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Kumar S, Bajpai P, Joyce C, Kabra SK, Lodha R, Burton DR, Briney B, Luthra K. B cell repertoire sequencing of HIV-1 pediatric elite-neutralizers identifies multiple broadly neutralizing antibody clonotypes. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1272493. [PMID: 38433846 PMCID: PMC10905035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1272493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A limited subset of HIV-1 infected adult individuals typically after at least 2-3 years of chronic infection, develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), suggesting that highly conserved neutralizing epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein are difficult for B cell receptors to effectively target, during natural infection. Recent studies have shown the evolution of bnAbs in HIV-1 infected infants. Methods We used bulk BCR sequencing (BCR-seq) to profile the B cell receptors from longitudinal samples (3 time points) collected from a rare pair of antiretroviralnaïve, HIV-1 infected pediatric monozygotic twins (AIIMS_329 and AIIMS_330) who displayed elite plasma neutralizing activity against HIV-1. Results BCR-seq of both twins revealed convergent antibody characteristics including V-gene use, CDRH3 lengths and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Further, antibody clonotypes with genetic features similar to highly potent bnAbs isolated from adults showed ongoing development in donor AIIMS_330 but not in AIIMS_329, corroborating our earlier findings based on plasma bnAbs responses. An increase in SHM was observed in sequences of the IgA isotype from AIIMS_330. Discussion This study suggests that children living with chronic HIV-1 can develop clonotypes of HIV-1 bnAbs against multiple envelope epitopes similar to those isolated from adults, highlighting that such B cells could be steered to elicit bnAbs responses through vaccines aimed to induce bnAbs against HIV-1 in a broad range of people including children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Prashant Bajpai
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Collin Joyce
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Center for Viral Systems Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Multi-omics Vaccine Evaluation Consortium, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Fonseca JA, King AC, Chahroudi A. More than the Infinite Monkey Theorem: NHP Models in the Development of a Pediatric HIV Cure. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024; 21:11-29. [PMID: 38227162 PMCID: PMC10859349 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW An HIV cure that eliminates the viral reservoir or provides viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an urgent need in children as they face unique challenges, including lifelong ART adherence and the deleterious effects of chronic immune activation. This review highlights the importance of nonhuman primate (NHP) models in developing an HIV cure for children as these models recapitulate the viral pathogenesis and persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Several cure approaches have been explored in infant NHPs, although knowledge gaps remain. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) show promise for controlling viremia and delaying viral rebound after ART interruption but face administration challenges. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors hold the potential for sustained bNAb expression. Therapeutic vaccination induces immune responses against simian retroviruses but has yet to impact the viral reservoir. Combining immunotherapies with latency reversal agents (LRAs) that enhance viral antigen expression should be explored. Current and future cure approaches will require adaptation for the pediatric immune system and unique features of virus persistence, for which NHP models are fundamental to assess their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo A Fonseca
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexis C King
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory+Children's Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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3
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Kumar S, Singh S, Chatterjee A, Bajpai P, Sharma S, Katpara S, Lodha R, Dutta S, Luthra K. Recognition determinants of improved HIV-1 neutralization by a heavy chain matured pediatric antibody. iScience 2023; 26:107579. [PMID: 37649696 PMCID: PMC10462834 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural and characteristic features of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from chronically infected pediatric donors are currently unknown. Herein, we characterized a heavy chain matured HIV-1 bnAb 44m, identified from a pediatric elite-neutralizer. Interestingly, in comparison to its wild-type AIIMS-P01 bnAb, 44m exhibited moderately higher level of somatic hypermutations of 15.2%. The 44m neutralized 79% of HIV-1 heterologous viruses (n = 58) tested, with a geometric mean IC50 titer of 0.36 μg/mL. The cryo-EM structure of 44m Fab in complex with fully cleaved glycosylated native-like BG505.SOSIP.664.T332N gp140 envelope trimer at 4.4 Å resolution revealed that 44m targets the V3-glycan N332-supersite and GDIR motif to neutralize HIV-1 with improved potency and breadth, plausibly attributed by a matured heavy chain as compared to that of wild-type AIIMS-P01. This study further improves our understanding on pediatric HIV-1 bnAbs and structural basis of broad HIV-1 neutralization by 44m may be useful blueprint for vaccine design in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Arnab Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Prashant Bajpai
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shaifali Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sanket Katpara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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4
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Kumar S, Singh S, Luthra K. An Overview of Human Anti-HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies against Diverse Epitopes of HIV-1. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:7252-7261. [PMID: 36873012 PMCID: PMC9979333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this Review, we have addressed some recent developments in the discovery and applications of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type- 1 (HIV-1) broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) isolated from infected adults and children. The recent developments in human antibody isolation technologies have led to the discovery of several highly potent anti-HIV-1 bnAbs. Herein, we have discussed the characteristics of recently identified bnAbs directed at distinct epitopes of HIV-1, in addition to the existing antibodies, from adults and children and have shed light on the benefits of multispecific HIV-1 bnAbs and their role in the design of polyvalent vaccines.
