1
|
Wang S, Jiang C, Cao K, Li R, Gao Z, Wang Y. HK2 in microglia and macrophages contribute to the development of neuropathic pain. Glia 2024; 72:396-410. [PMID: 37909251 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex pain condition accompanied by prominent neuroinflammation involving activation of both central and peripheral immune cells. Metabolic switch to glycolysis is an important feature of activated immune cells. Hexokinase 2 (HK2), a key glycolytic enzyme enriched in microglia, has recently been shown important in regulating microglial functions. Whether and how HK2 is involved in neuropathic pain-related neuroinflammation remains unknown. Using a HK2-tdTomato reporter line, we found that HK2 was prominently elevated in spinal microglia. Pharmacological inhibition of HK2 effectively alleviated nerve injury-induced acute mechanical pain. However, selective ablation of Hk2 in microglia reduced microgliosis in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) with little analgesic effects. Further analyses showed that nerve injury also significantly induced HK2 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) macrophages. Deletion of Hk2 in myeloid cells, including both DRG macrophages and spinal microglia, led to the alleviation of mechanical pain during the first week after injury, along with attenuated microgliosis in the ipsilateral SDH, macrophage proliferation in DRGs, and suppressed inflammatory responses in DRGs. These data suggest that HK2 plays an important role in regulating neuropathic pain-related immune cell responses at acute phase and that HK2 contributes to neuropathic pain onset primarily through peripheral monocytes and DRG macrophages rather than spinal microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kelei Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The MOE Frontier Research Center of Brain & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Run Li
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The MOE Frontier Research Center of Brain & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Codocedo JF, Mera-Reina C, Lin PBC, Puntambekar SS, Casali BT, Jury N, Martinez P, Lasagna-Reeves CA, Landreth GE. Therapeutic targeting of immunometabolism in Alzheimer's disease reveals a critical reliance on Hexokinase 2 dosage on microglial activation and disease progression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566270. [PMID: 38014106 PMCID: PMC10680613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Microgliosis and neuroinflammation are prominent features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Disease-responsive microglia meet their increased energy demand by reprogramming metabolism, specifically, switching to favor glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, targeting of microglial immunometabolism might be of therapeutic benefit for treating AD, providing novel and often well understood immune pathways and their newly recognized actions in AD. We report that in the brains of 5xFAD mice and postmortem brains of AD patients, we found a significant increase in the levels of Hexokinase 2 (HK2), an enzyme that supports inflammatory responses by rapidly increasing glycolysis. Moreover, binding of HK2 to mitochondria has been reported to regulate inflammation by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting that its inflammatory role extends beyond its glycolytic activity. Here we report, that HK2 antagonism selectively affects microglial phenotypes and disease progression in a gene-dose dependent manner. Paradoxically, complete loss of HK2 fails to improve AD progression by exacerbating inflammasome activity while its haploinsufficiency results in reduced pathology and improved cognition in the 5XFAD mice. We propose that the partial antagonism of HK2, is effective in slowed disease progression and inflammation through a non-metabolic mechanism associated with the modulation of NFKβ signaling, through its cytosolic target IKBα. The complete loss of HK2 affects additional inflammatory mechanisms associated to mitochondrial dysfunction. Highlights Hexokinase 2, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is specifically upregulated in plaque-associated microglia of AD mice models and in the postmortem cortex of human AD patients.Microglia haploinsufficient in HK2 exhibit reduced amyloid burden and inflammation as well as improved cognition in a mouse model of AD. Paradoxically, the complete loss of HK2 results in opposite effects, by exacerbating inflammation.Lonidamine, an anticancer drug that inhibits HK2, mimics the salutary effects of HK2 haploinsufficiency in the 5xFAD mice, but only in males during the early stages of disease.HK2 deletion induced mitochondrial dysfunction associated to increased expression of inflammasome elements and IL-1β.HK2 partial antagonism exerts beneficial effects independent of its energetic or mitochondrial role, likely through cytosolic stabilization of IκBα and inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, leading to reduced proinflammatory gene expression.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jessop F, Schwarz B, Bohrnsen E, Miltko M, Shaia C, Bosio CM. Targeting 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenases Promotes Metabolic Reprogramming That Protects against Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Model. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:528-542. [PMID: 37417946 PMCID: PMC10587500 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of host metabolism is a feature of lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Perturbations in α-ketoglutarate levels can elicit metabolic reprogramming through 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases (2-ODDGs), leading to stabilization of the transcription factor HIF-1α. HIF1-α activation has been reported to promote antiviral mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 through direct regulation of ACE2 expression (a receptor required for viral entry). However, given the numerous pathways HIF-1α serves to regulate it is possible that there are other undefined metabolic mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 independent of ACE2 downregulation. In this study, we used in vitro and in vivo models in which HIF-1α modulation of ACE2 expression was negated, allowing for isolated characterization of the host metabolic response within SARS-CoV-2 disease pathogenesis. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection limited stabilization of HIF-1α and associated mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming by maintaining activity of the 2-ODDG prolyl hydroxylases. Inhibition of 2-ODDGs with dimethyloxalylglycine promoted HIF-1α stabilization following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and significantly increased survival among SARS-CoV-2-infected mice compared with vehicle controls. However, unlike previous reports, the mechanism by which activation of HIF-1α responses contributed to survival was not through impairment of viral replication. Rather, dimethyloxalylglycine treatment facilitated direct effects on host metabolism including increased glycolysis and resolution of dysregulated pools of metabolites, which correlated with reduced morbidity. Taken together, these data identify (to our knowledge) a novel function of α-ketoglutarate-sensing platforms, including those responsible for HIF-1α stabilization, in the resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and support targeting these metabolic nodes as a viable therapeutic strategy to limit disease severity during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Jessop
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Benjamin Schwarz
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Eric Bohrnsen
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Molly Miltko
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Carl Shaia
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, MT
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Tan R, Li R, Tian R, Liu Z, Wang X, Chen E, Pan T, Qu H. PKM2/STAT1-mediated PD-L1 upregulation on neutrophils during sepsis promotes neutrophil organ accumulation by serving an anti-apoptotic role. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:16. [PMID: 37131151 PMCID: PMC10155438 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed neutrophil apoptosis during sepsis may impact neutrophil organ accumulation and tissue immune homeostasis. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying neutrophil apoptosis may help identify potential therapeutic targets. Glycolysis is critical to neutrophil activities during sepsis. However, the precise mechanisms through which glycolysis regulates neutrophil physiology remain under-explored, especially those involving the non-metabolic functions of glycolytic enzymes. In the present study, the impact of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on neutrophil apoptosis was explored. The regulatory effect of the glycolytic enzyme, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), whose role in septic neutrophils remains unaddressed, on neutrophil PD-L1 expression was also explored. METHODS Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from patients with sepsis and healthy controls. PD-L1 and PKM2 levels were determined by flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-differentiated HL-60 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an in vitro simulation of septic neutrophils. Cell apoptosis was assessed by annexin V/propidium iodide (annexin V/PI) staining, as well as determination of protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) by Western blotting. An in vivo model of sepsis was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) for 16 h. Pulmonary and hepatic neutrophil infiltration was assessed by flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS PD-L1 level was elevated on neutrophils under septic conditions. Administration of neutralizing antibodies against PD-L1 partially reversed the inhibitory effect of LPS on neutrophil apoptosis. Neutrophil infiltration into the lung and liver was also reduced in PD-L1-/- mice 16 h after sepsis induction. PKM2 was upregulated in septic neutrophils and promoted neutrophil PD-L1 expression both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, PKM2 nuclear translocation was increased after LPS stimulation, which promoted PD-L1 expression by directly interacting with and activating signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). Inhibition of PKM2 activity or STAT1 activation also led to increased neutrophil apoptosis. CONCLUSION In this study, a PKM2/STAT1-mediated upregulation of PD-L1 on neutrophils and the anti-apoptotic effect of upregulated PD-L1 on neutrophils during sepsis were identified, which may result in increased pulmonary and hepatic neutrophil accumulation. These findings suggest that PKM2 and PD-L1 could serve as potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjiaozhi Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruoming Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ranran Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hongping Qu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
