1
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Paparoditis PCG, Fruehwirth A, Bevc K, Low JS, Jerak J, Terzaghi L, Foglierini M, Fernandez B, Jarrossay D, Corti D, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Cassotta A. Site-specific serology unveils cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies targeting influenza A hemagglutinin epitopes. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451045. [PMID: 39031535 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Efficient identification of human monoclonal antibodies targeting specific antigenic sites is pivotal for advancing vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer. Existing screening techniques, however, limit our ability to discover monoclonal antibodies with desired specificity. In this study, we introduce a novel method, blocking of binding (BoB) enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), enabling the detection of high-avidity human antibodies directed to defined epitopes. Leveraging BoB-ELISA, we analyzed the antibody response to known epitopes of influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) in the serum of vaccinated donors. Our findings revealed that serum antibodies targeting head epitopes were immunodominant, whereas antibodies against the stem epitope, although subdominant, were highly prevalent. Extending our analysis across multiple HA strains, we examined the cross-reactive antibody response targeting the stem epitope. Importantly, employing BoB-ELISA we identified donors harboring potent heterosubtypic antibodies targeting the HA stem. B-cell clonal analysis of these donors revealed three novel, genealogically independent monoclonal antibodies with broad cross-reactivity to multiple HAs. In summary, we demonstrated that BoB-ELISA is a sensitive technique for measuring B-cell epitope immunogenicity, enabling the identification of novel monoclonal antibodies with implications for enhanced vaccine development and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C G Paparoditis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Fruehwirth
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kajetana Bevc
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jun Siong Low
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Josipa Jerak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Laura Terzaghi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Blanca Fernandez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute for Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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2
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Schwartz JC, Farrell CP, Freimanis G, Sewell AK, Phillips JD, Hammond JA. A genome assembly and transcriptome atlas of the inbred Babraham pig to illuminate porcine immunogenetic variation. Immunogenetics 2024:10.1007/s00251-024-01355-7. [PMID: 39294478 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-024-01355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
The inbred Babraham pig serves as a valuable biomedical model for research due to its high level of homozygosity, including in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and likely other important immune-related gene complexes, which are generally highly diverse in outbred populations. As the ability to control for this diversity using inbred organisms is of great utility, we sought to improve this resource by generating a long-read whole genome assembly and transcriptome atlas of a Babraham pig. The genome was de novo assembled using PacBio long reads and error-corrected using Illumina short reads. Assembled contigs were then mapped to the porcine reference assembly, Sscrofa11.1, to generate chromosome-level scaffolds. The resulting TPI_Babraham_pig_v1 assembly is nearly as contiguous as Sscrofa11.1 with a contig N50 of 34.95 Mb and contig L50 of 23. The remaining sequence gaps are generally the result of poor assembly across large and highly repetitive regions such as the centromeres and tandemly duplicated gene families, including immune-related gene complexes, that often vary in gene content between haplotypes. We also further confirm homozygosity across the Babraham MHC and characterize the allele content and tissue expression of several other immune-related gene complexes, including the antibody and T cell receptor loci, the natural killer complex, and the leukocyte receptor complex. The Babraham pig genome assembly provides an alternate highly contiguous porcine genome assembly as a resource for the livestock genomics community. The assembly will also aid biomedical and veterinary research that utilizes this animal model such as when controlling for genetic variation is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin P Farrell
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - John D Phillips
- Division of Hematology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John A Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
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3
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McNee A, Vanover D, Rijal P, Paudyal B, Lean FZX, MacLoughlin R, Núñez A, Townsend A, Santangelo PJ, Tchilian E. A direct contact pig influenza challenge model for assessing protective efficacy of monoclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229051. [PMID: 37965320 PMCID: PMC10641767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be used to complement immunization for the therapy of influenza virus infection. We have established the pig, a natural large animal host for influenza A, with many physiological, immunological, and anatomical similarities to humans, as an appropriate model for testing mAbs. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of the strongly neutralizing human anti-hemagglutinin mAb, 2-12C in the pig influenza model. Intravenous administration of recombinant 2-12C reduced virus load and lung pathology, however, it did not prevent virus nasal shedding and, consequently, transmission. This may be because the pigs were directly infected intranasally with a high dose of the H1N1pdm09 virus. To address this, we developed a contact challenge model in which the animals were given 2-12C and one day later co-housed with donor pigs previously infected intra-nasally with H1N1pdm09. 2-12C pre-treatment completely prevented infection. We also administered a lower dose of 2-12C by aerosol to the respiratory tract, but this did not prevent shedding in the direct challenge model, although it abolished lung infection. We propose that the direct contact challenge model of pig influenza may be useful for evaluating candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Ltd, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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4
