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Rampersadh K, Salie MT, Engel KC, Moodley C, Zühlke LJ, Engel ME. Presence of Group A streptococcus frequently assayed virulence genes in invasive disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1337861. [PMID: 39055978 PMCID: PMC11270091 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1337861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is currently unclear what the role of Group A streptococcus (GAS) virulence factors (VFs) is in contributing to the invasive potential of GAS. This work investigated the evidence for the association of GAS VFs with invasive disease. Methods We employed a broad search strategy for studies reporting the presence of GAS VFs in invasive and non-invasive GAS disease. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers, quality assessed, and meta-analyzed using Stata®. Results A total of 32 studies reported on 45 putative virulence factors [invasive (n = 3,236); non-invasive (n = 5,218)], characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 30) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) (n = 2). The risk of bias was rated as low and moderate, in 23 and 9 studies, respectively. Meta-,analyses of high-quality studies (n = 23) revealed a significant association of speM [OR, 1.64 (95%CI, 1.06; 2.52)] with invasive infection. Meta-analysis of WGS studies demonstrated a significant association of hasA [OR, 1.91 (95%CI, 1.36; 2.67)] and speG [OR, 2.83 (95%CI, 1.63; 4.92)] with invasive GAS (iGAS). Meta-analysis of PCR studies indicated a significant association of speA [OR, 1.59 (95%CI, 1.10; 2.30)] and speK [OR, 2.95 (95%CI, 1.81; 4.80)] with invasive infection. A significant inverse association was observed between prtf1 [OR, 0.42 (95%CI, 0.20; 0.87)] and invasive infection. Conclusion This systematic review and genomic meta-analysis provides evidence of a statistically significant association with invasive infection for the hasA gene, while smeZ, ssa, pnga3, sda1, sic, and NaDase show statistically significantly inverse associations with invasive infection. SpeA, speK, and speG are associated with GAS virulence; however, it is unclear if they are markers of invasive infection. This work could possibly aid in developing preventative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimona Rampersadh
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. Taariq Salie
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelin C. Engel
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Clinton Moodley
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liesl J. Zühlke
- Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Parrow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark E. Engel
- AFROStrep Research Group, Department of Medicine and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Parrow Valley, Cape Town, South Africa
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2
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Jahagirdar S, Morris L, Benis N, Oppegaard O, Svenson M, Hyldegaard O, Skrede S, Norrby-Teglund A, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Saccenti E. Analysis of host-pathogen gene association networks reveals patient-specific response to streptococcal and polymicrobial necrotising soft tissue infections. BMC Med 2022; 20:173. [PMID: 35505341 PMCID: PMC9066942 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotising soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are rapidly progressing bacterial infections usually caused by either several pathogens in unison (polymicrobial infections) or Streptococcus pyogenes (mono-microbial infection). These infections are rare and are associated with high mortality rates. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in this heterogeneous group remain elusive. METHODS In this study, we built interactomes at both the population and individual levels consisting of host-pathogen interactions inferred from dual RNA-Seq gene transcriptomic profiles of the biopsies from NSTI patients. RESULTS NSTI type-specific responses in the host were uncovered. The S. pyogenes mono-microbial subnetwork was enriched with host genes annotated with involved in cytokine production and regulation of response to stress. The polymicrobial network consisted of several significant associations between different species (S. pyogenes, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Escherichia coli) and host genes. The host genes associated with S. pyogenes in this subnetwork were characterised by cellular response to cytokines. We further found several virulence factors including hyaluronan synthase, Sic1, Isp, SagF, SagG, ScfAB-operon, Fba and genes upstream and downstream of EndoS along with bacterial housekeeping genes interacting with the human stress and immune response in various subnetworks between host and pathogen. CONCLUSIONS At the population level, we found aetiology-dependent responses showing the potential modes of entry and immune evasion strategies employed by S. pyogenes, congruent with general cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation. After stratifying the patients based on the subject-specific networks to study the patient-specific response, we observed different patient groups with different collagens, cytoskeleton and actin monomers in association with virulence factors, immunogenic proteins and housekeeping genes which we utilised to postulate differing modes of entry and immune evasion for different bacteria in relationship to the patients' phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevan Jahagirdar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lorna Morris
- Lifeglimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nirupama Benis
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Present affiliation: Department of Medical Informatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Oddvar Oppegaard
- Department of Medicine, Division for infectious diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mattias Svenson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Division for infectious diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Lifeglimmer GmbH, Markelstraße 38, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Attenuation of virulence in multiple serotypes (M1, M3, and M28) of Group A Streptococcus after the loss of secreted esterase. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:662-670. [PMID: 34674958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Group A Streptococcus (GAS) can produce streptococcal secreted esterase (Sse), which inhibits neutrophil recruitment to the site of infection and is crucial for GAS pathogenesis. As an effective esterase, Sse hydrolyzes the sn-2 ester bond of human platelet-activating factor, inactivating it and abolishing its ability to recruit neutrophils. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sse deletion on the virulence of multiple serotypes of GAS. METHODS Isogenic strains that lack the sse gene (Δsse) were derived from the parent strains MGAS5005 (serotype M1, CovRS mutant), MGAS2221 (serotype M1, wild-type CovRS), MGAS315 (serotype M3, CovRS mutant) and MGAS6180 (serotype M28, wild-type CovRS) and were used to study the differences in virulence and pathogenicity of GAS serotypes. RESULTS In a subcutaneous infection model, mice infected with MGAS5005Δsse exhibited higher survival rates but decreased dissemination to the organs compared with mice infected with MGAS5005. When mice were infected with the four Δsse mutants, the MPO activity and IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6 levels increased, but the skin lesion sizes decreased. In an intraperitoneal infection model, the absence of Sse significantly reduced the virulence of GAS, leading to increased mouse survival rates and decreased GAS burdens in the organs in most of the challenge experiments. In addition, the numbers of the four Δsse mutants were greatly reduced 60 min after incubation with isolated rat neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Sse participates in the pathogenesis of multiple GAS serotypes (MGAS5005, MGAS2221, MGAS315 and MGAS6180), particularly the hypervirulent CovS mutant strains MGAS5005 and MGAS315. These strain differences were positively correlated with the virulence of the serotype.
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4
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Neumann A, Happonen L, Karlsson C, Bahnan W, Frick IM, Björck L. Streptococcal protein SIC activates monocytes and induces inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:102339. [PMID: 33855284 PMCID: PMC8027542 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes is a major bacterial pathogen in the human population and isolates of the clinically important M1 serotype secrete protein Streptococcal inhibitor of complement (SIC) known to interfere with human innate immunity. Here we find that SIC from M1 bacteria interacts with TLR2 and CD14 on monocytes leading to the activation of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways and the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFα and INFγ). In human plasma, SIC binds clusterin and histidine-rich glycoprotein, and whole plasma, and these two purified plasma proteins enhanced the activation of monocytes by SIC. Isolates of the M55 serotype secrete an SIC homolog, but this protein did not activate monocytes. M1 isolates are common in cases of invasive S. pyogenes infections characterized by massive inflammation, and the results of this study indicate that the pro-inflammatory property of SIC contributes to the pathology of these severe clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Neumann
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Björck
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, BMC, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
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5
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Tan LKK, Reglinski M, Teo D, Reza N, Lamb LEM, Nageshwaran V, Turner CE, Wikstrom M, Frick IM, Bjorck L, Sriskandan S. Vaccine-induced, but not natural immunity, against the Streptococcal inhibitor of complement protects against invasive disease. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:62. [PMID: 33888727 PMCID: PMC8062509 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic emm1 Streptococcus pyogenes strains secrete the multidomain Streptococcal inhibitor of complement (SIC) that binds and inactivates components of the innate immune response. We aimed to determine if naturally occurring or vaccine-induced antibodies to SIC are protective against invasive S. pyogenes infection. Immunisation with full-length SIC protected mice against systemic bacterial dissemination following intranasal or intramuscular infection with emm1 S. pyogenes. Vaccine-induced rabbit anti-SIC antibodies, but not naturally occurring human anti-SIC antibodies, enhanced bacterial clearance in an ex vivo whole-blood assay. SIC vaccination of both mice and rabbits resulted in antibody recognition of all domains of SIC, whereas naturally occurring human anti-SIC antibodies recognised the proline-rich region of SIC only. We, therefore, propose a model whereby natural infection with S. pyogenes generates non-protective antibodies against the proline-rich region of SIC, while vaccination with full-length SIC permits the development of protective antibodies against all SIC domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel K K Tan
