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Gong P, Ding Y, Li W, Yang J, Su X, Tian R, Zhou Y, Wang T, Jiang J, Liu R, Fang J, Feng C, Shao C, Shi Y, Li P. Neutrophil-Driven M2-Like Macrophages Are Critical for Skin Fibrosis in a Systemic Sclerosis Model. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:2426-2439.e3. [PMID: 38580106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a challenging autoimmune disease characterized by progressive fibrosis affecting the skin and internal organs. Despite the known infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, their precise contributions to SSc pathogenesis remain elusive. In this study, we elucidated that CD206hiMHCIIlo M2-like macrophages constitute the predominant pathogenic immune cell population in the fibrotic skin of a bleomycin-induced SSc mouse model. These cells emerged as pivotal contributors to the profibrotic response by orchestrating the production of TGF-β1 through a MerTK signaling-dependent manner. Notably, we observed that neutrophil infiltration was a prerequisite for accumulation of M2-like macrophages. Strategies such as neutrophil depletion or inhibition of CXCR1/2 were proven effective in reducing M2-like macrophages, subsequently mitigating SSc progression. Detailed investigations revealed that in fibrotic skin, neutrophil-released neutrophil extracellular traps were responsible for the differentiation of M2-like macrophages. Our findings illuminate the significant involvement of the neutrophil-macrophage-fibrosis axis in SSc pathogenesis, offering critical information for the development of potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pixia Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yayun Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Tian
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yipeng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Peishan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Cerdeira CD, Brigagão MRPL. Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:1030-1091. [PMID: 38913937 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2367682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An event of increasing interest during host-pathogen interactions is the polarization of patrolling/naive monocytes (MOs) into macrophage subsets (MФs). Therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating this event are under investigation. METHODS This review focuses on the mechanisms of induction/development and profile of MФs polarized toward classically proinflammatory (M1) or alternatively anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes in response to bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It highlights nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface receptors (pattern recognition receptors/PPRs), microenvironmental mediators, and immune signaling. MФs polarize into phenotypes: M1 MФs, activated by IFN-γ, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide) and membrane-bound PPRs ligands (TLRs/CLRs ligands); or M2 MФs, induced by interleukins (ILs-4, -10 and -13), antigen-antibody complexes, and helminth PAMPs. Polarization toward M1 and M2 profiles evolve in a pathogen-specific manner, with or without canonicity, and can vary widely. Ultimately, this can result in varying degrees of host protection or more severe disease outcome. On the one hand, the host is driving effective MФs polarization (M1 or M2); but on the other hand, microorganisms may skew the polarization through virulence factors to increase pathogenicity. Cellular/genomic reprogramming also ensures plasticity of M1/M2 phenotypes. Because modulation of polarization can occur at multiple points, new insights and emerging perspectives may have clinical implications during the inflammation-to-resolution transition; translated into practical applications as for therapeutic/vaccine design target to boost microbicidal response (M1, e.g. triggering oxidative burst) with specifics PAMPs/IFN-γ or promote tissue repair (M2, increasing arginase activity) via immunotherapy.
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Wang H, Kim SJ, Lei Y, Wang S, Wang H, Huang H, Zhang H, Tsung A. Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:235. [PMID: 39300084 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01933-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), crucial in immune defense mechanisms, are renowned for their propensity to expel decondensed chromatin embedded with inflammatory proteins. Our comprehension of NETs in pathogen clearance, immune regulation and disease pathogenesis, has grown significantly in recent years. NETs are not only pivotal in the context of infections but also exhibit significant involvement in sterile inflammation. Evidence suggests that excessive accumulation of NETs can result in vessel occlusion, tissue damage, and prolonged inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the progression and exacerbation of various pathological states. Nevertheless, NETs exhibit dual functionalities in certain pathological contexts. While NETs may act as autoantigens, aggregated NET complexes can function as inflammatory mediators by degrading proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The delineation of molecules and signaling pathways governing NET formation aids in refining our appreciation of NETs' role in immune homeostasis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, metabolic dysregulation, and cancer. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the multifaceted roles of NETs in both homeostasis and disease, whilst discussing their potential as therapeutic targets. Our aim is to enhance the understanding of the intricate functions of NETs across the spectrum from physiology to pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Susan J Kim
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hongji Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Allan Tsung
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Shrestha S, Hong CW. Extracellular Mechanisms of Neutrophils in Immune Cell Crosstalk. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e38. [PMID: 37970234 PMCID: PMC10643328 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are professional phagocytes that provide defense against invading pathogens through phagocytosis, degranulation, generation of ROS, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Although long been considered as short-lived effector cells with limited biosynthetic activity, recent studies have revealed that neutrophils actively communicate with other immune cells. Neutrophils employ various types of soluble mediators, including granules, cytokines, and chemokines, for crosstalk with immune cells. Additionally, ROS and NETs, major arsenals of neutrophils, are utilized for intercellular communication. Furthermore, extracellular vesicles play a crucial role as mediators of neutrophil crosstalk. In this review, we highlight the extracellular mechanisms of neutrophils and their roles in crosstalk with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Shrestha