In silico Identification of Hypoxic Signature followed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR Validation in Cancer Cell Lines. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:23-33. [PMID: 36624663 PMCID: PMC9971715 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypoxic tumor microenvironment is one of the important impediments for conventional cancer therapy. This study aimed to computationally identify hypoxia-related messenger RNA (mRNA) signatures in nine hypoxic-conditioned cancer cell lines and investigate their role during hypoxia. Methods Nine RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) expression data sets were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in each cancer cell line. Then 23 common DEGs were selected by comparing the gene lists across the nine cancer cell lines. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to validate the identified DEGs. Results By comparing the data sets, GAPDH, LRP1, ALDOA, EFEMP2, PLOD2, CA9, EGLN3, HK, PDK1, KDM3A, UBC, and P4HA1 were identified as hub genes. In addition, miR-335-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-6807-5p, miR-1915-3p, miR-6764-5p, miR-92-3p, miR-23b-3p, miR-615-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-484, and miR-455-3p were determined as common micro RNAs. Four DEGs were selected for mRNA expression validation in cancer cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions with qRT-PCR. The results also showed that the expression levels determined by qRT-PCR were consistent with RNA-Seq data. Conclusion The identified protein-protein interaction network of common DEGs could serve as potential hypoxia biomarkers and might be helpful for improving therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
6
|
The intersection of metabolism and inflammation is governed by the intracellular topology of hexokinases and the metabolic fate of glucose. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM (SURREY, ENGLAND)) 2022; 4:e00011. [PMID: 36337735 PMCID: PMC9616595 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinases (HKs) catalyze the first and irreversible step of glucose metabolism. Its product, glucose-6-phosphate (G-6P) serves as a precursor for catabolic processes like glycolysis for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) production and anabolic pathways including the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for the generation of intermediaries like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ribulose-5-P. Thus, the cellular fate of glucose is important not only for growth and maintenance, but also to determine different cellular activities. Studies in immune cells have demonstrated an intimate linkage between metabolic pathways and inflammation, however the precise molecular mechanisms that determine the cellular fate of glucose during inflammation or aging are not completely understood. Here we discuss a study by De Jesus et al that describes the role of HK1 cytosolic localization as a critical regulator of glucose flux by shunting glucose into the PPP at the expense of glycolysis, exacerbating the inflammatory response of macrophages. The authors convincingly demonstrate a novel mechanism that is independent of its mitochondrial functions, but involve the association to a protein complex that inhibits glycolysis at the level of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. We expand the discussion by comparing previous studies related to the HK2 isoform and how cells have evolved to regulate the mitochondrial association of these two isoforms by non-redundant mechanism.
Collapse
|
7
|
He X, Liu Y, Wang H, Sun W, Lu Y, Shan Z, Teng W, Li J. A Predictive Role of Autoantibodies Against the Epitope aa168–183 of ENO1 in the Occurrence of Miscarriage Related to Thyroid Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890502. [PMID: 35707546 PMCID: PMC9190245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the research is to study the association between the serum levels of autoantibodies against one important epitope (168FMILPVGAANFREAMR183, designated as P6) of α-enolase (ENO1-P6Abs) and miscarriage among euthyroid females with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI). Methods Anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG was investigated in 432 euthyroid women, and its four subclasses were analyzed in 184 euthyroid women. The serum FT4, TSH, TgAb, and TPOAb levels were determined using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The serum ENO1-P6Ab and anti-protein disulfide isomerase A3 autoantibody (PDIA3Ab) levels were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The serum levels of anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 were significantly higher in euthyroid TAI females than in non-TAI controls. Additionally, anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG and its 4 subtypes were all markedly higher in euthyroid TAI females with pregnancy loss than those without miscarriage. Moreover, logistic regression analysis showed that highly expressed anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subtypes in the serum were all independent risk factors for euthyroid TAI-related miscarriage, and its IgG1 was also for non-TAI-related abortion. According to the trend test, the prevalence of miscarriage was increased in a titer-dependent manner with the raised levels of serum anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG and IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subtypes among euthyroid TAI females. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of anti-ENO1-P6 total IgG and IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 subclass expressions in the serum for miscarriage prediction in euthyroid TAI females exhibited that the total areas under the curves were 0.773 ± 0.041, 0.761 ± 0.053, 0.827 ± 0.043, and 0.760 ± 0.050, respectively (all P <0.0001). Their corresponding optimal cut-off OD450 values were 0.68 (total IgG), 0.26 (IgG1), 0.97 (IgG2), and 0.48 (IgG3), with sensitivities of 70.8, 87.5, 83.3, and 85.4%, and specificities of 70.8, 59.1, 77.3, and 56.8%, respectively. There was an additive interaction between serum anti-ENO1-P6 and anti-PDIA3 total IgGs on the development of miscarriage (RERI = 23.6, AP = 0.79, SI = 5.37). Conclusion The highly expressed ENO1-P6Abs may be important risk factors for euthyroid TAI-related miscarriage. The serum levels of ENO1-P6Abs may become good predictive markers for pregnancy loss in euthyroid TAI females, especially its IgG2 subclass expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- *Correspondence: Jing Li, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-4095
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hanselmann RG, Welter C. Origin of Cancer: Cell work is the Key to Understanding Cancer Initiation and Progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787995. [PMID: 35300431 PMCID: PMC8921603 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell is the smallest unit of life. It is a structure that maintains order through self-organization, characterized by a high level of dynamism, which in turn is characterized by work. For this work to take place, a continuous high flow of energy is necessary. However, a focused view of the physical relationship between energy and work is inadequate for describing complex biological/medical mechanisms or systems. In this review, we try to make a connection between the fundamental laws of physics and the mechanisms and functions of biology, which are characterized by self-organization. Many different physical work processes (work) in human cells are called cell work and can be grouped into five forms: synthetic, mechanical, electrical, concentration, and heat generation cell work. In addition to the flow of energy, these cell functions are based on fundamental processes of self-organization that we summarize with the term Entirety of molecular interaction (EoMI). This illustrates that cell work is caused by numerous molecular reactions, flow equilibrium, and mechanisms. Their number and interactions are so complex that they elude our perception in their entirety. To be able to describe cell functions in a biological/medical context, the parameters influencing cell work should be summarized in overarching influencing variables. These are “biological” energy, information, matter, and cell mechanics (EMIM). This makes it possible to describe and characterize the cell work involved in cell systems (e.g., respiratory chain, signal transmission, cell structure, or inheritance processes) and to demonstrate changes. If cell work and the different influencing parameters (EMIM influencing variables) are taken as the central property of the cell, specific gene mutations cannot be regarded as the sole cause for the initiation and progression of cancer. This reductionistic monocausal view does not do justice to the dynamic and highly complex system of a cell. Therefore, we postulate that each of the EMIM influencing variables described above is capable of changing the cell work and thus the order of a cell in such a way that it can develop into a cancer cell.