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Contreras GA, Rodriguez G, Del Bianco G, Pérez N, Murphy JR, Heresi GP. Durability of Cellular and Humoral Immunity After Primary and Booster Hepatitis B Vaccination of Individuals Living With Perinatally Acquired HIV. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad070. [PMID: 36846609 PMCID: PMC9945926 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- German A Contreras
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gilhen Rodriguez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriela Del Bianco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Norma Pérez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R Murphy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gloria P Heresi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth Houston, and Children’s Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
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Berendam SJ, Nelson AN, Yagnik B, Goswami R, Styles TM, Neja MA, Phan CT, Dankwa S, Byrd AU, Garrido C, Amara RR, Chahroudi A, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Challenges and Opportunities of Therapies Targeting Early Life Immunity for Pediatric HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885272. [PMID: 35911681 PMCID: PMC9325996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly improves clinical outcomes and reduces mortality of infants/children living with HIV. However, the ability of infected cells to establish latent viral reservoirs shortly after infection and to persist during long-term ART remains a major barrier to cure. In addition, while early ART treatment of infants living with HIV can limit the size of the virus reservoir, it can also blunt HIV-specific immune responses and does not mediate clearance of latently infected viral reservoirs. Thus, adjunctive immune-based therapies that are geared towards limiting the establishment of the virus reservoir and/or mediating the clearance of persistent reservoirs are of interest for their potential to achieve viral remission in the setting of pediatric HIV. Because of the differences between the early life and adult immune systems, these interventions may need to be tailored to the pediatric settings. Understanding the attributes and specificities of the early life immune milieu that are likely to impact the virus reservoir is important to guide the development of pediatric-specific immune-based interventions towards viral remission and cure. In this review, we compare the immune profiles of pediatric and adult HIV elite controllers, discuss the characteristics of cellular and anatomic HIV reservoirs in pediatric populations, and highlight the potential values of current cure strategies using immune-based therapies for long-term viral remission in the absence of ART in children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella J. Berendam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
| | - Ashley N. Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Styles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Neja
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline T. Phan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sedem Dankwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alliyah U. Byrd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
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7
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A Rare Mutation in an Infant-Derived HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein Alters Interprotomer Stability and Susceptibility to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting the Trimer Apex. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00814-20. [PMID: 32669335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00814-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the sole target of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Several mechanisms, such as the acquisition of mutations, variability of the loop length, and alterations in the glycan pattern, are employed by the virus to shield neutralizing epitopes on Env to sustain survival and infectivity within the host. The identification of mutations that lead to viral evasion of the host immune response is essential for the optimization and engineering of Env-based trimeric immunogens. Here, we report a rare leucine-to-phenylalanine escape mutation (L184F) at the base of hypervariable loop 2 (population frequency of 0.0045%) in a 9-month-old perinatally HIV-1-infected infant broad neutralizer. The L184F mutation altered the trimer conformation by modulating intramolecular interactions stabilizing the trimer apex and led to viral escape from autologous plasma bnAbs and known N160 glycan-targeted bnAbs. The L184F amino acid change led to the acquisition of a relatively open trimeric conformation, often associated with tier 1 HIV-1 isolates and increased susceptibility to neutralization by polyclonal plasma antibodies of weak neutralizers. While there was no impact of the L184F mutation on free virus transmission, a reduction in cell-to-cell transmission was observed. In conclusion, we report a naturally selected viral mutation, L184F, that influenced a change in the conformation of the Env trimer apex as a mechanism of escape from contemporaneous plasma V2 apex-targeted nAbs. Further studies should be undertaken to define viral mutations acquired during natural infection, to escape selection pressure exerted by bnAbs, to inform vaccine design and bnAb-based therapeutic strategies.IMPORTANCE The design of HIV-1 envelope-based immunogens capable of eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is currently under active research. Some of the most potent bnAbs target the quaternary epitope at the V2 apex of the HIV-1 Env trimer. By studying naturally circulating viruses from a perinatally HIV-1-infected infant with plasma neutralizing antibodies targeted to the V2 apex, we identified a rare leucine-to-phenylalanine substitution, in two out of six functional viral clones, that destabilized the trimer apex. This single-amino-acid alteration impaired the interprotomeric interactions that stabilize the trimer apex, resulting in an open trimer conformation and escape from broadly neutralizing autologous plasma antibodies and known V2 apex-directed bnAbs, thereby favoring viral evasion of the early bnAb response of the infected host. Defining the mechanisms by which naturally occurring viral mutations influence the sensitivity of HIV-1 to bnAbs will provide information for the development of vaccines and bnAbs as anti-HIV-1 reagents.