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Ackley D, Birkebak J, Blumel J, Bourcier T, de Zafra C, Goodwin A, Halpern W, Herzyk D, Kronenberg S, Mauthe R, Shenton J, Shuey D, Wange RL. FDA and industry collaboration: Identifying opportunities to further reduce reliance on nonhuman primates for nonclinical safety evaluations. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105327. [PMID: 36586472 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonhuman primate (NHP) has always been a limited resource for pharmaceutical research with ongoing efforts to conserve. This is due to their inherent biological properties, the growth in biotherapeutics and other modalities, and their use in small molecule drug development. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly impacted the availability of NHPs due to the immediate need for NHPs to develop COVID-19 vaccines and treatments and the China NHP export ban; thus, accelerating the need to further replace, reduce and refine (3Rs) NHP use. The impact of the NHP shortage on drug development led DruSafe, BioSafe, and the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) to discuss this issue at their 2021 annual meeting. This meeting identified areas to further the 3Rs in NHP use within the current nonclinical safety evaluation regulatory framework and highlighted the need to continue advancing alternative methods towards the aspirational goal to replace use of NHPs in the long term. Alignment across global health authorities is necessary for implementation of approaches that fall outside existing guidelines. This article captures the proceedings from this meeting highlighting current best practices and areas for 3Rs in NHP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ackley
- Eli Lilly and Co. Inc., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Joanne Birkebak
- Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr, Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
| | - Jorg Blumel
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Todd Bourcier
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Andrew Goodwin
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Wendy Halpern
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Mauthe
- Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jacintha Shenton
- Amgen Inc., Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Dana Shuey
- Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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5
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Paudyal B, Mwangi W, Rijal P, Schwartz JC, Noble A, Shaw A, Sealy JE, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Graham SP, Townsend A, Hammond JA, Tchilian E. Fc-Mediated Functions of Porcine IgG Subclasses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903755. [PMID: 35757698 PMCID: PMC9218351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig is an important agricultural species and powerful biomedical model. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies provide protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. However very little is known about the Fc-mediated functions of porcine IgG subclasses. We have generated 8 subclasses of two porcine monoclonal anti influenza hemagglutinin antibodies. We characterized their ability to activate complement, trigger cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by immune cells and assayed their binding to monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. We show that IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c and IgG4 bind well to targeted cell types and mediate complement mediated cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody mediated cell phagocytosis (ADCP). IgG5b and IgG5c exhibited weak binding and variable and poor functional activity. Immune complexes of porcine IgG3 did not show any Fc-mediated functions except for binding to monocytes and macrophages and weak binding to NK cells. Interestingly, functionally similar porcine IgG subclasses clustered together in the genome. These novel findings will enhance the utility of the pig model for investigation of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - William Mwangi
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John C Schwartz
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Noble
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Shaw
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua E Sealy
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon P Graham
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hammond
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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6