Collapse
|
9
|
Akusjärvi SS, Ambikan AT, Krishnan S, Gupta S, Sperk M, Végvári Á, Mikaeloff F, Healy K, Vesterbacka J, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Neogi U. Integrative proteo-transcriptomic and immunophenotyping signatures of HIV-1 elite control phenotype: A cross-talk between glycolysis and HIF signaling. iScience 2022; 25:103607. [PMID: 35005552 PMCID: PMC8718889 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural control of HIV-1 is a characteristic of <1% of HIV-1-infected individuals, so called elite controllers (EC). In this study, we sought to identify signaling pathways associated with the EC phenotype using integrative proteo-transcriptomic analysis and immunophenotyping. We found HIF signaling and glycolysis as specific traits of the EC phenotype together with dysregulation of HIF target gene transcription. A higher proportion of HIF-1α and HIF-1β in the nuclei of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the male EC were observed, indicating a potential increased activation of the HIF signaling pathway. Furthermore, intracellular glucose levels were elevated in EC even as the surface expression of the metabolite transporters Glut1 and MCT-1 were decreased on lymphocytes indicative of unique metabolic uptake and flux profile. Combined, our data show that glycolytic modulation and altered HIF signaling is a unique feature of the male EC phenotype that may contribute to natural control of HIV-1. Proteo-transcriptomic integration identifying features of EC phenotype Sex-specific differences in EC phenotypes Enrichment of glycolysis and HIF signaling, a unique feature in the male EC Enrichment of HIF signaling independent on HIF-1α protein levels in EC
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Svensson Akusjärvi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuba Krishnan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soham Gupta
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Campus Solna, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Flora Mikaeloff
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katie Healy
- Division of Oral Diagnostics and Rehabilitation, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Vesterbacka
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge, Division of Infectious Disease, Karolinska Institutet, I73, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden.,Manipal Institute of Virology (MIV), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong H, Feng Y, Yang Y, Hu Y, Jia Y, Yang S, Zhao N, Zhao R. A Novel Function of Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase as a Regulator of Inflammatory Response in Kupffer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:726931. [PMID: 34970539 PMCID: PMC8712867 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been a recent appreciation that some metabolic enzymes can profoundly influence the nature of the immune response produced in macrophages. However, the role of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2) in immune response remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of PCK2 in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced activation in Kupffer cells. Methods: Inflammatory cytokines were determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain action (qRT-PCR) and flow cytometric analysis using a cytometric bead array. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine PCK2 expression and subcellular distribution under confocal laser microscopy. qRT-PCR, flow cytometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to determine mitochondrial function. Pharmacological inhibition, knockdown, and overexpression of PCK2 were used to confirm its function. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to determine MAPK/NF-κB phosphorylation. Results: Inflammatory response was significantly increased in LPS-treated mice and Kupffer cells. During the inflammatory process, the protein level of PCK2 was significantly upregulated in Kupffer cells. Interestingly, the localization of PCK2 was mainly in cytosol rather than mitochondria after LPS stimulation. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses found that PCK2 overexpression significantly upregulated the levels of inflammation markers, whereas PCK2 knockdown or inhibition significantly mitigated LPS-induced inflammatory response in Kupffer cells. Furthermore, PCK2 promoted protein phosphorylation of NF-κB and AKT/MAPK, the major signaling pathways, controlling inflammatory cascade activation. Conclusion: We identified a novel function of PCK2 in mediating LPS-induced inflammation and provided mechanistic insights into the regulation of inflammatory response in Kupffer cells. Therefore, PCK2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the regulation of Kupffer cells-mediated inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Dong
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Feng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Jia
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang YF, Chuang HW, Kuo WT, Lin BS, Chang YC. Current Development and Application of Anaerobic Glycolytic Enzymes in Urothelial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910612. [PMID: 34638949 PMCID: PMC8508954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cancer is a malignant tumor with metastatic ability and high mortality. Malignant tumors of the urinary system include upper tract urothelial cancer and bladder cancer. In addition to typical genetic alterations and epigenetic modifications, metabolism-related events also occur in urothelial cancer. This metabolic reprogramming includes aberrant expression levels of genes, metabolites, and associated networks and pathways. In this review, we summarize the dysfunctions of glycolytic enzymes in urothelial cancer and discuss the relevant phenotype and signal transduction. Moreover, we describe potential prognostic factors and risks to the survival of clinical cancer patients. More importantly, based on several available databases, we explore relationships between glycolytic enzymes and genetic changes or drug responses in urothelial cancer cells. Current advances in glycolysis-based inhibitors and their combinations are also discussed. Combining all of the evidence, we indicate their potential value for further research in basic science and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Wen Chuang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Syuan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7064
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mining nematode protein secretomes to explain lifestyle and host specificity. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009828. [PMID: 34587193 PMCID: PMC8504978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are highly successful pathogens, inflicting disease on humans, animals and plants. Despite great differences in their life cycles, host preference and transmission modes, these parasites share a common capacity to manipulate their host's immune system. This is at least partly achieved through the release of excretory/secretory proteins, the most well-characterized component of nematode secretomes, that are comprised of functionally diverse molecules. In this work, we analyzed published protein secretomes of parasitic nematodes to identify common patterns as well as species-specific traits. The 20 selected organisms span 4 nematode clades, including plant pathogens, animal parasites, and the free-living species Caenorhabditis elegans. Transthyretin-like proteins were the only component common to all adult secretomes; many other protein classes overlapped across multiple datasets. The glycolytic enzymes aldolase and enolase were present in all parasitic species, but missing from C. elegans. Secretomes from larval stages showed less overlap between species. Although comparison of secretome composition across species and life-cycle stages is challenged by the use of different methods and depths of sequencing among studies, our workflow enabled the identification of conserved protein families and pinpointed elements that may have evolved as to enable parasitism. This strategy, extended to more secretomes, may be exploited to prioritize therapeutic targets in the future.