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Yang HQ, Sun H, Li K, Shao MM, Zhai K, Tong ZH. Dynamics of host immune responses and a potential function of Trem2 hi interstitial macrophages in Pneumocystis pneumonia. Respir Res 2024; 25:72. [PMID: 38317180 PMCID: PMC10845524 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic fungal infection with a high mortality rate in immunocompromised patients, ranging from 20 to 80%. However, current understanding of the variation in host immune response against Pneumocystis across different timepoints is limited. METHODS In this study, we conducted a time-resolved single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of CD45+ cells sorted from lung tissues of mice infected with Pneumocystis. The dynamically changes of the number, transcriptome and interaction of multiply immune cell subsets in the process of Pneumocystis pneumonia were identified according to bioinformatic analysis. Then, the accumulation of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages after Pneumocystis infection was verified by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. We also investigate the role of Trem2 in resolving the Pneumocystis infection by depletion of Trem2 in mouse models. RESULTS Our results characterized the CD45+ cell composition of lung in mice infected with Pneumocystis from 0 to 5 weeks, which revealed a dramatic reconstitution of myeloid compartments and an emergence of PCP-associated macrophage (PAM) following Pneumocystis infection. PAM was marked by the high expression of Trem2. We also predicted that PAMs were differentiated from Ly6C+ monocytes and interacted with effector CD4+ T cell subsets via multiple ligand and receptor pairs. Furthermore, we determine the surface markers of PAMs and validated the presence and expansion of Trem2hi interstitial macrophages in PCP by flow cytometry. PAMs secreted abundant pro-inflammation cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IP-10. Moreover, PAMs inhibited the proliferation of T cells, and depletion of Trem2 in mouse lead to reduced fungal burden and decreased lung injury in PCP. CONCLUSION Our study delineated the dynamic transcriptional changes in immune cells and suggests a role for PAMs in PCP, providing a framework for further investigation into PCP's cellular and molecular basis, which could provide a resource for further discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ming-Ming Shao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO. 8, Gong Ti South Road, Chao yang District, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Wang J, Zhang ZQ, Gigliotti F, Wright TW. IFN-γ Limits Immunopathogenesis but Delays Fungal Clearance during Pneumocystis Pneumonia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1397-1405. [PMID: 37721419 PMCID: PMC10635584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
High levels of IFN-γ are produced in the lung during an adaptive immune response to Pneumocystis, but the effects of this prototypical Th1 cytokine on fungal clearance and immunopathogenesis have not been fully defined. Therefore, Pneumocystis-infected immunodeficient mice were immune reconstituted and administered control or anti-IFN-γ neutralizing Ab to determine how IFN-γ regulates the balance between host defense and immune-mediated lung injury. Mice treated with anti-IFN-γ demonstrated an initial worsening of Pneumocystis pneumonia-related immunopathogenesis, with greater weight loss, heightened lung inflammation, and more severe pulmonary function deficits than control mice. However, IFN-γ neutralization also enhanced macrophage phagocytosis of Pneumocystis and accelerated fungal clearance. When anti-IFN-γ-treated mice were also given IL-4 and IL-13 to promote a Th2-biased lung environment, the accelerated fungal clearance was preserved, but the severity of immunopathogenesis was reduced, and a more rapid recovery was observed. A direct suppressive effect of IFN-γ on macrophages was required but was not solely responsible for delayed fungal clearance, suggesting that IFN-γ acts through multiple mechanisms that likely include modulation of both macrophage and Th polarization. Enhanced Pneumocystis clearance in anti-IFN-γ-treated and IFN-γR-deficient mice was associated with significantly elevated IL-17+ CD4+ T cells and IL-17 protein in the lungs. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-17, but not IL-4, signaling blocked the accelerated fungal clearance observed in anti-IFN-γ-treated mice. Together, these data demonstrate that although IFN-γ delays fungal clearance by suppressing the lung Th17 response, it also serves an important regulatory role that limits immunopathogenesis and preserves pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Zhuo-Qian Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Francis Gigliotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Terry W. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642
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Gokhale S, Victor E, Tsai J, Spirollari E, Matracz B, Takatsuka S, Jung J, Kitamura D, Xie P. Upregulated Expression of the IL-9 Receptor on TRAF3-Deficient B Lymphocytes Confers Ig Isotype Switching Responsiveness to IL-9 in the Presence of Antigen Receptor Engagement and IL-4. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1059-1073. [PMID: 36883978 PMCID: PMC10073299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine IL-9 signals to target cells by binding to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of the unique subunit IL-9R and the common subunit γ-chain shared by multiple cytokines of the γ-chain family. In the current study, we found that the expression of IL-9R was strikingly upregulated in mouse naive follicular B cells genetically deficient in TNFR-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a critical regulator of B cell survival and function. The highly upregulated IL-9R on Traf3-/- follicular B cells conferred responsiveness to IL-9, including IgM production and STAT3 phosphorylation. Interestingly, IL-9 significantly enhanced class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells, which was not observed in littermate control B cells. We further demonstrated that blocking the JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway abrogated the enhancing effect of IL-9 on class switch recombination to IgG1 induced by BCR crosslinking plus IL-4 in Traf3-/- B cells. Our study thus revealed, to our knowledge, a novel pathway that TRAF3 suppresses B cell activation and Ig isotype switching by inhibiting IL-9R-JAK-STAT3 signaling. Taken together, our findings provide (to our knowledge) new insights into the TRAF3-IL-9R axis in B cell function and have significant implications for the understanding and treatment of a variety of human diseases involving aberrant B cell activation such as autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eton Victor