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Protective porcine influenza virus-specific monoclonal antibodies recognize similar haemagglutinin epitopes as humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009330. [PMID: 33662023 PMCID: PMC7932163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are natural hosts for the same subtypes of influenza A viruses as humans and integrally involved in virus evolution with frequent interspecies transmissions in both directions. The emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus illustrates the importance of pigs in evolution of zoonotic strains. Here we generated pig influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from H1N1pdm09 infected pigs. The mAbs recognized the same two major immunodominant haemagglutinin (HA) epitopes targeted by humans, one of which is not recognized by post-infection ferret antisera that are commonly used to monitor virus evolution. Neutralizing activity of the pig mAbs was comparable to that of potent human anti-HA mAbs. Further, prophylactic administration of a selected porcine mAb to pigs abolished lung viral load and greatly reduced lung pathology but did not eliminate nasal shedding of virus after H1N1pdm09 challenge. Hence mAbs from pigs, which target HA can significantly reduce disease severity. These results, together with the comparable sizes of pigs and humans, indicate that the pig is a valuable model for understanding how best to apply mAbs as therapy in humans and for monitoring antigenic drift of influenza viruses in humans, thereby providing information highly relevant to making influenza vaccine recommendations. Antibodies (Ab) are increasingly used to treat human infectious diseases. Pigs are large animals, natural hosts for influenza viruses and very similar to humans. We generated monoclonal Abs from influenza infected pigs and show that they recognize the same sites of the virus as humans. One of these sites was not recognized by ferret anti-sera, which are commonly used to predict the evolution of the virus and inform vaccine design. We also show that prophylactic administration of one of these mAb to pigs abolished lung viral load and prevented lung damage following infection with influenza. We conclude that the pig is a useful model to test how best to use Abs for therapy and to inform vaccine recommendations for humans.
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7
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McNee A, Smith TRF, Holzer B, Clark B, Bessell E, Guibinga G, Brown H, Schultheis K, Fisher P, Ramos S, Nunez A, Bernard M, Graham S, Martini V, Chrun T, Xiao Y, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK, Elliott S, Patel A, Beverley P, Rijal P, Weiner DB, Townsend A, Broderick KE, Tchilian E. Establishment of a Pig Influenza Challenge Model for Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibody Delivery Platforms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:648-660. [PMID: 32591390 PMCID: PMC7372317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
mAbs are a possible adjunct to vaccination and drugs in treatment of influenza virus infection. However, questions remain whether small animal models accurately predict efficacy in humans. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza, with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing mAbs. We show that a strongly neutralizing mAb (2-12C) against the hemagglutinin head administered prophylactically at 15 mg/kg reduced viral load and lung pathology after pandemic H1N1 influenza challenge. A lower dose of 1 mg/kg of 2-12C or a DNA plasmid-encoded version of 2-12C reduced pathology and viral load in the lungs but not viral shedding in nasal swabs. We propose that the pig influenza model will be useful for testing candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Bessell
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Bernard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Sarah Elliott
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom;
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8
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Lukosaityte D, Sadeyen JR, Shrestha A, Sealy JE, Bhat S, Chang P, Digard P, Iqbal M. Engineered Recombinant Single Chain Variable Fragment of Monoclonal Antibody Provides Protection to Chickens Infected with H9N2 Avian Influenza. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010118. [PMID: 32138253 PMCID: PMC7157677 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. Herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. Avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. Traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid protection from disease, highlighting the need for alternative disease mitigation measures. In this study, previously generated neutralizing anti-H9N2 virus monoclonal antibodies were converted to single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs). These recombinant scFv antibodies were produced in insect cell cultures and the preparations retained neutralization capacity against an H9N2 virus in vitro. To evaluate recombinant scFv antibody efficacy in vivo, chickens were passively immunized with scFvs one day before, and for seven days after virus challenge. Groups receiving scFv treatment showed partial virus load reductions measured by plaque assays and decreased disease manifestation. These results indicate that antibody therapy could reduce clinical disease and shedding of avian influenza virus in infected chicken flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deimante Lukosaityte
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Jean-Remy Sadeyen
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Angita Shrestha
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Joshua E. Sealy
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Sushant Bhat
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
| | - Paul Digard