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mangal JL, Inamdar S, Le T, Shi X, Curtis M, Gu H, Acharya AP. Inhibition of glycolysis in the presence of antigen generates suppressive antigen-specific responses and restrains rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121079. [PMID: 34454372 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) rely on glycolysis for their energy needs to induce pro-inflammatory antigen-specific immune responses. Therefore, inhibiting DC glycolysis, while presenting the self-antigen, may prevent pro-inflammatory antigen-specific immune responses. Previously we demonstrated that microparticles with alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) in the polymer backbone (paKG MPs) were able to generate anti-inflammatory DCs by sustained delivery of the aKG metabolite, and by modulating energy metabolism of DCs. Herein, we demonstrate that paKG MPs-based delivery of a glycolytic inhibitor, PFK15, using paKG MPs induces anti-inflammatory DCs (CD86LoMHCII+) by down-regulating glycolysis, CD86, tnf and IL-6 genes, while upregulating oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial genes. Furthermore, paKG MPs delivering PFK15 and a self-antigen, collagen type II (bc2), in vivo, in a collagen-induced autoimmune arthritis (CIA) mouse model, normalized paw inflammation and arthritis score, by generating antigen-specific immune responses. Specifically, these formulations were able to reduce activation of DCs in draining lymph nodes and impressively generated proliferating bc2-specific anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells in joint-associated popliteal lymph nodes. These data strongly suggest that sustained glycolytic inhibition of DCs in the presence of an antigen can induce antigen-specific immunosuppressive responses, therefore, generating a technology that can be applicable for treating autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joslyn L Mangal
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Sahil Inamdar
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Tien Le
- Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Marion Curtis
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Immunology, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Biological Design, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA; Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Basso PJ, Andrade-Oliveira V, Câmara NOS. Targeting immune cell metabolism in kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:465-480. [PMID: 33828286 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the relationship between immunometabolism and inflammation have enabled the targeting of several immunity-mediated inflammatory processes that underlie infectious diseases and cancer or drive transplant rejection, but this field remains largely unexplored in kidney diseases. The kidneys comprise heterogeneous cell populations, contain distinct microenvironments such as areas of hypoxia and hypersalinity, and are responsible for a functional triad of filtration, reabsorption and secretion. These distinctive features create myriad potential metabolic therapeutic targets in the kidney. Immune cells have crucial roles in the maintenance of kidney homeostasis and in the response to kidney injury, and their function is intricately connected to their metabolic properties. Changes in nutrient availability and biomolecules, such as cytokines, growth factors and hormones, initiate cellular signalling events that involve energy-sensing molecules and other metabolism-related proteins to coordinate immune cell differentiation, activation and function. Disruption of homeostasis promptly triggers the metabolic reorganization of kidney immune and non-immune cells, which can promote inflammation and tissue damage. The metabolic differences between kidney and immune cells offer an opportunity to specifically target immunometabolism in the kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Basso
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Transplantation, Department of Immunology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Division of Nephrology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lozinski BM, de Almeida LGN, Silva C, Dong Y, Brown D, Chopra S, Yong VW, Dufour A. Exercise rapidly alters proteomes in mice following spinal cord demyelination. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7239. [PMID: 33790323 PMCID: PMC8012633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise affords broad benefits for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) including less fatigue, depression, and improved cognition. In animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), exercise has been shown to improve remyelination, decrease blood-brain barrier permeability and reduce leukocyte infiltration. Despite these benefits many PwMS refrain from engaging in physical activity. This barrier to participation in exercise may be overcome by uncovering and describing the mechanisms by which exercise promotes beneficial changes in the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we show that acute bouts of exercise in mice profoundly alters the proteome in demyelinating lesions. Following lysolecithin induced demyelination of the ventral spinal cord, mice were given immediate access to a running wheel for 4 days. Lesioned spinal cords and peripheral blood serum were then subjected to tandem mass tag labeling shotgun proteomics workflow to identify alteration in protein levels. We identified 86 significantly upregulated and 85 downregulated proteins in the lesioned spinal cord as well as 14 significantly upregulated and 11 downregulated proteins in the serum following acute exercise. Altered pathways following exercise in demyelinated mice include oxidative stress response, metabolism and transmission across chemical synapses. Similar acute bout of exercise in naïve mice also changed several proteins in the serum and spinal cord, including those for metabolism and anti-oxidant responses. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms and duration of activity required to influence the injured CNS should motivate PwMS and other conditions to embrace exercise as part of their therapy to manage CNS disability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Mark Lozinski
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luiz Gustavo Nogueira de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claudia Silva
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yifei Dong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Brown
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sameeksha Chopra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- HRIC 3C64, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- The Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Damasceno LEA, Prado DS, Veras FP, Fonseca MM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Rosa MH, Públio GA, Martins TV, Ramalho FS, Waisman A, Cunha FQ, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC. PKM2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation by fine-tuning STAT3 activation. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151965. [PMID: 32697823 PMCID: PMC7537396 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Th17 cell differentiation and pathogenicity depend on metabolic reprogramming inducing shifts toward glycolysis. Here, we show that the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a glycolytic enzyme required for cancer cell proliferation and tumor progression, is a key factor mediating Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation. We found that PKM2 is highly expressed throughout the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro and during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) development. Strikingly, PKM2 is not required for the metabolic reprogramming and proliferative capacity of Th17 cells. However, T cell-specific PKM2 deletion impairs Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates symptoms of EAE by decreasing Th17 cell-mediated inflammation and demyelination. Mechanistically, PKM2 translocates into the nucleus and interacts with STAT3, enhancing its activation and thereby increasing Th17 cell differentiation. Thus, PKM2 acts as a critical nonmetabolic regulator that fine-tunes Th17 cell differentiation and function in autoimmune-mediated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Alves Damasceno
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Silva Prado
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Flavio Protasio Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Miriam M Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Toller-Kawahisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcos Henrique Rosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Azevedo Públio
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Timna Varela Martins