- Department of Physiology, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Chang-Won Hong
- Department of Physiology, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
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5
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Shafqat A, Omer MH, Albalkhi I, Alabdul Razzak G, Abdulkader H, Abdul Rab S, Sabbah BN, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Neutrophil extracellular traps and long COVID. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254310. [PMID: 37828990 PMCID: PMC10565006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-acute COVID-19 sequelae, commonly known as long COVID, encompasses a range of systemic symptoms experienced by a significant number of COVID-19 survivors. The underlying pathophysiology of long COVID has become a topic of intense research discussion. While chronic inflammation in long COVID has received considerable attention, the role of neutrophils, which are the most abundant of all immune cells and primary responders to inflammation, has been unfortunately overlooked, perhaps due to their short lifespan. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in the persistent inflammatory response observed in long COVID patients. We present early evidence linking the persistence of NETs to pulmonary fibrosis, cardiovascular abnormalities, and neurological dysfunction in long COVID. Several uncertainties require investigation in future studies. These include the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 brings about sustained neutrophil activation phenotypes after infection resolution; whether the heterogeneity of neutrophils seen in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection persists into the chronic phase; whether the presence of autoantibodies in long COVID can induce NETs and protect them from degradation; whether NETs exert differential, organ-specific effects; specifically which NET components contribute to organ-specific pathologies, such as pulmonary fibrosis; and whether senescent cells can drive NET formation through their pro-inflammatory secretome in long COVID. Answering these questions may pave the way for the development of clinically applicable strategies targeting NETs, providing relief for this emerging health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Omer
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Khaled Alkattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Yan M, Gu Y, Sun H, Ge Q. Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor progression and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1135086. [PMID: 36993957 PMCID: PMC10040667 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1135086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunity is a growing field of research that involves immune cells within the tumor microenvironment. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are neutrophil-derived extracellular web-like chromatin structures that are composed of histones and granule proteins. Initially discovered as the predominant host defense against pathogens, NETs have attracted increasing attention due to they have also been tightly associated with tumor. Excessive NET formation has been linked to increased tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Moreover, through direct and/or indirect effects on immune cells, an abnormal increase in NETs benefits immune exclusion and inhibits T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses. In this review, we summarize the recent but rapid progress in understanding the pivotal roles of NETs in tumor and anti-tumor immunity, highlighting the most relevant challenges in the field. We believe that NETs may be a promising therapeutic target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Meina Yan, ;
| | - Yifeng Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinghong Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Bert S, Nadkarni S, Perretti M. Neutrophil-T cell crosstalk and the control of the host inflammatory response. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:36-49. [PMID: 36326214 PMCID: PMC10952212 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
While fundamental in their innate role in combating infection and responding to injury, neutrophils are emerging as key modulators of adaptive immune responses. Such functions are attained via both soluble and nonsoluble effectors that enable at least two major downstream outcomes: first, to mediate and control acute inflammatory responses and second, to regulate adaptive immunity and ultimately promoting the development and maintenance of immune tolerance either by releasing immuno-modulatory factors, including cytokines, or by directly interacting with cells of the adaptive immune system. Herein, we review these novel properties of neutrophils and redefine the pathophysiological functions of these fascinating multi-tasking cells, exploring the different mechanisms through which neutrophils are able to either enhance and orchestrate T cell pro-inflammatory responses or inhibit T cell activity to maintain immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bert
- The William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Suchita Nadkarni
- The William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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8
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Asthma: Friends or Foes? Cells 2022; 11:cells11213521. [PMID: 36359917 PMCID: PMC9654069 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by variable airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness. A plethora of immune and structural cells are involved in asthma pathogenesis. The roles of neutrophils and their mediators in different asthma phenotypes are largely unknown. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are net-like structures composed of DNA scaffolds, histones and granular proteins released by activated neutrophils. NETs were originally described as a process to entrap and kill a variety of microorganisms. NET formation can be achieved through a cell-death process, termed NETosis, or in association with the release of DNA from viable neutrophils. NETs can also promote the resolution of inflammation by degrading cytokines and chemokines. NETs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various non-infectious conditions, including autoimmunity, cancer and even allergic disorders. Putative surrogate NET biomarkers (e.g., double-strand DNA (dsDNA), myeloperoxidase-DNA (MPO-DNA), and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)) have been found in different sites/fluids of patients with asthma. Targeting NETs has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in several diseases. However, different NETs and NET components may have alternate, even opposite, consequences on inflammation. Here we review recent findings emphasizing the pathogenic and therapeutic potential of NETs in asthma.