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; (D.L.); (J.-R.S.); (A.S.); (J.E.S.); (S.B.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Young CL, Lyons AC, Hsu WW, Vanlandingham DL, Park SL, Bilyeu AN, Ayers VB, Hettenbach SM, Zelenka AM, Cool KR, Peterson GJ, Higgs S, Huang YJS. Protection of swine by potent neutralizing anti-Japanese encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies derived from vaccination. Antiviral Res 2019; 174:104675. [PMID: 31825852 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic in the Asia Pacific region. Despite use of several highly effective vaccines, it is estimated that up to 44,000 new cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occur every year including 14,000 deaths and 24,000 survivors with permanent sequelae. Humoral immunity induced by vaccination is critical for effective protection. Potently neutralizing antibodies reactive with the JEV envelope (E) protein are important since protective immune responses induced by both live-attenuated and inactivated JE vaccines target the E protein. Our understanding of how vaccine-induced humoral immunity protects vaccinees from morbidity and mortality is, however, limited and largely obtained from in vitro studies. With the exception of neurovirulence mouse models, very few platforms are available for evaluating the protective efficacy of neutralizing antibodies against JEV in vivo. Swine are a major amplifying host in the natural JEV transmission cycle and develop multiple pathological outcomes similar to humans infected with JEV. In this study, prophylactic passive immunization was performed in a miniature swine model, using two vaccination-induced monoclonal antibodies (mAb), JEV-31 and JEV-169. These were selected as representatives for antibodies reactive with the major antigenic structures in the E protein of JEV and related flaviviruses. JEV-31 recognizes the lateral ridge of E protein domain III (EDIII) whilst JEV-169 has a broad footprint of binding involving residues throughout domains I (EDI) and II (EDII) of the E protein. Detection of neutralizing antibodies in the serum of immunized animals mimics the presence of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Passive immunization with both mAbs significantly reduced the severity of diseases that resemble the symptoms of human JE including fever, viremia, viral shedding, systemic infection, and neuroinvasion. In contrast to the uniformed decrease of viral loads in lymphoid and central nervous systems, distinct kinetics in the onset of fever and viremia between animals receiving JEV-31 and JEV-169 suggest potential differences in immune protection mechanisms between anti-EDI and anti-EDIII neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using swine models in characterizing the protective humoral immunity against JEV and increase our understanding of how clonal populations of anti-E mAbs derived from JE vaccination protect against infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Young
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility Scientist Training Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA
| | - Amy C Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Victoria B Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility Scientist Training Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA
| | - Susan M Hettenbach
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashley M Zelenka
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner R Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gregory J Peterson
- University Research Compliance Office, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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10
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Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. M2e-based universal influenza vaccines: a historical overview and new approaches to development. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:76. [PMID: 31629405 PMCID: PMC6800501 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus was isolated for the first time in 1931, and the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. In addition to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics at random intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is the most effective way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses because of antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a new virus to develop an effective vaccine. One of the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics may be by using a new type of vaccine, with a long and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus is a conservative region, and an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. This review gives a historical overview of the study of M2 protein, and summarizes the latest developments in the preparation of M2e-based universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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11
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Bhatti MM, Cai AG, Theunissen JW. Binding affinities of human IgG1 and chimerized pig and rabbit derivatives to human, pig and rabbit Fc gamma receptor IIIA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219999. [PMID: 31323052 PMCID: PMC6641210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While pigs and rabbits are used as models for human immune diseases, FcγR binding is poorly characterized in both test species. To evaluate antibody binding to FcγRIIIA, a receptor involved in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, chimerized antibodies were generated by grafting the variable regions of a human IgG1 onto scaffolds from both species. The affinities of the parent and chimeric antibodies to the FcγRIIIA proteins from all three species were determined. While the human IgG1 and rabbit IgG had similar affinities for each FcγRIIIA with notable differences across species, pig IgG1 only bound pig FcγRIIIA with appreciable affinity. Also, the functional pig and rabbit proteins described here can be used in future experiments, such as pharmacology and mechanism of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam M. Bhatti
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Allen G. Cai
- Iconic Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
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12