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Ramalho
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.,Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu XJ, Yang MS, Zhang B, Niu F, Dong JQ, Liu BY. Glucose metabolism: A link between traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease. Chin J Traumatol 2021; 24:5-10. [PMID: 33358332 PMCID: PMC7878452 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a growing public health problem, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, although its prevention measures and clinical cares are substantially improved. Increasing evidence shows that TBI may increase the risk of mood disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the complex relationship between TBI and AD remains elusive. Metabolic dysfunction has been the common pathology in both TBI and AD. On the one hand, TBI perturbs the glucose metabolism of the brain, and causes energy crisis and subsequent hyperglycolysis. On the other hand, glucose deprivation promotes amyloidogenesis via β-site APP cleaving enzyme-1 dependent mechanism, and triggers tau pathology and synaptic function. Recent findings suggest that TBI might facilitate Alzheimer's pathogenesis by altering metabolism, which provides clues to metabolic link between TBI and AD. In this review, we will explore how TBI-induced metabolic changes contribute to the development of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Meng-Shi Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Fei Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jin-Qian Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Bai-Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China,Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100070, China,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100070, China,Corresponding author. Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Novel Anti-inflammatory Effects of Canagliflozin Involving Hexokinase II in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:1083-1094. [PMID: 33048256 PMCID: PMC8578058 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Vascular inflammation and disturbed metabolism are observed in heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glycolytic enzyme hexokinase II (HKII) is upregulated by inflammation. We hypothesized that SGLT2 inhibitors Canagliflozin (Cana), Empagliflozin (Empa) or Dapagliflozin (Dapa) reduces inflammation via HKII in endothelial cells, and that HKII-dependent inflammation is determined by ERK1/2, NF-κB. and/or AMPK activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). Methods HCAECs were pre-incubated with 3 μM or 10 μM Cana, 1 μM, 3 μM or 10 μM Empa or 0.5 μM, 3 μM or 10 μM Dapa (16 h) and subjected to 3 h LPS (1 μg/mL). HKII was silenced via siRNA transfection. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) release was measured by ELISA. Protein levels of HK I and II, ERK1/2, AMPK and NF-κB were detected using infra-red western blot. Results LPS increased IL-6 release and ERK1/2 phosphorylation; Cana prevented these pro-inflammatory responses (IL-6: pg/ml, control 46 ± 2, LPS 280 ± 154 p < 0.01 vs. control, LPS + Cana 96 ± 40, p < 0.05 vs. LPS). Cana reduced HKII expression (HKII/GAPDH, control 0.91 ± 0.16, Cana 0.71 ± 0.13 p < 0.05 vs. control, LPS 1.02 ± 0.25, LPS + Cana 0.82 ± 0.24 p < 0.05 vs. LPS). Empa and Dapa were without effect on IL-6 release and HKII expression in the model used. Knockdown of HKII by 37% resulted caused partial loss of Cana-mediated IL-6 reduction (pg/ml, control 35 ± 5, LPS 188 ± 115 p < 0.05 vs. control, LPS + Cana 124 ± 75) and ERK1/2 activation by LPS. In LPS-stimulated HCAECs, Cana, but not Empa or Dapa, activated AMPK. AMPK activator A769662 reduced IL-6 release. Conclusion Cana conveys anti-inflammatory actions in LPS-treated HCAECs through 1) reductions in HKII and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and 2) AMPK activation. These data suggest a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of Cana through HKII. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10557-020-07083-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
19
|
Multifunctional neuron-specific enolase: its role in lung diseases. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220911. [PMID: 31642468 PMCID: PMC6859115 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein. NSE is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, especially in those of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) lineage such as pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, intestine and lung. In addition to its well-established glycolysis function in the cytoplasm, changes in cell localization and differential expression of NSE are also associated with several pathologies such as infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. This article mainly discusses the role and diagnostic potential of NSE in some lung diseases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Runtsch MC, Ferrara G, Angiari S. Metabolic determinants of leukocyte pathogenicity in neurological diseases. J Neurochem 2020; 158:36-58. [PMID: 32880969 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the recruitment of circulating blood-borne innate and adaptive immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS). These leukocytes sustain the detrimental response in the CNS by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators that induce activation of local glial cells, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and neural cell death. However, infiltrating peripheral immune cells could also dampen CNS inflammation and support tissue repair. Recent advances in the field of immunometabolism demonstrate the importance of metabolic reprogramming for the activation and functionality of such innate and adaptive immune cell populations. In particular, an increasing body of evidence suggests that the activity of metabolites and metabolic enzymes could influence the pathogenic potential of immune cells during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of intracellular metabolic cues in regulating leukocyte-mediated CNS damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, highlighting the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting metabolic pathways for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marah C Runtsch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Stefano Angiari
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Franco da Cunha F, Andrade-Oliveira V, Candido de Almeida D, Borges da Silva T, Naffah de Souza Breda C, Costa Cruz M, Faquim-Mauro EL, Antonio Cenedeze M, Ioshie Hiyane M, Pacheco-Silva A, Aparecida Cavinato R, Torrecilhas AC, Olsen Saraiva Câmara N. Extracellular Vesicles isolated from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Modulate CD4 + T Lymphocytes Toward a Regulatory Profile. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041059. [PMID: 32340348 PMCID: PMC7226573 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can generate immunological tolerance due to their regulatory activity in many immune cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) release is a pivotal mechanism by which MSCs exert their actions. In this study, we evaluate whether mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can modulate T cell response. MSCs were expanded and EVs were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation of the supernatant. The incorporation of MSC-EVs by T cells was detected by confocal microscopy. Expression of surface markers was detected by flow cytometry or CytoFLEX and cytokines were detected by RT-PCR, FACS and confocal microscopy and a miRNA PCR array was performed. We demonstrated that MSC-EVs were incorporated by lymphocytes in vitro and decreased T cell proliferation and Th1 differentiation. Interestingly, in Th1 polarization, MSC-EVs increased Foxp3 expression and generated a subpopulation of IFN-γ+/Foxp3+T cells with suppressive capacity. A differential expression profile of miRNAs in MSC-EVs-treated Th1 cells was seen, and also a modulation of one of their target genes, TGFbR2. MSC-EVs altered the metabolism of Th1-differentiated T cells, suggesting the involvement of the TGF-β pathway in this metabolic modulation. The addition of MSC-EVs in vivo, in an OVA immunization model, generated cells Foxp3+. Thus, our findings suggest that MSC-EVs are able to specifically modulate activated T cells at an alternative regulatory profile by miRNAs and metabolism shifting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franco da Cunha
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.d.C.); (N.O.S.C.)