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9
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Rusconi G, Cusumano G, Mariotta L, Canevascini R, Gola M, Gornati R, Soldati G. Upgrading Monocytes Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia Patient Treatment: Pre-Clinical and GMP-Validation Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012669. [PMID: 36293525 PMCID: PMC9604444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced cell therapy medicinal products (ATMP) are at the forefront of a new range of biopharmaceuticals. The use of ATMP has evolved and increased in the last decades, representing a new approach to treating diseases that are not effectively managed with conventional treatments. The standard worldwide recognized for drug production is the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), widely used in the pharma production of synthesized drugs but applying also to ATMP. GMP guidelines are worldwide recognized standards to manufacture medicinal products to guarantee high quality, safety, and efficacy. In this report, we describe the pre-clinical and the GMP upgrade of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) preparation, starting from peripheral blood and ending up with a GMP-grade clinical product ready to be used in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). We also evaluated production in hypoxic conditions to increase PBMC functional activity and angiogenic potential. Furthermore, we extensively analyzed the storage and transport conditions of the final product as required by the regulatory body for ATMPs. Altogether, results suggest that the whole manufacturing process can be performed for clinical application. Peripheral blood collected by a physician should be transported at room temperature, and PBMCs should be isolated in a clean room within 8 h of venipuncture. Frozen cells can be stored in nitrogen vapors and thawed for up to 12 months. PBMCs resuspended in 5% human albumin solution should be stored and transported at 4 °C before injection in patients within 24 h to thawing. Hypoxic conditioning of PBMCs should be implemented for clinical application, as it showed a significant enhancement of PBMC functional activity, in particular with increased adhesion, migration, and oxidative stress resistance. We demonstrated the feasibility and the quality of a GMP-enriched suspension of monocytes as an ATMP, tested in a clean room facility for all aspects related to production in respect of all the GMP criteria that allow its use as an ATMP. We think that these results could ease the way to the clinical application of ATMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Mariotta
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Reto Canevascini
- Department of Surgery, Service of Angiology, Lugano Regional Hospital, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Gola
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianni Soldati
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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10
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Pfister H. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Common Players in Neutrophil Effector Functions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071715. [PMID: 35885618 PMCID: PMC9323717 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are a central component of the innate immune system. In recent years, they have gained considerable attention due to newly discovered biological effector functions and their involvement in various pathological conditions. They have been shown to trigger mechanisms that can either promote or inhibit the development of autoimmunity, thrombosis, and cancer. One mechanism for their modulatory effect is the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), that trigger appropriate signaling pathways in immune cells and other target cells. In addition, activated neutrophils can release bactericidal DNA fibers decorated with proteins from neutrophil granules (neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs). While NETs are very effective in limiting pathogens, they can also cause severe damage if released in excess or cleared inefficiently. Since NETs and EVs share a variety of neutrophil molecules and initially act in the same microenvironment, differential biochemical and functional analysis is particularly challenging. This review focuses on the biochemical and functional parallels and the extent to which the overlapping spectrum of effector molecules has an impact on biological and pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Pfister
- Munich Biomarker Research Center, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, D-80636 Munich, Germany
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11
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Carneiro MB, Peters NC. The Paradox of a Phagosomal Lifestyle: How Innate Host Cell- Leishmania amazonensis Interactions Lead to a Progressive Chronic Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728848. [PMID: 34557194 PMCID: PMC8452962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular phagosomal pathogens represent a formidable challenge for innate immune cells, as, paradoxically, these phagocytic cells can act as both host cells that support pathogen replication and, when properly activated, are the critical cells that mediate pathogen elimination. Infection by parasites of the Leishmania genus provides an excellent model organism to investigate this complex host-pathogen interaction. In this review we focus on the dynamics of Leishmania amazonensis infection and the host innate immune response, including the impact of the adaptive immune response on phagocytic host cell recruitment and activation. L. amazonensis infection represents an important public health problem in South America where, distinct from other Leishmania parasites, it has been associated with all three clinical forms of leishmaniasis in humans: cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral. Experimental observations demonstrate that most experimental mouse strains are susceptible to L. amazonensis infection, including the C57BL/6 mouse, which is resistant to other species such as Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum. In general, the CD4+ T helper (Th)1/Th2 paradigm does not sufficiently explain the progressive chronic disease established by L. amazonensis, as strong cell-mediated Th1 immunity, or a lack of Th2 immunity, does not provide protection as would be predicted. Recent findings in which the balance between Th1/Th2 immunity was found to influence permissive host cell availability via recruitment of inflammatory monocytes has also added to the complexity of the Th1/Th2 paradigm. In this review we discuss the roles played by innate cells starting from parasite recognition through to priming of the adaptive immune response. We highlight the relative importance of neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells and resident macrophages for the establishment and progressive nature of disease following L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Carneiro
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine and Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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12
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Dömer D, Walther T, Möller S, Behnen M, Laskay T. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Activate Proinflammatory Functions of Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636954. [PMID: 34168641 PMCID: PMC8217666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) consist of decondensed nuclear chromatin that is associated with proteins and are released by neutrophils during an inflammatory response. Released NETs are able to capture pathogens, prevent their dissemination and potentially kill them via antimicrobial peptides and proteins that are associated with the decondensed chromatin. In addition to their antimicrobial functions, NETs have also been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects by activation and differentiation of macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells. However, the effect of NETs on neutrophil functions is poorly understood. Here we report the first comprehensive study regarding the effects of NETs on human primary neutrophils in vitro. NETs were isolated from cultures of PMA-exposed neutrophils. Exposure of neutrophils to isolated NETs resulted in the activation of several neutrophil functions in a concentration-dependent manner. NETs induced exocytosis of granules, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX2-dependent NET formation, increased the phagocytosis and killing of microbial pathogens. Furthermore, NETs induced the secretion of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 and the B-cell-activating cytokine BAFF. We could show that the NET-induced activation of neutrophils occurs by pathways that involve the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and p38. Taken together our results provide further insights into the proinflammatory role of NETs by activating neutrophil effector function and further supports the view that NETs can amplify inflammatory events. On the one hand the amplified functions enhance the antimicrobial defense. On the other hand, NET-amplified neutrophil functions can be involved in the pathophysiology of NET-associated diseases. In addition, NETs can connect the innate and adaptive immune system by inducing the secretion of the B-cell-activating cytokine BAFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dömer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tabea Walther
