
A Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound inhibits Fyn phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in natural killer cell leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65171-65184. [PMID: 27566560 PMCID: PMC5323146 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms are characterized by clonal proliferation of cytotoxic NK cells. Since there is no standard treatment to date, new therapeutic options are needed, especially for NK aggressive tumors. Fyn tyrosine kinase has a key role in different biological processes, such as cell growth and differentiation, being also involved in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. Our previous studies led us to identify 4c pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound capable of inhibiting Fyn activation and inducing apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. Here we investigated the presence of Fyn and the effect of its inhibitor in NK malignant cells. Firstly, we showed Fyn over-expression in NK leukemic cells compared to peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. Subsequently, we demonstrated that 4c treatment reduced cell viability, induced caspase 3-mediate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NK cells. Moreover, by inhibiting Fyn phosphorylation, 4c compound reduced Akt and P70 S6 kinase activation and changed the expression of genes involved in cell death and survival in NK cells. Our study demonstrated that Fyn is involved in the pathogenesis of NK leukemia and that it could represent a potential target for this neoplasm. Moreover, we proved that Fyn inhibitor pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine compound, could be a started point to develop new therapeutic agents.
Collapse
|
19
|
Selective induction of alternatively spliced FynT isoform by TNF facilitates persistent inflammatory responses in astrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43651. [PMID: 28266558 PMCID: PMC5339870 DOI: 10.1038/srep43651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fyn tyrosine kinase has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We have previously reported that upregulation of the FynT isoform in AD brains was partly associated with astrocyte activation. In this study, we demonstrated selective FynT induction in murine cortex and primary astrocyte culture after prolonged exposure to inflammatory stimulants, suggesting that FynT may mediate persistent neuroinflammation. To delineate the functional role of astrocytic FynT in association with TNF-mediated inflammatory responses, immortalized normal human astrocytes (iNHA) stably expressing FynT kinase constitutively active (FynT-CA) or kinase dead (FynT-KD) mutants were treated with TNF and compared for inflammatory responses using high-throughput real-time RT-PCR and Luminex multi-analyte immunoassays. FynT-CA but not FynT-KD mutant exhibited drastic induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines after prolonged exposure to TNF, which could be attenuated by treating with Fyn kinase inhibitor PP2 or silencing via FynT-specific DsiRNA. FynT kinase activity-dependent induction of PKCδ expression, PKCδ phosphorylation, as well as NFκB activation was detected at the late phase but not the early phase of TNF signaling. In conclusion, selective FynT induction by TNF may facilitate persistent inflammatory responses in astrocytes, which is highly relevant to chronic neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases including but not limited to AD.
Collapse
|
20
|
Park JE, Rotondo JA, Cullins DL, Brand DD, Yi AK, Stuart JM, Kang AH, Myers LK. Characterization of the Syk-Dependent T Cell Signaling Response to an Altered Peptide. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4569-4575. [PMID: 27837109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by T cell dysregulation. We have shown that an altered peptide ligand (A9) activates T cells to use an alternate signaling pathway that is dependent on FcRγ and spleen tyrosine kinase, resulting in downregulation of inflammation. In the experiments described in this study, we have attempted to determine the molecular basis of this paradox. Three major Src family kinases found in T cells (Lck, Fyn, and Lyn) were tested for activation following stimulation by A9/I-Aq Unexpectedly we found they are not required for T cell functions induced by A9/I-Aq, nor are they required for APL stimulation of cytokines. On the other hand, the induction of the second messenger inositol trisphosphate and the mobilization of calcium are clearly triggered by the APL A9/I-Aq stimulation and are required for cytokine production, albeit the cytokines induced are different from those produced after activation of the canonical pathway. DBA/1 mice doubly deficient in IL-4 and IL-10 were used to confirm that these two cytokines are important for the APL-induced attenuation of arthritis. These studies provide a basis for exploring the effectiveness of analog peptides and the inhibitory T cells they induce as therapeutic tools for autoimmune arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeoung-Eun Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - Jeffrey A Rotondo
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - David L Cullins
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| | - David D Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis TN 38104
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163; and
| | - John M Stuart
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis TN 38104
| | - Andrew H Kang
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis TN 38104
| | - Linda K Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis TN 38163
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Expression deregulation of mir31 and CXCL12 in two types of oral precancers and cancer: importance in progression of precancer and cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32735. [PMID: 27597234 PMCID: PMC5011738 DOI: 10.1038/srep32735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer generally progresses from precancerous lesions such as leukoplakia (LK), lichen planus (LP) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Since few of these precancers progress to cancers; it is worth to identify biological molecules that may play important roles in progression. Here, expression deregulation of 7 miRNAs (mir204, mir31, mir31*, mir133a, mir7, mir206 and mir1293) and their possible target genes in 23 cancers, 18 LK, 12 LP, 23 OSMF tissues compared to 20 healthy tissues was determined by qPCR method. Expression of mir7, mir31, mir31* and mir1293 was upregulated and that of mir133a, mir204 and mir206 was downregulated in cancer. Expression of most of these miRNAs was also upregulated in LK and LP tissues but not in OSMF. Expression deregulation of some of the target genes was also determined in cancer, LK and LP tissues. Significant upregulation of mir31 and downregulation of its target gene, CXCL12, in cancer, LK and LP tissues suggest their importance in progression of precancer to cancer. Expression upregulation of mir31 was also validated using GEO data sets. Although sample size is low, novelty of this work lies in studying expression deregulation of miRNAs and target genes in oral cancer and three types of precancerous lesions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Park KI, Kim DG, Yoo JM, Ma JY. The Herbal Medicine KIOM-MA128 Inhibits the Antigen/IgE-Mediated Allergic Response in Vitro and in Vivo. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081015. [PMID: 27527133 PMCID: PMC6273402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KIOM-MA128, a novel herbal medicine, has been reported to exert some beneficial effects on various biological events, such as atopic dermatitis, inflammation and cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate how KIOM-MA128 regulates the allergic response. We measured the activity of β-hexosaminidase and the levels of allergic mediators in the conditioned media of antigen/IgE (Ag/IgE)-activated RBL-2H3 mast cells. We examined the levels of proteins associated with both the FcεRI and arachidonate cascades. Finally, we established the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) model in mice to confirm the anti-allergic effects of KIOM-MA128 in vivo. KIOM-MA128 dose-dependently inhibited degranulation and the production of the allergic mediators described above, with no significant cytotoxicity. In the arachidonate cascade, KIOM-MA128 significantly reduced both cytosolic phospholipase A₂ (cPLA₂) phosphorylation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. Moreover, in the FcεRI cascade, KIOM-MA128 not only inhibited activation of LYN, FYN and SYK, known as the rate-limiting proteins of the FcεRI cascade, but also suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK, which is related to cytokine expression. Finally, 50 to 100 mg/kg KIOM-MA128 significantly attenuated the Ag/IgE-induced PCA reaction in mice. These findings provide novel information and improve our understanding of the anti-allergic effects of KIOM-MA128 on allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Il Park
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Dong Gun Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Jae Myung Yoo
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|