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Danilo Candido de Almeida
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Tamiris Borges da Silva
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza Breda
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Mario Costa Cruz
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Eliana L. Faquim-Mauro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcos Antonio Cenedeze
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Av. Albert Einstein, São Paulo 627–05652-900, Brazil
| | - Regiane Aparecida Cavinato
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNIFESP, Rua São Nicolau 210, Diadema 09913-030, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Nefrologia, UNIFESP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (D.C.d.A.); (T.B.d.S.); (M.A.C.); (A.P.-S.); (R.A.C.)
- Departamento de Imunologia, USP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes 1730, ICB IV, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (V.A.-O.); (C.N.d.S.B.); (M.C.C.); (M.I.H.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.d.C.); (N.O.S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zubair H, Patel GK, Khan MA, Azim S, Zubair A, Singh S, Srivastava SK, Singh AP. Proteomic Analysis of MYB-Regulated Secretome Identifies Functional Pathways and Biomarkers: Potential Pathobiological and Clinical Implications. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:794-804. [PMID: 31928012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Earlier we have shown important roles of MYB in pancreatic tumor pathobiology. To better understand the role of MYB in the tumor microenvironment and identify MYB-associated secreted biomarker proteins, we conducted mass spectrometry analysis of the secretome from MYB-modulated and control pancreatic cancer cell lines. We also performed in silico analyses to determine MYB-associated biofunctions, gene networks, and altered biological pathways. Our data demonstrated significant modulation (p < 0.05) of 337 secreted proteins in MYB-silenced MiaPaCa cells, whereas 282 proteins were differentially present in MYB-overexpressing BxPC3 cells, compared to their respective control cells. Alteration of several phenotypes such as cellular movement, cell death and survival, inflammatory response, protein synthesis, etc. was associated with MYB-induced differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in secretomes. DEPs from MYB-silenced MiaPaCa PC cells were suggestive of the downregulation of genes primarily associated with glucose metabolism, PI3K/AKT signaling, and oxidative stress response, among others. DEPs from MYB-overexpressing BxPC3 cells suggested the enhanced release of proteins associated with glucose metabolism and cellular motility. We also observed that MYB positively regulated the expression of four proteins with potential biomarker properties, i.e., FLNB, ENO1, ITGB1, and INHBA. Mining of publicly available databases using Oncomine and UALCAN demonstrated that these genes are overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and associated with reduced patient survival. Altogether, these data provide novel avenues for future investigations on diverse biological functions of MYB, specifically in the tumor microenvironment, and could also be exploited for biomarker development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Zubair
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36617 , United States.,Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States
| | - Girijesh Kumar Patel
- Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States
| | - Mohammad Aslam Khan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36617 , United States.,Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States
| | - Shafquat Azim
- Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States
| | - Asif Zubair
- Molecular and Computational Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36617 , United States.,Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36688 , United States
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36617 , United States.,Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36617 , United States.,Mitchell Cancer Institute , University of South Alabama , 1660 Springhill Avenue , Mobile , Alabama 36604 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine , University of South Alabama , Mobile , Alabama 36688 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blackmore D, Li L, Wang N, Maksymowych W, Yacyshyn E, Siddiqi ZA. Metabolomic profile overlap in prototypical autoimmune humoral disease: a comparison of myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis. Metabolomics 2020; 16:10. [PMID: 31902059 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myasthenia gravis (MG) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are examples of antibody-mediated chronic, progressive autoimmune diseases. Phenotypically dissimilar, MG and RA share common immunological features. However, the immunometabolomic features common to humoral autoimmune diseases remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to reveal and illustrate the metabolomic profile overlap found between these two diseases and describe the immunometabolomic significance. METHODS Metabolic analyses using acid- and dansyl-labelled was performed on serum from adult patients with seropositive MG (n = 46), RA (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 49) presenting to the University of Alberta Hospital specialty clinics. Chemical isotope labelling liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (CIL LC-MS) methods were utilized to assess the serum metabolome in patients; 12C/13C-dansyl chloride (DnsCl) was used to label amine/phenol metabolites and 12C/13C-p-dimethylaminophenacyl bromide (DmPA) was used for carboxylic acids. Metabolites matching our criteria for significance were selected if they were present in both groups. Multivariate statistical analysis [including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)] and biochemical pathway analysis was then conducted to gain understanding of the principal pathways involved in antibody-mediated pathogenesis. RESULTS We found 20 metabolites dysregulated in both MG and RA when compared to healthy controls. Most prominently, observed changes were related to pathways associated with phenylalanine metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, and pyruvate metabolism. CONCLUSION From these results it is evident that many metabolites are common to humoral disease and exhibit significant immunometabolomic properties. This observation may lead to an enhanced understanding of the metabolic underpinnings common to antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. Further, contextualizing these findings within a larger clinical and systems biology context could provide new insights into the pathogenesis and management of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Blackmore
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor, Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 - 83 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry Centre Room W3-39C, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Chemistry Centre Room W3-39C, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Walter Maksymowych
- 568A Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Elaine Yacyshyn
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, 8-130 Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 - 83 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zaeem A Siddiqi
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor, Clinical Sciences Building, 11350 - 83 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bordt EA, Ceasrine AM, Bilbo SD. Microglia and sexual differentiation of the developing brain: A focus on ontogeny and intrinsic factors. Glia 2019; 68:1085-1099. [PMID: 31743527 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sexual differentiation of the brain during early development likely underlies the strong sex biases prevalent in many neurological conditions. Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are intricately involved in these sex-specific processes of differentiation. In this review, we synthesize literature demonstrating sex differences in microglial number, morphology, transcriptional state, and functionality throughout spatiotemporal development as well as highlight current literature regarding ontogeny of microglia. Along with vanRyzin et al. in this issue, we explore the idea that differences in microglia imparted by chromosomal or ontogeny-related programming can influence microglial-driven sexual differentiation of the brain, as well as the idea that extrinsic differences in the male and female brain microenvironment may in turn impart sex differences in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Bordt
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexis M Ceasrine