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jemmie Tsai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Eris Spirollari
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Brygida Matracz
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Shogo Takatsuka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Jaeyong Jung
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey
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Zahid KR, Raza U, Tumbath S, Jiang L, Xu W, Huang X. Neutrophils: Musketeers against immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:975981. [PMID: 36091114 PMCID: PMC9453237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.975981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most copious leukocytes in human blood, play a critical role in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and immune suppression. Recently, neutrophils have attracted the attention of researchers, immunologists, and oncologists because of their potential role in orchestrating immune evasion in human diseases including cancer, which has led to a hot debate redefining the contribution of neutrophils in tumor progression and immunity. To make this debate fruitful, this review seeks to provide a recent update about the contribution of neutrophils in immune suppression and tumor progression. Here, we first described the molecular pathways through which neutrophils aid in cancer progression and orchestrate immune suppression/evasion. Later, we summarized the underlying molecular mechanisms of neutrophil-mediated therapy resistance and highlighted various approaches through which neutrophil antagonism may heighten the efficacy of the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Finally, we have highlighted several unsolved questions and hope that answering these questions will provide a new avenue toward immunotherapy revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Rafiq Zahid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Soumya Tumbath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lingxiang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiumei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiumei Huang,
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IL-9 plays a protective role on host defense against the infection of Cryptococcus Neoformans. J Mycol Med 2022; 32:101297. [PMID: 35660540 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2022.101297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes neurological disease in immunocompromised patients. Preliminary experiments showed that cryptococcal strains could induce the expression of interleukin-9 (IL-9). The use of a neutralizing antibody against IL-9 decreased the survival rates of mice in a murine model. In this study, we found that in vitro, IL-9 could enhance the phagocytic function of M1 macrophages and promote the killing of extracellular pathogens by had no effect on the killing of invading pathogens. IL-9 could also promote the expression of IL-6 while suppressing the expression of TNF-α in M1 macrophages. In vivo, IL-9 reduced the colony-forming units (CFUs) in the brain and liver, but there were no differences in the lung. Furthermore, the weight of mice in the IL-9 group decreased slower than that of mice in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group after infection. Moreover, IL-9 could enhance the survival rate at 21 days. The results also showed that IL-9 could promote the secretion of IL-17 while blocking the secretion of IL-4. Therefore, we concluded that IL-9 plays a protective role in C. neoformans infection.
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Vaccine protection by Cryptococcus neoformans Δsgl1 is mediated by γδ T cells via TLR2 signaling. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1416-1430. [PMID: 36229573 PMCID: PMC9705245 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that administration of Cryptococcus neoformans Δsgl1 mutant vaccine, accumulating sterylglucosides (SGs) and having normal capsule (GXM), protects mice from a subsequent infection even during CD4+ T cells deficiency, a condition commonly associated with cryptococcosis. Here, we studied the immune mechanism that confers host protection during CD4+T deficiency. Mice receiving Δsgl1 vaccine produce IFNγ and IL-17A during CD4+ T (or CD8+ T) deficiency, and protection was lost when either cytokine was neutralized. IFNγ and/or IL-17A are produced by γδ T cells, and mice lacking these cells are no longer protected. Interestingly, ex vivo γδ T cells are highly stimulated in producing IFNγ and/or IL-17A by Δsgl1 vaccine, but this production was significantly decreased when cells were incubated with C. neoformans Δcap59/Δsgl1 mutant, accumulating SGs but lacking GXM. GXM modulates toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR2. Importantly, neither Δsgl1 nor Δcap59/Δsgl1 stimulate IFNγ or IL-17A production by ex vivo γδ T cells from TLR2-/- mice. Finally, TLR2-/- animals do not produce IL-17A in response to Δsgl1 vaccine and were no longer protected from WT challenge. Our results suggest that SGs may act as adjuvants for GXM to stimulate γδ T cells in producing IFNγ and IL-17A via TLR2, a mechanism that is still preserved upon CD4+ T deficiency.