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sonja Möller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martina Behnen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Fatemi A, Alipour R, Khanahmad H, Alsahebfosul F, Andalib A, Pourazar A. The impact of neutrophil extracellular trap from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on the viability, CD11b expression and oxidative burst of healthy neutrophils. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:12. [PMID: 33546594 PMCID: PMC7863477 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NET (neutrophil extracellular trap) has been shown to directly influence inflammation; in SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), it is reportedly a plausible cause for the broken self-tolerance that contributes to this pathology. Meanwhile, the role of NET is not easily explicable, and there is a serious discrepancy in the role of NET in SLE pathology and generally inflammation; in particular, the interactions of neutrophils with NET have been rarely inspected. This study evaluates the effect of NET on neutrophils in the context of SLE. The neutrophils were incubated by the collected NET (from SLE patients and healthy controls) and their expression of an activation marker, viability and oxidative burst ability were measured. Results The level of cell mortality, CD11b expression and the oxidative burst capacity were elevated in NET-treated neutrophils. Also, the elevation caused by the SLE NET was higher than that produced by the healthy NET. Conclusion The decreased neutrophil viability was not due to the increase in apoptosis; rather, it was because of the augmentation of other inflammatory cell-death modes. The upregulation of CD11b implies that NET causes neutrophils to more actively contribute to inflammation. The increased oxidative burst capacity of neutrophils can play a double role in inflammation. Overall, the effects induced by NET on neutrophils help prolong inflammation; accordingly, the NET collected from SLE patients is stronger than the NET from healthy individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00402-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimohammad Fatemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Razieh Alipour
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, IR, 81746-73695, Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Alsahebfosul
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, IR, 81746-73695, Iran
| | - Alireza Andalib
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, IR, 81746-73695, Iran
| | - Abbasali Pourazar
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, Isfahan, IR, 81746-73695, Iran.
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14
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Arneth B, Arneth R. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) and Vasculitis. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1532-1540. [PMID: 33746569 PMCID: PMC7976562 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.53728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been implicated in host immune responses. Attempts have been made to examine how NETs affect the pathogenesis of complications such as autoimmune and vascular disorders. Aim: This study aimed to explore the relationship between NETs and vasculitis. Material and Methods: The current study entailed the searching of PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL for articles related to the research topic. The search terms and phrases included "vasculitis," "NETs," "neutrophil extracellular traps," "NETosis," and "pathogenesis." The search was limited to articles published between 2009 and 2019. Results: Researchers have shown that NETs contribute to the pathogenesis of vasculitis through different mechanisms and processes, including renal failure and vascular damage. The protective effects of NETs have also been highlighted. Discussion: Overall, some scholars have shown the effectiveness of using DNase I and the PAD4 inhibitor Cl-amidine to treat vasculitis by restricting NET formation. However, observations have been noted in only animal experimental models. Conclusion: Neutrophil hyperactivity and its role in vasculitis are not yet fully understood. More studies aiming to determine the accurate function of NETs in vasculitis pathogenesis, particularly in humans, should be undertaken. Intensive research on NETs and vasculitis can increase the knowledge of medical practitioners and contribute to the development of new treatment methods to enhance patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Arneth
- Clinic of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, University Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg UKGM, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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15
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Kupani M, Pandey RK, Mehrotra S. Neutrophils and Visceral Leishmaniasis: Impact on innate immune response and cross-talks with macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2255-2267. [PMID: 33345353 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils with their array of microbicidal activities are the first innate immune cells to guard against infection. They are also most crucial for the host's initial defense against Leishmania parasites which cause clinically diverse diseases ranging from self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) to a more severe visceral form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Neutrophils are recruited in large numbers at the infection site after bite of sandfly, which is the vector for the disease. The initial interaction of neutrophils with the parasites may modulate the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses and hence affect the disease outcome. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively appraise the role of neutrophils during the early stages of Leishmania infection with a focus on the visceral form of the disease. In the past decade, new insights regarding the role of neutrophils in VL have surfaced which have been extensively elaborated in the present review. In addition, since much of the information regarding neutrophil-Leishmania early interaction has accumulated through studies on mouse models of CL, these studies are also revisited. We begin by reviewing the factors which drive the recruitment of neutrophils at the site of injection by the sandfly. We then discuss the studies delineating the molecular mechanisms involved in the uptake of the Leishmania parasite by neutrophils and how the parasite subverts their microbicidal functions. In the end, the interaction of infected neutrophils with macrophages and dendritic cells is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Kupani
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev K Pandey
- Research & Development, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjana Mehrotra
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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16