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Agarwal AR, Kadam S, Brahme A, Agrawal M, Apte K, Narke G, Kekan K, Madas S, Salvi S. Systemic Immuno-metabolic alterations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Res 2019; 20:171. [PMID: 31362724 PMCID: PMC6668083 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic adaptation in immune cells is necessary to modulate immune cell function as it is intricately coupled with intracellular metabolism. We aimed to characterize the metabolic state of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after long-term exposure to tobacco smoke in smokers with preserved lung function and COPD subjects. METHODS PBMCs were isolated from healthy non-smokers (HNS), healthy smokers (HS) and COPD subjects, cultured and the mitochondrial respiration while utilizing glucose (glycolysis), fatty acids (β-oxidation) or pyruvate (direct Krebs' cycle substrate) was measured using the XFp Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-9 and IFN-α were measured using flow cytometry. RAW264.7 cells were exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) for 1 h and its effect on cell viability, cellular metabolism and phagocytosis ability were also studied. Patient's data was analyzed using the Mann Whitney U test, whereas Student's t test was performed to analyze the in-vitro data. RESULTS PBMCs from COPD subjects showed a significant decrease in extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) while utilizing glucose as compared to HNS (151.9 Vs 215%). Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) on palmitate or pyruvate was also found to be significantly lower in COPD subjects as compared to HS and a strong positive correlation between palmitate OCR in PBMCs and FEV1 (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) and FVC (r = 0.79, p < 0.05) values in HS was observed. The metabolic shift towards fatty acid metabolism in healthy smokers promoted an inflammatory cytokine response with a greater increase in the levels of IL-5, IL-9 and IFN-α as compared to IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α. In-vitro experiments with RAW 264.7 cells showed similar metabolic alterations and a reduced ability to phagocytose Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenza after cigarette smoke exposure in the presence of glucose or palmitate. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a metabolic basis for the inflammatory response in COPD and could suggest a new therapeutic target for controlling the immune response and delaying the onset of disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION This observational study was retrospectively registered in the Clinical Trails Registry - India (ICMR - NIMS) on 19th January 2018 with the registration number CTRI/2018/01/011441 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit R Agarwal
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Smita Kadam
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankita Brahme
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manas Agrawal
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Komalkirti Apte
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Govinda Narke
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kushal Kekan
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sapna Madas
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sundeep Salvi
- Molecular Respiratory Research Laboratory, Chest Research Foundation, Sr. No 15, Marigold Premises, Behind Gold Adlabs, Pune, Pune, 411014, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu J, Shi Q, Xu W, Zhou Q, Shi R, Ma Y, Chen D, Zhu L, Feng L, Cheng ASL, Morrison H, Wang X, Jin H. Metabolic enzyme PDK3 forms a positive feedback loop with transcription factor HSF1 to drive chemoresistance. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2999-3013. [PMID: 31244938 PMCID: PMC6568185 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: Dysregulation of metabolism plays an important role in the development and progression of cancers, while the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aims to explore the regulation and relevance of glycolysis in chemoresistance of gastric cancer. Methods: Biochemical differences between chemoresistant and chemosensitive cancer cells were determined by metabolism profiling, microarray gene expression, PCR or western blotting. Cancer cell growth in vitro or in vivo were analyzed by viability, apoptosis and nude mice assay. Immunoprecipation was used to explore the interaction of proteins with other proteins or DNAs. Results: By metabolic and gene expression profiling, we found that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) was highly expressed to promote glycolysis in chemoresistant cancer cells. Its genetic or chemical inhibition reverted chemoresistance in vitro and in vivo. It was transcriptionally regulated by transcription factor HSF1 (Heat shock factor 1). Interestingly, PDK3 can localize in the nucleus and interact with HSF1 to disrupt its phosphorylation by GSK3β. Since HSF1 was subjected to FBXW7-catalyzed polyubiquitination in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, PDK3 prevented HSF1 from proteasomal degradation. Thus, metabolic enzyme PDK3 and transcription factor HSF1 forms a positive feedback loop to promote glycolysis. As a result, inhibition of HSF1 impaired enhanced glycolysis and reverted chemoresistance both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: PDK3 forms a positive feedback loop with HSF1 to drive glycolysis in chemoresistance. Targeting this mitonuclear communication may represent a novel approach to overcome chemoresistance.
Collapse
|
27
|
Wilson RB, Solass W, Archid R, Weinreich FJ, Königsrainer A, Reymond MA. Resistance to anoikis in transcoelomic shedding: the role of glycolytic enzymes. Pleura Peritoneum 2019; 4:20190003. [PMID: 31198853 PMCID: PMC6545877 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Detachment of cells from the extracellular matrix into the peritoneal cavity initiates a cascade of metabolic alterations, leading usually to cell death by apoptosis, so-called anoikis. Glycolytic enzymes enable the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and allow resistance to anoikis of shed tumour cells. These enzymes also have moonlighting activities as protein kinases and transcription factors. Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase are the only glycolytic enzymes generating ATP in the hexokinase pathway. Hypoxia, EGFR activation, expression of K-Ras G12V and B-Raf V600E induce mitochondrial translocation of phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Mitochondrial PGK1 acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1), reducing mitochondrial pyruvate utilization, suppressing reactive oxygen species production, increasing lactate production and promoting tumourigenesis. PGK1 also plays a role as a transcription factor once transported into the nucleus. Resistance to anoikis is also facilitated by metabolic support provided by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Our series of experiments in-vitro and in the animal model showed that PGK1 knock-out or inhibition is effective in controlling development and growth of peritoneal metastasis (PM) of gastric origin, establishing a causal role of PGK1 in this development. PGK1 also increases CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression, which is associated with a metastatic phenotype and plays a role in the metastatic homing of malignant cells. Thus, PGK1, its modulators and target genes may be exploited as therapeutic targets for preventing development of PM and for enhancing cytotoxic effects of conventional systemic chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Wilson
- Department of Surgery, University of South New Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Elizabeth St, Liverpool, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wiebke Solass
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rami Archid
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc A Reymond
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Okano T, Saegusa J, Takahashi S, Ueda Y, Morinobu A. Immunometabolism in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Med 2018; 41:89-97. [PMID: 30938274 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2018.1531186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a relationship between cellular metabolism and cell function in immune cells. Cellular metabolism not only provides supplemental ATP, but also supports dynamic changes in cell proliferation and differentiation. For example, T cells exhibit subset-specific metabolic profiles, and require certain types of metabolism for their functions. Determining the metabolic profiles that support inflammatory immune responses may lead to novel treatment strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the mechanisms by which metabolism modulates cell function have been unclear. Recent studies have begun to unveil unexpected non-metabolic functions for metabolic enzymes in the context of inflammation, including roles in signaling and gene regulation. Here we describe recent findings related to immunometabolism, the metabolome of RA patients, and the metabolically independent functions of glycolytic enzymes. We discuss how metabolic processes impact immune cells, especially T cells and fibroblast like synoviocytes, which are considered the orchestrators of autoimmune arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takaichi Okano
- a Clinical Laboratory , Kobe University Hospital , Kobe , Japan.,b Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe , Japan
| | - Jun Saegusa
- a Clinical Laboratory , Kobe University Hospital , Kobe , Japan.,b Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe , Japan
| | - Soshi Takahashi
- c Center for Rheumatic Diseases , Shinko Hospital , Kobe , Japan