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Sedeyn K, Saelens X. New antibody-based prevention and treatment options for influenza. Antiviral Res 2019; 170:104562. [PMID: 31323236 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic diversity of human influenza viruses represents a challenge to the development of vaccines with durable immune protection. In addition, small molecule anti-influenza viral drugs can bring clinical relief to influenza patients but the emergence of drug resistant viruses can rapidly limit the effectiveness of such drugs. In the past decade, a number of human monoclonal antibodies have been described that can bind to and neutralize a broad range of influenza A and B viruses. Most of these monoclonal antibodies are directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA) stalk and some have now been evaluated in early to mid-stage clinical trials. An important conclusion from these clinical studies is that hemagglutinin stalk-specific antibodies are safe and can reduce influenza symptoms. In addition, examples of bi- and multi-specific anti-influenza antibodies are discussed, although such antibodies have not yet progressed into clinical testing. In the future, antibody-based therapies might become part of our arsenal to prevent and treat influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Sedeyn
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Von Holle TA, Moody MA. Influenza and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1457. [PMID: 31316510 PMCID: PMC6611398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of yearly vaccinations, influenza continues to cause seasonal, and pandemic rises in illness and death. An error prone replication mechanism results in antigenic drift and viral escape from immune pressure, and recombination results in antigenic shift that can rapidly move through populations that lack immunity to newly emergent strains. The development of a “universal” vaccine is a high priority and many strategies have been proposed, but our current understanding of influenza immunity is incomplete making the development of better influenza vaccines challenging. Influenza immunity has traditionally been measured by neutralization of virions and hemagglutination inhibition, but in recent years there has been a growing appreciation of other responses that can contribute to protection such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) that can kill influenza-infected cells. ADCC has been shown to provide cross-strain protection and to assist in viral clearance, making it an attractive target for “universal” vaccine designs. Here we provide a brief overview of the current state of influenza research that leverages “the other end of the antibody.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarra A Von Holle
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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Holzer B, Martini V, Edmans M, Tchilian E. T and B Cell Immune Responses to Influenza Viruses in Pigs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:98. [PMID: 30804933 PMCID: PMC6371849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are an ongoing threat to humans and are endemic in pigs, causing considerable economic losses to farmers. Pigs are also a source of new viruses potentially capable of initiating human pandemics. Many tools including monoclonal antibodies, recombinant cytokines and chemokines, gene probes, tetramers, and inbred pigs allow refined analysis of immune responses against influenza. Recent advances in understanding of the pig innate system indicate that it shares many features with that of humans, although there is a larger gamma delta component. The fine specificity and mechanisms of cross-protective T cell immunity have yet to be fully defined, although it is clear that the local immune response is important. The repertoire of pig antibody response to influenza has not been thoroughly explored. Here we review current understanding of adaptive immune responses against influenza in pigs and the use of the pig as a model to study human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holzer
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Department of Mucosal Immunology, The Pirbright Institute (BBSRC), Pirbright, United Kingdom
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15
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The Binding of Human IgG to Minipig FcγRs - Implications for Preclinical Assessment of Therapeutic Antibodies. Pharm Res 2019; 36:47. [PMID: 30721414 PMCID: PMC6373530 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Göttingen minipig is a relevant non-rodent species for regulatory toxicological studies. Yet, its use with therapeutic antibodies has been limited by the unknown binding properties of human immunoglobulins (huIgG) to porcine Fc gamma receptors (poFcγR) influencing safety and efficacy readouts. Therefore, knowing IgG-FcγR interactions in the animal model is a prerequisite for the use of minipigs in preclinical safety and efficacy studies with therapeutic antibodies. Methods Here, we describe the cloning and expression of poFcγRs and their interactions with free and complexed human therapeutic IgG1 by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. Results We show here that poFcγRIa, poFcγRIIa, and poFcγRIIb bind huIgG1 antibodies with comparable affinities as corresponding huFcγRs. Importantly, poFcγRs bind huIgG immune complexes with high avidity, thus probably allowing human-like effector functions. However, poFcγRIIIa binds poIgG1a but not to huIgG1. Conclusions The lack of binding of poFcγRIIIa to huIgG1 might cause underestimation of FcγRIIIa-mediated efficacy or toxicity as mediated by porcine natural killer cells. Therefore, the suitability of minipigs in preclinical studies with human therapeutic antibodies has to be assessed case by case. Our results facilitate the use of Göttingen minipigs for assessment of human therapeutic antibodies in preclinical studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-019-2574-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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16