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8
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Kumar S, Batra H, Singh S, Chawla H, Singh R, Katpara S, Hussain AW, Das BK, Lodha R, Kabra SK, Luthra K. Effect of combination antiretroviral therapy on human immunodeficiency virus 1 specific antibody responses in subtype-C infected children. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1289-1299. [PMID: 32915123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection evolve only in a fraction of infected individuals by developing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and/or effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). HIV-1 chronically infected adults and children on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) showed a reduction in ADCC activity and improvement in HIV-1 specific neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses. Early initiation of cART in infected adults is found to be beneficial in reducing the viral load and delaying disease progression. Herein, we longitudinally evaluated the effect of cART on HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC and nAb responses in a cohort of 20 perinatally HIV-1 subtype-C infected infants and children ≤2 years of age, pre-cART and up to 1 year post-cART initiation. Significant reductions in HIV-1 specific plasma ADCC responses to subtype-C and subtype-B viruses and improvement in HIV-1 neutralization were observed in HIV-1 infected children 1 year post-cART initiation. A positive correlation between reduction in viral load and the loss of ADCC response was observed. This study provides information aiding the understanding of the effects of early initiation of cART on antibody effector functions and viral neutralization in HIV-1 infected children, which needs to be further evaluated in large cohorts of HIV-1 infected children on cART to plan future intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Batra
- Department of Biology, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Swarandeep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshi Chawla
- Present address: Biological Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanket Katpara
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Wahid Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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9
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Dalzini A, Petrara MR, Ballin G, Zanchetta M, Giaquinto C, De Rossi A. Biological Aging and Immune Senescence in Children with Perinatally Acquired HIV. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:8041616. [PMID: 32509884 PMCID: PMC7246406 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8041616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-infected children suffer from premature aging and aging-related diseases. Viral replication induces an ongoing inflammation process, with the release of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the activation of the immune system, and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Although combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly modified the natural course of HIV infection, normalization of T and B cell phenotype is not completely achievable; thus, many HIV-infected children display several phenotypical alterations, including higher percentages of activated cells, that favor an accelerated telomere attrition, and higher percentages of exhausted and senescent cells. All these features ultimately lead to the clinical manifestations related to premature aging and comorbidities typically observed in older general population, including non-AIDS-related malignancies. Therefore, even under effective treatment, the premature aging process of HIV-infected children negatively impacts their quality and length of life. This review examines the available data on the impact of HIV and ART on immune and biological senescence of HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Dalzini
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ballin
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Unit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV – IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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10
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Borhis G, Trovato M, Ibrahim HM, Isnard S, Le Grand R, Bosquet N, Richard Y. Impact of BAFF Blockade on Inflammation, Germinal Center Reaction and Effector B-Cells During Acute SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:252. [PMID: 32194549 PMCID: PMC7061218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B-cell dysfunctions and inefficient antibody response suggest germinal center (GC) impairments during HIV/SIV infection with possible contribution of overproduced B-cell activating factor (BAFF). To address this question, we compared proportions and functions of various B-cell subsets and follicular helper T-cells (TFH) in untreated (Placebo) and BR3-Fc treated (Treated) SIV-infected macaques. From day 2 post-infection (dpi), Treated macaques received one weekly injection of BR3-Fc molecule, a soluble BAFF antagonist, for 4 weeks. Whereas, the kinetics of CD4+ T-cell loss and plasma viral loads were comparable in both groups, BAFF blockade delayed the peak of inflammatory cytokines (CXCL10, IFNα), impaired the renewal of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and fostered the decline of plasma CXCL13 titers after 14 dpi. In Treated macaques, proportions of total and naïve B-cells were reduced in blood and spleen whereas SIV-induced loss of marginal zone (MZ) B-cells was only accentuated in blood and terminal ileum. Proportions of spleen GC B-cells and TFH were similar in both groups, with CD8+ T-cells and rare Foxp3+ being present in spleen GC. Regardless of treatment, sorted TFH produced similar levels of IL21, CXCL13, and IFNγ but no IL2, IL4, or BAFF and exhibited similar capacities to support IgG production by autologous or heterologous B-cells. Consistently, most TFH were negative for BAFF-R and TACI. Higher proportions of resting and atypical (CD21lo) memory B-cells were present in Treated macaques compared to Placebo. In both groups, we found higher levels of BAFF-R expression on MZ and resting memory B-cells but low levels on atypical memory B-cells. TACI was present on 20-30% of MZ, resting and atypical memory B-cells in Placebo macaques. BAFF blockade decreased TACI expression on these B-cell subsets as well as titers of SIV-specific and vaccine-specific antibodies arguing for BAFF being mandatory for plasma cell survival. Irrespective of treatment, GC B-cells expressed BAFF-R at low level and were negative for TACI. In addition to key information on spleen BAFF-R and TACI expression, our data argue for BAFF contributing to the GC reaction in terminal ileum but being dispensable for the generation of atypical memory B-cells and GC reaction in spleen during T-dependent response against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Maria Trovato
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Isnard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Bosquet
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yolande Richard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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Viral Characteristics Associated with Maintenance of Elite Neutralizing Activity in Chronically HIV-1 Clade C-Infected Monozygotic Pediatric Twins. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00654-19. [PMID: 31217240 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00654-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) with multiple epitope specificities evolve in HIV-1-infected children. Herein, we studied two antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-1 clade C-infected monozygotic pediatric twins, AIIMS_329 and AIIMS_330, with potent plasma bnAbs. Elite plasma neutralizing activity was observed since the initial sampling at 78 months of age in AIIMS_330 and persisted throughout, while in AIIMS_329 it was seen at 90 months of age, after which the potency decreased over time. We evaluated potential viral characteristics associated with the varied immune profiles by generating single genome-amplified pseudoviruses. The AIIMS_329 viruses generated from the 90-month time point were neutralization sensitive to bnAbs and contemporaneous plasma antibodies, while viruses from the 112-month and 117-month time points were resistant to most bnAbs and contemporaneous plasma. AIIMS_329 viruses developed resistance to plasma neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) plausibly by N160 glycan loss and V1 and V4 loop lengthening. The viruses generated from AIIMS_330 (at 90 and 117 months) showed varied susceptibility to bnAbs and autologous contemporaneous plasma antibodies, while the viruses of the 112-month time point, at which the plasma nAb specificities mapped to the V2 glycan, V3 glycan, and CD4 binding site (CD4bs), were resistant to contemporaneous plasma antibodies as well as to most bnAbs. Chimeric viruses were constructed from 90-month-time-point PG9-sensitive AIIMS_329 and AIIMS_330 viruses with swapped V1V2 regions of their respective evolved viruses (at 112 and 117 months), which led to higher resistance to neutralization by PG9 and autologous plasma antibodies. We observed the evolution of a viral pool in the AIIMS_330 donor comprising plasma antibody neutralization-sensitive or -resistant diverse autologous viruses that may have contributed to the development and maintenance of elite neutralizing activity.IMPORTANCE Herein, we report the longitudinal development of bnAbs in a pair of chronically HIV-1 clade C-infected monozygotic pediatric twins, AIIMS_329 and AIIMS_330, who acquired the infection by vertical transmission. The plasma from both donors, sharing a similar genetic makeup and infecting virus, showed the evolvement of bnAbs targeting common epitopes in the V2 and V3 regions of the envelope, suggesting that bnAb development in these twins may perhaps be determined by specific sequences in the shared virus that can guide the development of immunogens aimed at eliciting V2 and V3 bNAbs. Characterization of the neutralization-sensitive and -resistant viruses coevolving with bNAbs in the contemporaneous AIIMS_330 plasma provides information toward understanding the viral alterations that may have contributed to the development of resistance to bnAbs. Further longitudinal studies in more monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs will help in delineating the role of host and viral factors that may contribute to the development of bnAbs.