| | - Yo Ueda
- b Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe , Japan
| | - Akio Morinobu
- b Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology , Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Kobe , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Khatami M. Cancer; an induced disease of twentieth century! Induction of tolerance, increased entropy and 'Dark Energy': loss of biorhythms (Anabolism v. Catabolism). Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:20. [PMID: 29961900 PMCID: PMC6026585 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of health involves a synchronized network of catabolic and anabolic signals among organs/tissues/cells that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and glycolysis (biological laws or biorhythms). We defined biological circadian rhythms as Yin (tumoricidal) and Yang (tumorigenic) arms of acute inflammation (effective immunity) involving immune and non-immune systems. Role of pathogens in altering immunity and inducing diseases and cancer has been documented for over a century. However, in 1955s decision makers in cancer/medical establishment allowed public (current baby boomers) to consume million doses of virus-contaminated polio vaccines. The risk of cancer incidence and mortality sharply rose from 5% (rate of hereditary/genetic or innate disease) in 1900s, to its current scary status of 33% or 50% among women and men, respectively. Despite better hygiene, modern detection technologies and discovery of antibiotics, baby boomers and subsequent 2–3 generations are sicker than previous generations at same age. American health status ranks last among other developed nations while America invests highest amount of resources for healthcare. In this perspective we present evidence that cancer is an induced disease of twentieth century, facilitated by a great deception of cancer/medical establishment for huge corporate profits. Unlike popularized opinions that cancer is 100, 200 or 1000 diseases, we demonstrate that cancer is only one disease; the severe disturbances in biorhythms (differential bioenergetics) or loss of balance in Yin and Yang of effective immunity. Cancer projects that are promoted and funded by decision makers are reductionist approaches, wrong and unethical and resulted in loss of millions of precious lives and financial toxicity to society. Public vaccination with pathogen-specific vaccines (e.g., flu, hepatitis, HPV, meningitis, measles) weakens, not promotes, immunity. Results of irresponsible projects on cancer sciences or vaccines are increased population of drug-dependent sick society. Outcome failure rates of claimed ‘targeted’ drugs, ‘precision’ or ‘personalized’ medicine are 90% (± 5) for solid tumors. We demonstrate that aging, frequent exposures to environmental hazards, infections and pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients are ‘antigen overload’ for immune system, skewing the Yin and Yang response profiles and leading to induction of ‘mild’, ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ immune disorders. Induction of decoy or pattern recognition receptors (e.g., PRRs), such as IRAK-M or IL-1dRs (‘designer’ molecules) and associated genomic instability and over-expression of growth promoting factors (e.g., pyruvate kinases, mTOR and PI3Ks, histamine, PGE2, VEGF) could lead to immune tolerance, facilitating cancer cells to hijack anabolic machinery of immunity (Yang) for their increased growth requirements. Expression of constituent embryonic factors would negatively regulate differentiation of tumor cells through epithelial–mesenchymal-transition and create “dual negative feedback loop” that influence tissue metabolism under hypoxic conditions. It is further hypothesized that induction of tolerance creates ‘dark energy’ and increased entropy and temperature in cancer microenvironment allowing disorderly cancer proliferation and mitosis along with increased glucose metabolism via Crabtree and Pasteur Effects, under mitophagy and ribophagy, conditions that are toxic to host survival. Effective translational medicine into treatment requires systematic and logical studies of complex interactions of tumor cells with host environment that dictate clinical outcomes. Promoting effective immunity (biological circadian rhythms) are fundamental steps in correcting host differential bioenergetics and controlling cancer growth, preventing or delaying onset of diseases and maintaining public health. The author urges independent professionals and policy makers to take a closer look at cancer dilemma and stop the ‘scientific/medical ponzi schemes’ of a powerful group that control a drug-dependent sick society before all hopes for promoting public health evaporate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation, Aging and Cancer, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ausina P, Da Silva D, Majerowicz D, Zancan P, Sola-Penna M. Insulin specifically regulates expression of liver and muscle phosphofructokinase isoforms. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:228-233. [PMID: 29655163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis, being considered the pacemaker of this pathway. In mammals, this enzyme exists as three different isoforms, PFKM, PFKL and PFKP, presenting different regulatory and catalytic properties. The expression of these isoforms is tissue-specific and vary according to the cell differentiation and signalization. Although it is known that the expression of the different PFK isoforms directly affects cell function, the information regarding the regulation of PFK isoforms expression is scarce. In the present work, we evaluate the role of insulin signalization on the expression of three PFK isoforms on skeletal muscle, liver, and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) of mice. For this, Swiss mice were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to disrupt pancreatic ß-cells and, thus, insulin production. Control group were treated with citrate buffer (STZ vehicle). These groups were then treated with insulin or saline twice a day for ten consecutive days when animals were euthanized and tissues used for the evaluation of PFK isoforms expression by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our results revealed that the lack of insulin significantly impacted the expression of PFKL, presenting mild effects on PFKM and no effects on PFKP. The decrease of PFKL and PFKM mRNA levels observed on the group treated with STZ was reversed by the treatment with insulin. In conclusion, insulin, the most known regulator of glucose consumption, specifically regulates the expression of PFKL and PFKM, which impact the regulation of glycolysis in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ausina
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-903, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Da Silva
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-903, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares (LAM), Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-903, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia Zancan
- Laboratório de Oncobiologia Molecular (LabOMol), Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-903, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro Sola-Penna
- Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo (LabECoM), Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-903, RJ, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pathogen-Derived Carbohydrate Recognition in Molluscs Immune Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030721. [PMID: 29510476 PMCID: PMC5877582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-nonself discrimination is a common theme for all of the organisms in different evolutionary branches, which is also the most fundamental step for host immune protection. Plenty of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) with great diversity have been identified from different organisms to recognize various pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the last two decades, depicting a complicated scene of host-pathogen interaction. However, the detailed mechanism of the complicate PAMPs–PRRs interactions at the contacting interface between pathogens and hosts is still not well understood. All of the cells are coated by glycosylation complex and thick carbohydrates layer. The different polysaccharides in extracellular matrix of pathogen-host are important for nonself recognition of most organisms. Coincidentally, massive expansion of PRRs, majority of which contain recognition domains of Ig, leucine-rich repeat (LRR), C-type lectin (CTL), C1q and scavenger receptor (SR), have been annotated and identified in invertebrates by screening the available genomic sequence. The phylum Mollusca is one of the largest groups in the animal kingdom with abundant biodiversity providing plenty of solutions about pathogen recognition and immune protection, which might offer a suitable model to figure out the common rules of immune recognition mechanism. The present review summarizes the diverse PRRs and common elements of various PAMPs, especially focusing on the structural and functional characteristics of canonical carbohydrate recognition proteins and some novel proteins functioning in molluscan immune defense system, with the objective to provide new ideas about the immune recognition mechanisms.
Collapse
|