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Charpentier E, Ménard S, Marques C, Berry A, Iriart X. Immune Response in Pneumocystis Infections According to the Host Immune System Status. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080625. [PMID: 34436164 PMCID: PMC8399367 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The host immune response is critical in Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompetent hosts can eliminate the fungus without symptoms, while immunodeficient hosts develop PCP with an unsuitable excessive inflammatory response leading to lung damage. From studies based on rodent models or clinical studies, this review aimed to better understand the pathophysiology of Pneumocystis infection by analysing the role of immune cells, mostly lymphocytes, according to the immune status of the infected host. Hence, this review first describes the immune physiological response in infected immunocompetent hosts that are able to eliminate the fungus. The objective of the second part is to identify the immune elements required for the control of the fungus, focusing on specific immune deficiencies. Finally, the third part concentrates on the effect of the different immune elements in immunocompromised subjects during PCP, to better understand which cells are detrimental, and which, on the contrary, are beneficial once the disease has started. This work highlights that the immune response associated with a favourable outcome of the infection may differ according to the immune status of the host. In the case of immunocompetency, a close communication between B cells and TCD4 within tertiary lymphocyte structures appears critical to activate M2 macrophages without much inflammation. Conversely, in the case of immunodeficiency, a pro-inflammatory response including Th1 CD4, cytotoxic CD8, NK cells, and IFNγ release seems beneficial for M1 macrophage activation, despite the impact of inflammation on lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eléna Charpentier
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
| | - Sandie Ménard
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Marques
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Antoine Berry
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Xavier Iriart
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse, France;
- Infinity, Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse III, 31024 Toulouse, France; (S.M.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (X.I.)
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Sun H, Yang HQ, Zhai K, Tong ZH. Signatures of B Cell Receptor Repertoire Following Pneumocystis Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636250. [PMID: 34135870 PMCID: PMC8202503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play vital roles in host defense against Pneumocystis infection. However, the features of the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire in disease progression remain unclear. Here, we integrated single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell BCR sequencing of immune cells from mouse lungs in an uninfected state and 1–4 weeks post-infection in order to illustrate the dynamic nature of B cell responses during Pneumocystis infection. We identified continuously increased plasma cells and an elevated ratio of (IgA + IgG) to (IgD + IgM) after infection. Moreover, Pneumocystis infection was associated with an increasing naïve B subset characterized by elevated expression of the transcription factor ATF3. The proportion of clonal expanded cells progressively increased, while BCR diversity decreased. Plasma cells exhibited higher levels of somatic hypermutation than naïve B cells. Biased usage of V(D)J genes was observed, and the usage frequency of IGHV9-3 rose. Overall, these results present a detailed atlas of B cell transcriptional changes and BCR repertoire features in the context of Pneumocystis infection, which provides valuable information for finding diagnostic biomarkers and developing potential immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Yang HQ, Wang YS, Zhai K, Tong ZH. Single-Cell TCR Sequencing Reveals the Dynamics of T Cell Repertoire Profiling During Pneumocystis Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:637500. [PMID: 33959105 PMCID: PMC8093776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.637500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses play critical roles in host adaptive immunity against Pneumocystis. However, the dynamics and diversity of the T cell immune repertoire in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains unclear. In this study, single-cell RNA and single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing were applied to cells sorted from lung tissues of mice infected with Pneumocystis. Our findings demonstrated the clonal cells were mainly composed of CD4+ T cells in response to Pneumocystis, which were marked by highly expressed genes associated with T cell activation. Mice infected with Pneumocystis showed reduced TCR diversity in CD4+ T cells and increased diversity in CD8+ T cells compared with uninfected controls. Furthermore, Th17 cells were mostly clonal CD4+ T cells, which exhibited the phenotype of tissue-resident memory-like Th17 cells. In addition, Pneumocystis-infected mice showed biased usage of TCRβ VDJ genes. Taken together, we characterized the transcriptome and TCR immune repertoires profiles of expanded T cell clones, which demonstrate a skewed TCR repertoire after Pneumocystis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Qin Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Shan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhang C, Rong HM, Li T, Zhai K, Tong ZH. PD-1 Deficiency Promotes Macrophage Activation and T-Helper Cell Type 1/T-Helper Cell Type 17 Response in Pneumocystis Pneumonia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:767-782. [PMID: 32048861 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0234oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Early diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis among psoriasis patients: clinical experience sharing. Clin Rheumatol 2020; 39:3677-3684. [PMID: 32468320 PMCID: PMC7648743 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-020-05132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The early detection of psoriatic arthritis (PSA) poses a challenge to