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark Reglinski
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Daryl Teo
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nada Reza
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy E M Lamb
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Academic Department of Military Medicine, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vaitehi Nageshwaran
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire E Turner
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mats Wikstrom
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Amgen Inc, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Inga-Maria Frick
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Bjorck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Section of Adult Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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6
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Lannes-Costa PS, de Oliveira JSS, da Silva Santos G, Nagao PE. A current review of pathogenicity determinants of Streptococcus sp. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1600-1620. [PMID: 33772968 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Streptococcus comprises important pathogens, many of them are part of the human or animal microbiota. Advances in molecular genetics, taxonomic approaches and phylogenomic studies have led to the establishment of at least 100 species that have a severe impact on human health and are responsible for substantial economic losses to agriculture. The infectivity of the pathogens is linked to cell-surface components and/or secreted virulence factors. Bacteria have evolved sophisticated and multifaceted adaptation strategies to the host environment, including biofilm formation, survival within professional phagocytes, escape the host immune response, amongst others. This review focuses on virulence mechanism and zoonotic potential of Streptococcus species from pyogenic (S. agalactiae, S. pyogenes) and mitis groups (S. pneumoniae).
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Lannes-Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J S S de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - G da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - P E Nagao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology of Streptococci, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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7
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Siemens N, Snäll J, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Streptococcal Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1294:127-150. [PMID: 33079367 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57616-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are severe life-threatening and rapidly progressing infections. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, particularly S. pyogenes (group A streptococci (GAS)) but also S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE, most group G and C streptococcus), are the main causative agents of monomicrobial NSTIs and certain types, such as emm1 and emm3, are over-represented in NSTI cases. An arsenal of bacterial virulence factors contribute to disease pathogenesis, which is a complex and multifactorial process. In this chapter, we summarize data that have provided mechanistic and immuno-pathologic insight into host-pathogens interactions that contribute to tissue pathology in streptococcal NSTIs. The role of streptococcal surface associated and secreted factors contributing to the hyper-inflammatory state and immune evasion, bacterial load in the tissue and persistence strategies, including intracellular survival and biofilm formation, as well as strategies to mimic NSTIs in vitro are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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8
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Myeloid cells in sensing of tissue damage. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 68:34-40. [PMID: 33035713 PMCID: PMC7538386 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are components of the innate immune system that represent the first line of defense. Tissue damage, associated with pathological conditions such as infection, cancer or autoimmunity, leads to the exposure of the intracellular content to the extracellular environment. Myeloid cells detect ligands exposed or released by dead cells through specific receptors that signal for a diversity of responses. Inflammatory responses triggered by myeloid cells after sensing tissue injury can contribute to resolution of the damage. The signaling response following dead-cell sensing by myeloid cells can contribute either to an inflammatory or a regulatory response. We review herein some representative examples of how myeloid cells react to the recognition of cell death during specific tissue damage contexts. A deep understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes would allow to improve therapeutical interventions in pathologies associated with tissue damage.