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Mojoli A, Gonçalves BS, Temerozo JR, Cister-Alves B, Geddes V, Herlinger A, Aguiar RS, Pilotto JH, Saraiva EM, Bou-Habib DC. Neutrophil extracellular traps from healthy donors and HIV-1-infected individuals restrict HIV-1 production in macrophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19603. [PMID: 33177532 PMCID: PMC7658358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils release extracellular traps (NETs) after interaction with microorganisms and physiological or synthetic products. NETs consist of decondensed chromatin complexed with proteins, some of them with microbicidal properties. Because NETs can modulate the functioning of HIV-1 target cells, we aimed to verify whether they modify HIV-1 replication in macrophages. We found that exposure of HIV-1-infected macrophages to NETs resulted in significant inhibition of viral replication. The NET anti-HIV-1 action was independent of other soluble factors released by the activated neutrophils, but otherwise dependent on the molecular integrity of NETs, since NET-treatment with protease or DNase abolished this effect. NETs induced macrophage production of the anti-HIV-1 β-chemokines Rantes and MIP-1β, and reduced the levels of integrated HIV-1 DNA in the macrophage genome, which may explain the decreased virus production by infected macrophages. Moreover, the residual virions released by NET-treated HIV-1-infected macrophages lost infectivity. In addition, elevated levels of DNA-elastase complexes were detected in the plasma from HIV-1-infected individuals, and neutrophils from these patients released NETs, which also inhibited HIV-1 replication in in vitro infected macrophages. Our results reveal that NETs may function as an innate immunity mechanism able to restrain HIV-1 production in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Mojoli
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara Simonson Gonçalves
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Jairo R Temerozo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cister-Alves
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Victor Geddes
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alice Herlinger
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Pilotto
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Leishmaniasis, Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Bloco D/D1-44, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Dumith Chequer Bou-Habib
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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17
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Type I IFN exacerbates disease in tuberculosis-susceptible mice by inducing neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation and NETosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5566. [PMID: 33149141 PMCID: PMC7643080 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19412-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality due to infectious disease, but the factors determining disease progression are unclear. Transcriptional signatures associated with type I IFN signalling and neutrophilic inflammation were shown to correlate with disease severity in mouse models of TB. Here we show that similar transcriptional signatures correlate with increased bacterial loads and exacerbate pathology during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection upon GM-CSF blockade. Loss of GM-CSF signalling or genetic susceptibility to TB (C3HeB/FeJ mice) result in type I IFN-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation that promotes bacterial growth and promotes disease severity. Consistently, NETs are present in necrotic lung lesions of TB patients responding poorly to antibiotic therapy, supporting the role of NETs in a late stage of TB pathogenesis. Our findings reveal an important cytokine-based innate immune effector network with a central role in determining the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. GM-CSF is involved in control over M. tuberculosis infection. Here the authors show that GM-CSF reduces type 1 interferon driven neutrophil recruitment, NETosis and bacterial growth in the lungs of infected mice, and provide evidence that this NETosis occurs in infected humans who are not responsive to antibiotic therapy.
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18
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Edwards NJ, Hwang C, Marini S, Pagani CA, Spreadborough PJ, Rowe CJ, Yu P, Mei A, Visser N, Li S, Hespe GE, Huber AK, Strong AL, Shelef MA, Knight JS, Davis TA, Levi B. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps and TLR signaling in skeletal muscle ischemia reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:15753-15770. [PMID: 33089917 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000994rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury results in devastating skeletal muscle fibrosis. Here, we recapitulate this injury with a mouse model of hindlimb IR injury which leads to skeletal muscle fibrosis. Injury resulted in extensive immune infiltration with robust neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in the skeletal muscle, however, direct targeting of NETs via the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mechanism was insufficient to reduce muscle fibrosis. Circulating levels of IL-10 and TNFα were significantly elevated post injury, indicating toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in muscle injury. Administration of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a small molecule inhibitor of TLR7/8/9, following injury reduced NET formation, IL-10, and TNFα levels and ultimately mitigated muscle fibrosis and improved myofiber regeneration following IR injury. HCQ treatment decreased fibroadipogenic progenitor cell proliferation and partially inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the injured tissue, suggesting it may act through a combination of TLR7/8/9 and ERK signaling mechanisms. We demonstrate that treatment with FDA-approved HCQ leads to decreased muscle fibrosis and increased myofiber regeneration following IR injury, suggesting short-term HCQ treatment may be a viable treatment to prevent muscle fibrosis in ischemia reperfusion and traumatic extremity injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simone Marini
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip J Spreadborough
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassie J Rowe
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pauline Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Annie Mei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Noelle Visser
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuli Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Geoffrey E Hespe
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amanda K Huber
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy L Strong
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Wisconsin and William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jason S Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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19
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Central and local controls of monocytopoiesis influence the outcome of Leishmania infection. Cytokine 2020; 147:155325. [PMID: 33039254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases represent a complex of tropical and subtropical diseases caused by an intracellular protozoon of the genus Leishmania. The principal cells controlling the interaction between the host and the parasite Leishmania are monocytes and macrophages, as these cells play a decisive role in establishing the pathogenesis or cure. These cells are involved in controlling the growth of Leishmania and in modulating the adaptive immune responses. The heterogeneity and extensive plasticity of monocytes allow these cells to adjust their functional phenotypes in response to the pathogen-directed immunological cues. In Leishmania-infected host, the rate of myelopoiesis is augmented by enhanced monocytic lineage commitment and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells both in the BM and at the site of infection. These newly generated monocytes play as "safe haven" for the parasite and also as the antigen-presenting cells for T cells to cause deregulated cytokine production. This altered monocytopoiesis is characterized by tissue-specific immune responses, spatiotemporal dynamics of immunoregulation and functional heterogeneity. In the presence of Th1 cytokines, monocytes exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype that protects the host from Leishmania. By contrast, in an environment of Th2 cytokines, monocytes display anti-inflammatory phenotype with pro-parasitic functions. In this review, we summarize the involvement of cytokines in the regulation of monocytopoiesis and differentiation of macrophages during leishmanial infection. Understanding the role of cytokines in regulating interactions between Leishmania and the host monocytes is key to developing new therapeutic interventions against leishmaniases.