rheumatologists, even when their diagnosis is aided by sonography. In order to facilitate early detection of PSA among patients with psoriasis (PSO), we retrospectively analyzed of the relationships between serological markers and comorbidities in 629 psoriatic patients, 102 of which had PSA, while the other 527 had PSO. Results Serological markers were found not to be useful in distinguishing between PSA and PSO (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). The prevalence rate of PSA among PSO patients was around 19.4%. Two components of metabolic syndrome—hyperlipidemia (2.94%) and gout (4.9%)—were significantly more prevalent in PSA patients than in PSO patients (p < 0.05). The odds ratio for PSA is 15.94 in patients with hyperlipidemia with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.64–154.80; meanwhile, the odds ratio for PSA is 3.83 in patients with gout with a 95% CI of 1.19–12.31. Allergic rhinitis (5.88%) was more prevalent in PSA patients than in PSO patients (p < 0.01). The odds ratio was 8.17 in patients with allergic rhinitis with a 95% CI of 2.26–29.50. Plasma hs-miR-210-3p distinguishes PSA from PSO, and its levels can also be distinguished from PSA after treated with anti-TNFα biologics agents (both p < 0.05). Conclusions No clinical available serology markers, but hyperlipidemia, gout, axial spondylopathy (inflammatory back pain), or allergic rhinitis, could differentiate between psoriatic arthritis from psoriasis. Plasma hs-miR-210-3p and comorbidities may differentiate psoriatic arthritis from psoriasis.Key Points • Clinical manifestations and comorbidities are different between psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis only patients. • Traditional serology markers are similar between psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis-only patients. • Plasma hs-miR-210-3p distinguishes PSA from PSO, and its levels can also be distinguished from PSA after treated with anti-TNFα biologics agents in our study. |
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10067-020-05132-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Xu W, Tian K, Li X, Zhang S. IL-9 blockade attenuates inflammation in a murine model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:133-140. [PMID: 31942919 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important etiology of pneumonia. Interleukin (IL)-9 is a T helper 9 (Th9) cytokine and participates in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Here, we investigated the role of IL-9 by using an MRSA pneumonia animal model. The BALB/c mice underwent nasal inhalation with an ST239 MRSA strain to establish the mouse model of MRSA pneumonia, and a subset of mice were intravenously injected with IL-9 neutralizing antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig) G. At 3 and 8 days postinfection, the peripheral blood, bronchioalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were collected. The frequencies of Th9 cells and the levels of cytokines in peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues were determined by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The colony counts of MRSA in BALF and lung tissue were detected. The lung pathological changes were examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Data from flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA showed that MRSA-infected mice exhibited higher frequency of Th9 cells and higher IL-9 mRNA and protein levels in the peripheral blood, BALF, and lung tissues of mice. In contrast, the neutralization of IL-9 abrogated MRSA inoculation-induced Th9 cell generation and IL-9 production in BALF and lung tissues. Furthermore, bacterial counting and histological examination showed that the numbers of bacteria in BALF and lungs and the lung pathological scores induced by MRSA inoculation were attenuated by the neutralization of IL-9. Moreover, cell counting and ELISA results demonstrated that IL-9 neutralization diminished the MRSA inoculation-induced count of neutrophils and macrophages and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BALF. Collectively, IL-9 neutralization attenuated inflammation of MRSA pneumonia by regulating Th9/IL-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Xu
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Keyin Tian
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Emergency Department, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Anhui Children's Hospital, Hefei 230051, China
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T Cell Antifungal Immunity and the Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors. Trends Immunol 2019; 41:61-76. [PMID: 31813764 PMCID: PMC7427322 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi can cause disease in humans, from mucocutaneous to life-threatening systemic infections. Initiation of antifungal immunity involves fungal recognition by pattern recognition receptors such as C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). These germline-encoded receptors trigger a multitude of innate responses including phagocytosis, fungal killing, and antigen presentation which can also shape the development of adaptive immunity. Recently, studies have shed light on how CLRs directly or indirectly modulate lymphocyte function. Moreover, CLR-mediated recognition of commensal fungi maintains homeostasis and prevents invasion from opportunistic commensals. We present an overview of current knowledge of antifungal T cell immune responses, with emphasis on the role of C-type lectins, and discuss how these receptors modulate these responses at different levels. CLRs are essential pattern recognition receptors involved in fungal recognition and initiation of protective antifungal immunity. CLRs promote the differentiation of mammalian T helper cell subsets essential for the control of systemic (Th1) and mucosal (Th17) fungal infections. CLRs are involved in antigen presentation, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokine secretion; therefore, they can regulate lymphocyte function and adaptive immune responses at different levels. Fungal morphological changes, such as the transition from yeast to hyphae in Candida albicans during tissue invasion, affects recognition by CLRs and impacts on adaptive immune responses. CLRs recognize the fungal component of the microbiome that can influence T cell responses during infection at intestinal and peripheral sites.