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An HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody from a Clade C-Infected Pediatric Elite Neutralizer Potently Neutralizes the Contemporaneous and Autologous Evolving Viruses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01495-18. [PMID: 30429339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01495-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have demonstrated protective effects against HIV-1 in primate studies and recent human clinical trials. Elite neutralizers are potential candidates for isolation of HIV-1 bNAbs. The coexistence of bNAbs such as BG18 with neutralization-susceptible autologous viruses in an HIV-1-infected adult elite controller has been suggested to control viremia. Disease progression is faster in HIV-1-infected children than in adults. Plasma bNAbs with multiple epitope specificities are developed in HIV-1 chronically infected children with more potency and breadth than in adults. Therefore, we evaluated the specificity of plasma neutralizing antibodies of an antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 clade C chronically infected pediatric elite neutralizer, AIIMS_330. The plasma antibodies showed broad and potent HIV-1 neutralizing activity with >87% (29/33) breadth, a median inhibitory dilution (ID50) value of 1,246, and presence of N160 and N332 supersite-dependent HIV-1 bNAbs. The sorting of BG505.SOSIP.664.C2 T332N gp140 HIV-1 antigen-specific single B cells of AIIMS_330 resulted in the isolation of an HIV-1 N332 supersite-dependent bNAb, AIIMS-P01. The AIIMS-P01 neutralized 67% of HIV-1 cross-clade viruses, exhibited substantial indels despite limited somatic hypermutations, interacted with native-like HIV-1 trimer as observed in negative stain electron microscopy, and demonstrated high binding affinity. In addition, AIIMS-P01 neutralized the coexisting and evolving autologous viruses, suggesting the coexistence of vulnerable autologous viruses and HIV-1 bNAbs in the AIIMS_330 pediatric elite neutralizer. Such pediatric elite neutralizers can serve as potential candidates for isolation of novel HIV-1 pediatric bNAbs and for understanding the coevolution of virus and host immune response.IMPORTANCE More than 50% of the HIV-1 infections globally are caused by clade C viruses. To date, there is no effective vaccine to prevent HIV-1 infection. Based on the structural information of the currently available HIV-1 bNAbs, attempts are under way to design immunogens that can elicit correlates of protection upon vaccination. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an HIV-1 N332 supersite-dependent bNAb, AIIMS-P01, from a clade C chronically infected pediatric elite neutralizer. The N332 supersite is an important epitope and is one of the current HIV-1 vaccine targets. AIIMS-P01 potently neutralized the contemporaneous and autologous evolving viruses and exhibited substantial indels despite low somatic hypermutations. Taken together with the information on infant bNAbs, further isolation and characterization of bNAbs contributing to the plasma breadth in HIV-1 chronically infected children may help provide a better understanding of their role in controlling HIV-1 infection.
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Li L, Liu Y, Gorny MK. Association of Diverse Genotypes and Phenotypes of Immune Cells and Immunoglobulins With the Course of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2735. [PMID: 30534128 PMCID: PMC6275200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease progression among HIV-1-infected individuals varies widely, but the mechanisms underlying this variability remains unknown. Distinct disease outcomes are the consequences of many factors working in concert, including innate and adaptive immune responses, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and both genetic and phenotypic factors. Current data suggest that these multifaceted aspects in infected individuals should be considered as a whole, rather than as separate unique elements, and that analyses must be performed in greater detail in order to meet the requirements of personalized medicine and guide optimal vaccine design. However, the wide adoption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences the implementation of systematic analyses of the HIV-1-infected population. Consequently, fewer data will be available for acquisition in the future, preventing the comprehensive investigations required to elucidate the underpinnings of variability in disease outcome. This review seeks to recapitulate the distinct genotypic and phenotypic features of the immune system, focusing in particular on comparing the surface proteins of immune cells among individuals with different HIV infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Chen X, Lin M, Qian S, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Xu J, Han X, Ding H, Dong T, Shang H, Jiang Y. The Early Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Response Is Associated With Lower Viral Set Point in Individuals With Primary HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2322. [PMID: 30356637 PMCID: PMC6189277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is an immune response largely mediated by natural killer (NK) cells that can lyse target cells and combat tumors and viral infections. However, the role of ADCC in response to primary HIV infection is poorly understood. In the present study, we explored the ADCC response and evaluated its characteristics in 85 HIV-infected individuals, including 42 with primary infections. Our results showed that ADCC occurs during acute infection, and the earliest ADCC response to a single peptide was detected at 52 days. Primary HIV-infected individuals exhibiting ADCC responses had lower viral set points than those with no ADCC response, and functional analyses demonstrated that the ADCC response could significantly inhibit viral infection during primary HIV infection. HIV epitopes that provoked the ADCC response were determined and three relatively conserved epitopes (HNVWATYACVPTDPNPQE, TSVIKQACPKISFDPIPI, and VVSTQLLLNGSLAEEEII) from the surface of the three-dimensional structure of the HIV Env protein were identified. Overall, our data indicate that ADCC responses may be significant for the control of HIV from an early stage during infection. These findings merit further investigation and will facilitate improvements in vaccines or therapeutic interventions against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meilin Lin
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Shi Qian
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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