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20
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Liao Y, Li G, Zhang X, Huang W, Xie D, Dai G, Zhu S, Lu D, Zhang Z, Lin J, Wu B, Lin W, Chen Y, Chen Z, Peng C, Wang M, Chen X, Jiang MH, Xiang AP. Cardiac Nestin + Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Healing of Ischemic Heart through Periostin-Mediated M2 Macrophage Polarization. Mol Ther 2020; 28:855-873. [PMID: 31991111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show potential for treating cardiovascular diseases, but their therapeutic efficacy exhibits significant heterogeneity depending on the tissue of origin. This study sought to identify an optimal source of MSCs for cardiovascular disease therapy. We demonstrated that Nestin was a suitable marker for cardiac MSCs (Nes+cMSCs), which were identified by their self-renewal ability, tri-lineage differentiation potential, and expression of MSC markers. Furthermore, compared with bone marrow-derived MSCs (Nes+bmMSCs) or saline-treated myocardial infarction (MI) controls, intramyocardial injection of Nes+cMSCs significantly improved cardiac function and decreased infarct size after acute MI (AMI) through paracrine actions, rather than transdifferentiation into cardiac cells in infarcted heart. We further revealed that Nes+cMSC treatment notably reduced pan-macrophage infiltration while inducing macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in ischemic myocardium. Interestingly, Periostin, which was highly expressed in Nes+cMSCs, could promote the polarization of M2-subtype macrophages, and knockdown or neutralization of Periostin remarkably reduced the therapeutic effects of Nes+cMSCs by decreasing M2 macrophages at lesion sites. Thus, the present work systemically shows that Nes+cMSCs have greater efficacy than do Nes+bmMSCs for cardiac healing after AMI, and that this occurs at least partly through Periostin-mediated M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liao
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Guilan Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Dongmei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Gang Dai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shuanghua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Dihan Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhongyuan Zhang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Junyi Lin
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Bingyuan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Wanwen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Chaoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Maosheng Wang
- The Cardiovascular Center, Gaozhou People's Hospital, Maoming, Guangdong 525200, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
| | - Mei Hua Jiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Andy Peng Xiang
- Program of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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21
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Eghbalzadeh K, Georgi L, Louis T, Zhao H, Keser U, Weber C, Mollenhauer M, Conforti A, Wahlers T, Paunel-Görgülü A. Compromised Anti-inflammatory Action of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in PAD4-Deficient Mice Contributes to Aggravated Acute Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2313. [PMID: 31632398 PMCID: PMC6779806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses and rapid recruitment of leukocytes, which regulate inflammation and subsequent healing, play a key role in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is critically involved in chromatin decondensation during the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) by activated neutrophils. Alternatively, activated macrophages (M2) and accurate collagen deposition determine the repair of the infarcted heart. In this study, we investigated the impact of NETs on macrophage polarization and their role for acute cardiac inflammation and subsequent cardiac healing in a mouse model of acute MI. NETs were found to promote in vitro macrophage polarization toward a reparative phenotype. NETs suppressed pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1) under hypoxia and diminished IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Further on, NETs strongly supported M2b polarization and IL-10 expression. In cardiac fibroblasts, NETs increased TGF-ß expression under hypoxic culture conditions. PAD4-/- mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery suffered from overwhelming inflammation in the acute phase of MI. Noteworthy, PAD4-/- neutrophils were unable to release NETs upon ex vivo stimulation with ionomycin or PMA, but produced significantly higher amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of circulating cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA and cardiac troponin were found in PAD4-/- mice in the acute phase of MI when compared to WT mice. Reduced cardiac expression of IL-6, IL-10, and M2 marker genes, as well as increased TNF-α expression, suggested a pro-inflammatory state. PAD4-/- mice displayed significantly increased cardiac MMP-2 expression under baseline conditions. At day 1, post-MI, PAD4-/- mice showed increased end-diastolic volume and increased thinning of the left ventricular wall. Interestingly, improved cardiac function, as demonstrated by significantly increased ejection fraction, was found at day 21. Altogether, our results indicate that NETs support macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, thus displaying anti-inflammatory properties. PAD4 deficiency aggravates acute inflammation and increases tissue damage post-MI, partially due to the lack of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Eghbalzadeh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leena Georgi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Louis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Haizhi Zhao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ugur Keser
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolyn Weber
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Conforti
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wahlers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Adnana Paunel-Görgülü
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Conceição-Silva F, Morgado FN. Leishmania Spp-Host Interaction: There Is Always an Onset, but Is There an End? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:330. [PMID: 31608245 PMCID: PMC6761226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
For a long time Leishmaniasis had been considered as a neglected tropical disease. Recently, it has become a priority in public health all over the world for different aspects such as geographic spread, number of population living at risk of infection as well as the potential lethality and/or the development of disfiguring lesions in the, respectively, visceral and tegumentary forms of the disease. As a result, several groups have been bending over this issue and many valuable data have been published. Nevertheless, parasite-host interactions are still not fully known and, consequently, we do not entirely understand the infection dynamics and parasite persistence. This knowledge may point targets for modulation or blockage, being very useful in the development of measures to interfere in the course of infection/ disease and to minimize the risks and morbidity. In the present review we will discuss some aspects of the Leishmania spp-mammalian host interaction in the onset of infection and after the clinical cure of the lesions. We will also examine the information already available concerning the parasite strategy to evade immune response mainly at the beginning of the infection, as well as during the parasite persistence. This knowledge can improve the conditions of treatment, follow-up and cure control of patients, minimizing the potential damages this protozoosis can cause to infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Conceição-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Morgado
- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, IOC/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Lazzaretto B, Fadeel B. Intra- and Extracellular Degradation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps by Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2276-2290. [PMID: 31519860 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of nuclear DNA associated with histones and granule proteins are involved in the extracellular killing of pathogens. Excessive NET formation has been implicated in several noninfectious pathological conditions. The disposal of NETs is, therefore, important to prevent inadvertent effects resulting from the continued presence of NETs in the extracellular environment. In this study, we investigated the interaction of NETs released by freshly isolated, PMA-stimulated primary human neutrophils with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). NETs were internalized by macrophages, and removal of the protein component prevented engulfment of NETs, whereas complexation with LL-37 restored the uptake of "naked" (protein-free) NETs. NETs were also found to dampen the bacterial LPS-induced maturation of DCs. Cytokine profiling was conducted by using a multiplex array following the interaction of NETs with macrophages or DCs, and NETs alone were found to be noninflammatory, whereas immunomodulatory effects were noted in the presence of LPS with significant upregulation of IL-1β secretion, and a marked suppression of other LPS-induced factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in both cell types. Moreover, macrophage digestion of NETs was dependent on TREX1 (also known as DNaseIII), but not DNaseII, whereas extracellular DNase1L3-mediated degradation of NETs was observed for DCs. Collectively, these findings shed light on the interactions between NETs and phagocytic cells and provide new insights regarding the clearance of NETs, double-edged swords of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Lazzaretto
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Neutrophil properties in healthy and Leishmania infantum-naturally infected dogs. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6247. [PMID: 31000764 PMCID: PMC6472404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic disease that affects humans and dogs as well. Dogs, the domestic reservoir of Leishmania, play a central role in the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of this disease. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in blood and interact with the parasite after infection. Here, we evaluate the effector properties of neutrophils from healthy and naturally Leishmania infantum-infected dogs. Our results showed that the parasite induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) release from neutrophils in both groups. Additionally, phagocytosis and NETs contributed differently to parasite killing by neutrophils from healthy and infected animals, and IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-4 and TNF-α production by neutrophils from both groups were differentially modulated by the parasite. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the complex role played by neutrophils in canine visceral leishmaniasis, which may favor the development of more effective therapies.
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Villagra-Blanco R, Silva LMR, Conejeros I, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Pinniped- and Cetacean-Derived ETosis Contributes to Combating Emerging Apicomplexan Parasites ( Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum) Circulating in Marine Environments. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8010012. [PMID: 30857289 PMCID: PMC6466332 DOI: 10.3390/biology8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leukocytes play a major role in combating infections either by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial granules, or extracellular trap (ET) formation. ET formation is preceded by a certain leukocyte cell death form, known as ETosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the innate immune system also observed in marine mammals. Besides several biomolecules and microbial stimuli, marine mammal ETosis is also trigged by various terrestrial protozoa and metazoa, considered nowadays as neozoan parasites, which are circulating in oceans worldwide and causing critical emerging marine diseases. Recent studies demonstrated that pinniped- and cetacean-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes are able to form different phenotypes of ET structures composed of nuclear DNA, histones, and cytoplasmic peptides/proteases against terrestrial apicomplexan parasites, e.g., Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Detailed molecular analyses and functional studies proved that marine mammal PMNs and monocytes cast ETs in a similar way as terrestrial mammals, entrapping and immobilizing T. gondii and N. caninum tachyzoites. Pinniped- and cetacean leukocytes induce vital and suicidal ETosis, with highly reliant actions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and combined mechanisms of myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase (NE), and DNA citrullination via peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PAD4).This scoping review intends to summarize the knowledge on emerging protozoans in the marine environment and secondly to review limited data about ETosis mechanisms in marine mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Iván Conejeros
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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26
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Haritha VH, Seena P, Shaji BV, Nithin TU, Hazeena VN, Anie Y. Monocyte clearance of apoptotic neutrophils is unhindered in the presence of NETosis, but proteins of NET trigger ETosis in monocytes. Immunol Lett 2019; 207:36-45. [PMID: 30738096 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation needs effective and timely removal of dead cells and other toxic products of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. In this study, we evaluated the role of monocytes in the clearance of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) and apoptotic neutrophils in the inflammation site. For this, monocytes were observed microscopically after exposing them with NETs and/or apoptotic bodies. A subset of monocytes exposed to NETs ejected extracellular traps and this was shown to be mediated by proteins like elastase and citrullinated histones present in NET supernatant. Monocytes showed a preference for the internalisation of the apoptotic body when both NET and apoptotic bodies were present in the medium. The study provides new insight into the role of monocytes in the clearance of NET and apoptotic neutrophils and this information may open up a way in formulating therapeutic strategies for accelerating resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Haritha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
| | - P Seena
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
| | - Binchu V Shaji
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
| | - T U Nithin
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
| | - V N Hazeena
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
| | - Y Anie
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560 Kerala, India.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can be found at the sites of vascular lesions and in the circulation of patients with active small vessel vasculitis. Neutrophils from vasculitis patients release more NETs in vitro, and NETs have properties that can harm the vasculature both directly and indirectly. There are several ways to interfere with NET formation, which open for new therapeutic options. However, there are several types of NETs and different mechanisms of NET formation, and these might have different effects on inflammation. Here we review recent findings regarding the pathogenesis and therapeutic potentials of NETs in vasculitis. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental mouse models support a role for NETs in promoting vascular damage, where histones and mitochondrial DNA appear to be driving forces. Impaired formation of NETs, however, in an SLE-like mouse model leads to more severe disease, suggesting that NETs can be important in limiting inflammation. Studies on drug-induced vasculitis reveal that levamisole can induce NETosis via muscarinic receptors, predisposing for the generation of autoantibodies, including antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). This supports the notion that NETs can bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. SUMMARY NETs can participate in the pathogenesis of vasculitis, but in some models there also seem to be protective effects of NETs. This complexity needs further evaluation with experimental models that are as specific as possible for human primary vasculitis.