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An Z, Li J, Yu J, Wang X, Gao H, Zhang W, Wei Z, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Liang X. Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by IL-8 aggravate atherosclerosis via activation NF-κB signaling in macrophages. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2928-2938. [PMID: 31496351 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1662678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we sought to explore the underlying role of interleukin (IL)-8 in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation during atherosclerosis (AS). The concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NETs formation was evaluated by immunofluorescence and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-DNA complex ELISA. The mRNA levels of IL-8 and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The phosphorylation levels of NF-κB p65 were detected by western blotting. The hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of atherosclerotic lesion areas was performed in ApoE-deficiency mice. Results showed that patients with AS showed higher serum levels of IL-8, a pro-inflammatory cytokine and NETs. IL-8 interacted with its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) on neutrophils, leading to the formation of NETs via Src and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling to aggravate AS progression in vivo. PMA-induced NETosis directly upregulated the TLR9/NF-κB pathway in macrophages and subsequently initiated the release of IL-8. Our data reveal a neutrophil-macrophage interaction in AS progression, and indicate that NETs represent as a novel therapeutic target in treatment of AS and other cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujun An
- Department of ICU, Harbin Red Cross Center Hospital , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pneumology, Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital , Qingdao , Shandong , China
| | - Hailai Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Hospital of Harbin , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Zeren Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jianchun Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Yinli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Jiyi Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Cardiovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University , Harbin , Heilongjiang , China
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Otieno-Odhiambo P, Wasserman S, Hoving JC. The Contribution of Host Cells to Pneumocystis Immunity: An Update. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020052. [PMID: 31010170 PMCID: PMC6631015 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis is a ubiquitous atypical fungus that is distributed globally. The genus comprises morphologically similar but genetically heterogeneous species that have co-evolved with specific mammalian hosts as obligate intra-pulmonary pathogens. In humans, Pneumocystis jirovecii is the causative organism of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised individuals, a serious illness frequently leading to life-threatening respiratory failure. Initially observed in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, PCP is increasingly observed in immunocompromised non-AIDS patients. The evolving epidemiology and persistently poor outcomes of this common infection will require new strategies for diagnosis and treatment. A deeper understanding of host immune responses and of the cells that mediate them will improve the chance of developing new treatment strategies. This brief review provides an update on recent studies on the role of host immunity against Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Otieno-Odhiambo
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
| | - J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.
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Zhang NN, Huang X, Feng HY, Huang LN, Xia JG, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wu XJ, Li M, Cui W, Zhan QY. Circulating and Pulmonary T-cell Populations Driving the Immune Response in Non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1221-1230. [PMID: 31588187 PMCID: PMC6775264 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies in human subjects have mostly been confined to peripheral blood lymphocytes for Pneumocystis infection. We here aimed to compare circulating and pulmonary T-cell populations derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected immunocompromised patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in order to direct new therapies. Methods: Peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected from patients with and without PCP. Populations of Th1/Tc1, Th2/Tc2, Th9/Tc9, and Th17/Tc17 CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were quantified using multiparameter flow cytometry. Results: No significant differences were found between PCP and non-PCP groups in circulating T cells. However, significantly higher proportions of pulmonary Th1 and Tc9 were observed in the PCP than in the non-PCP group. Interestingly, our data indicated that pulmonary Th1 was negatively correlated with disease severity, whereas pulmonary Tc9 displayed a positive correlation in PCP patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that pulmonary expansion of Th1 and Tc9 subsets may play protective and detrimental roles in PCP patients, respectively. Thus, these specific T-cell subsets in the lungs may serve as targeted immunotherapies for patients with PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Zhang
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xu Huang
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui-Ying Feng
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lin-Na Huang
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jin-Gen Xia
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wu
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Li
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Zhan
- Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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