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Guzman E, Montoya M. Contributions of Farm Animals to Immunology. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:307. [PMID: 30574508 PMCID: PMC6292178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By their very nature, great advances in immunology are usually underpinned by experiments carried out in animal models and inbred lines of mice. Also, their corresponding knock-out or knock-in derivatives have been the most commonly used animal systems in immunological studies. With much credit to their usefulness, laboratory mice will never provide all the answers to fully understand immunological processes. Large animal models offer unique biological and experimental advantages that have been and continue to be of great value to the understanding of biological and immunological processes. From the identification of B cells to the realization that γδ T cells can function as professional antigen presenting cells, farm animals have contributed significantly to a better understanding of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Wang D, Sun Y, Liu Y, Meng F, Lee RJ. Clinical translation of immunoliposomes for cancer therapy: recent perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:893-903. [PMID: 30169978 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1517747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes have been extensively investigated as drug delivery vehicles. Immunoliposomes (ILs) are antibody-conjugated liposomes designed to selectively target antigen-expressing cells. ILs can be used to deliver drugs to tumor cells for improving efficacy and reducing toxicity. In addition, ILs can be used in immunoassays, immunotherapy, and imaging. Although there has been extensive coverage on ILs in the literature, only a limited number of clinical trials have been reported and no IL drug has been approved by the FDA. AREAS COVERED Factors to consider in developing ILs are discussed, including the choice of antibody or antibody fragment, the formulation of liposomes, and the conjugation chemistry. In addition, challenges and opportunities in clinical development of ILs are discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the state of the art of ILs and to discuss potential future developments. EXPERT OPINION IL research has had a lengthy history and numerous preclinical studies have yielded encouraging results. However, there are a number of obstacles to clinical translation of ILs. Given the unique capabilities of ILs, its potential for clinical application is underexplored. There is great potential for expanded role for ILs in the clinic and further efforts to this end are warranted. ABBREVIATIONS Ab: antibody; ADCs: antibody-drug conjugates; API: active pharmaceutical ingredient; ADCC: antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CR: complete remission; cGMP: current good manufacturing practice; DSPE: distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EPR: enhanced permeability and retention; Fc: fragment crystalline; Tf: transferrin; HACA: human-anti-chimeric antibody; HAHA: human-anti-human antibody; HAMA: human-anti-mouse antibody; HER2: human epidermal growth factor 2; IL: immunoliposome; LNPs: lipid nanoparticles; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MTD: maximum tolerated dose; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PET: positron emission tomography; PR: partial response; PSMA: prostate-specific membrane antigen; scFv: single-chain variable fragment; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; TTR: transthyretin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- a School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yating Sun
- a School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Yange Liu
- a School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Fanchao Meng
- a School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Robert J Lee
- a School of Life Sciences , Jilin University , Changchun , China.,b Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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Bustamante-Córdova L, Melgoza-González EA, Hernández J. Recombinant Antibodies in Veterinary Medicine: An Update. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:175. [PMID: 30101148 PMCID: PMC6072837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant antibodies has had a tremendous impact on several research fields, most prominently in biotechnology, immunology and medicine, enabling enormous advances in each. Thus far, a broad diversity of recombinant antibody (rAb) forms have been designed and expressed using different expression systems. Even though the majority of rAbs approved for clinical use are targeted to humans, advances in veterinary medicine seem promising. The aim of this mini-review is to present an update regarding the rAbs in veterinary medicine reported to date, as well as their potential use in diagnostics, prophylaxis and therapeutics. Full- and single-chain fragment variables are the most common forms of rAbs developed for the detection, prevention and control of parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases, as well as pain and cancer treatment. Nonetheless, advances in research seem to be skewed toward economically important animals, such as pigs, cows, poultry and dogs. Although significant results have been obtained from the rAbs reported here, most have not been developed enough to be approved. Further research and clinical trials should be encouraged to enable important findings to fulfill their intended potential to improve animal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Bustamante-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Edgar A Melgoza-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Mexico
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