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Martínez-López M, Soto M, Iborra S, Sancho D. Leishmania Hijacks Myeloid Cells for Immune Escape. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:883. [PMID: 29867798 PMCID: PMC5949370 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases whose clinical manifestations vary depending on the infectious Leishmania species but also on host factors. Recognition of the parasite by host myeloid immune cells is a key to trigger an effective Leishmania-specific immunity. However, the parasite is able to persist in host myeloid cells by evading, delaying and manipulating host immunity in order to escape host resistance and ensure its transmission. Neutrophils are first in infiltrating infection sites and could act either favoring or protecting against infection, depending on factors such as the genetic background of the host or the parasite species. Macrophages are the main host cells where the parasites grow and divide. However, macrophages are also the main effector population involved in parasite clearance. Parasite elimination by macrophages requires the priming and development of an effector Th1 adaptive immunity driven by specific subtypes of dendritic cells. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive outline of how myeloid cells regulate innate and adaptive immunity against Leishmania, and the mechanisms used by the parasites to promote their evasion and sabotage. Understanding the interactions between Leishmania and the host myeloid cells may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches and improved vaccination to leishmaniases, an important worldwide health problem in which current therapeutic or preventive approaches are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martínez-López
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Soto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares "Carlos III", Madrid, Spain
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29
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Urban CF, Nett JE. Neutrophil extracellular traps in fungal infection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 89:47-57. [PMID: 29601861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are a continuously increasing problem in modern health care. Understanding the complex biology of the emerging pathogens and unraveling the mechanisms of host defense may form the basis for the development of more efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Neutrophils play a pivotal role in the defense against fungal pathogens. These phagocytic hunters migrate towards invading fungal microorganisms and eradicate them by phagocytosis, oxidative burst and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In the last decade, the process of NET formation has received unparalleled attention, with numerous studies revealing the relevance of this neutrophil function for control of various mycoses. Here, we describe NET formation and summarize its role as part of the innate immune defense against fungal pathogens. We highlight factors influencing the formation of these structures and molecular mechanisms employed by fungi to impair the formation of NETs or subvert their antifungal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F Urban
- Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology, 90185 Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research & Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine, Sweden.
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Departments of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 5203 Microbial Sciences Building, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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30
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Finlay TM, Palmer AL, Ousman SS. Murine neutrophils treated with alphaB-crystallin reduce IL-12p40 production by dendritic cells. Immunology 2018. [PMID: 29532462 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential in the fight against invading pathogens. They utilize antimicrobial effector mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, release of proteases and other antimicrobial products, robust oxidative bursts and neutrophil extracellular traps to combat infections. Neutrophils also modulate immune responses through the production of eicosanoids, cytokines and chemokines, as well as via direct communication with other immune cells. This system of high-intensity offense against pathogens is exquisitely balanced through regulation to limit damage to host tissue. Unfortunately, the control of neutrophils is not failproof. In cases of sterile injury, autoimmunity and even during an infection, neutrophils can cause tissue destruction and become detrimental to the host. For that reason, there is a need to find means to regulate the aberrant activation of these cells. We found that alphaB-crystallin (αBC), a heat-shock protein known to have anti-inflammatory abilities, affects certain properties of mouse neutrophils that subsequently influence the pro-inflammatory state of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). More specifically, αBC mediated small but significant increases in the levels of IL-10 and matrix metalloproteinase 8, and altered hydrogen peroxide secretion by stimulated neutrophils. Further, the heat-shock protein influenced the communication between neutrophils and dendritic cells by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically IL-12p40, by the APCs. αBC could thus contribute to dampening neutrophil inflammatory responses by impacting the effect of neutrophils on other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M Finlay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandra L Palmer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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