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9
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Zhang X, Wei D, Zhao Y, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Song Y, Cai M, Zhang W, Zhao J, Lv C, Zhu H. Immunization With a Secreted Esterase Protects Mice Against Multiple Serotypes (M1, M3, and M28) of Group A Streptococcus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:565. [PMID: 32308652 PMCID: PMC7145942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcal secreted esterase (Sse) is a platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase that is critical for Group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin invasion and innate immune evasion. There are two Sse variant complexes that share >98% identity within each complex but display about 37% variation between the complexes in amino acid sequences. Sse immunization protects mice against lethal infection and skin invasion in subcutaneous infection with the hypervirulent CovRS mutant strain, MGAS5005. However, it is not known whether Sse immunization provides significant protection against infection of GAS with functional CovRS and whether immunization with Sse of one variant complex provides protection against infection of GAS that produces Sse of another variant complex. This study was designed to address these questions. Mice were immunized with recombinant Sse of M1 GAS (SseM1) and challenged with MGAS5005 (serotype M1, CovS mutant, and Sse of variant complex I), MGAS315 (M3, CovS mutant, and Sse of variant complex I), MGAS2221 (M1, wild-type CovRS, and Sse of variant complex I), and MGAS6180 (M28, wild-type CovRS, and Sse of variant complex II). SseM1 immunization significantly increased survival rates of mice in subcutaneous MGAS5005 and intraperitoneal MGAS6180 challenges and showed consistently higher or longer survival in the other challenges. Immunized mice had smaller skin lesion and higher neutrophil responses in subcutaneous infections and lower GAS burdens in spleen, liver, and kidney in most of the challenge experiments than control mice. SseM1 immunization enhanced proinflammatory responses. These data suggest that Sse immunization has a broad benefit against GAS infections that can vary in extent from strain to strain and that the benefit may be due to the immunization-enhanced proinflammatory responses. In particular, immunization with SseM1 can provide protection against M28 GAS infection even though its Sse and SseM1 have significant variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Deqin Wei
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingli Song
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Minghui Cai
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jizi Zhao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chunmei Lv
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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10
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Streptococcus pyogenes
(i.e., the group A
Streptococcus
) is a human-restricted and versatile bacterial pathogen that produces an impressive arsenal of both surface-expressed and secreted virulence factors. Although surface-expressed virulence factors are clearly vital for colonization, establishing infection, and the development of disease, the secreted virulence factors are likely the major mediators of tissue damage and toxicity seen during active infection. The collective exotoxin arsenal of
S. pyogenes
is rivaled by few bacterial pathogens and includes extracellular enzymes, membrane active proteins, and a variety of toxins that specifically target both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, including the superantigens; however, despite their role in
S. pyogenes
disease, each of these virulence factors has likely evolved with humans in the context of asymptomatic colonization and transmission. In this article, we focus on the biology of the true secreted exotoxins of the group A
Streptococcus
, as well as their roles in the pathogenesis of human disease.
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11
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Pietrocola G, Nobile G, Alfeo MJ, Foster TJ, Geoghegan JA, De Filippis V, Speziale P. Fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) from Staphylococcus aureus protects against the antimicrobial activity of histones. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:3588-3602. [PMID: 30622139 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause both superficial and deep-seated infections. Histones released by neutrophils kill bacteria by binding to the bacterial cell surface and causing membrane damage. We postulated that cell wall-anchored proteins protect S. aureus from the bactericidal effects of histones by binding to and sequestering histones away from the cell envelope. Here, we focused on S. aureus strain LAC and by using an array of biochemical assays, including surface plasmon resonance and ELISA, discovered that fibronectin-binding protein B (FnBPB) is the main histone receptor. FnBPB bound all types of histones, but histone H3 displayed the highest affinity and bactericidal activity and was therefore investigated further. H3 bound specifically to the A domain of recombinant FnBPB with a KD of 86 nm, ∼20-fold lower than that for fibrinogen. Binding apparently occurred by the same mechanism by which FnBPB binds to fibrinogen, because FnBPB variants defective in fibrinogen binding also did not bind H3. An FnBPB-deletion mutant of S. aureus LAC bound less H3 and was more susceptible to its bactericidal activity and to neutrophil extracellular traps, whereas an FnBPB-overexpressing mutant bound more H3 and was more resistant than the WT. FnBPB bound simultaneously to H3 and plasminogen, which after activation by tissue plasminogen activator cleaved the bound histone. We conclude that FnBPB provides a dual immune-evasion function that captures histones and prevents them from reaching the bacterial membrane and simultaneously binds plasminogen, thereby promoting its conversion to plasmin to destroy the bound histone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Pietrocola
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy,
| | - Giulia Nobile
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela J Alfeo
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- the Microbiology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- the Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- the Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Molecular Hematology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 36131 Padova, Italy, and
| | - Pietro Speziale
- From the Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy, .,the Department of Industrial and Information Engineering, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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