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Cerqueira DDN, Pereira ALS, da Costa AEC, de Souza TJ, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Souto FO, Santos PDA. Xenophagy as a Strategy for Mycobacterium leprae Elimination during Type 1 or Type 2 Leprosy Reactions: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:1455. [PMID: 38133338 PMCID: PMC10747110 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular bacillus that causes leprosy, a neglected disease that affects macrophages and Schwann cells. Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory responses to mycobacterial antigens, classified as type1 (T1R), a predominant cellular immune response, or type2 (T2R), a humoral phenomenon, leading to a high number of bacilli in infected cells and nerve structures. Xenophagy is a type of selective autophagy that targets intracellular bacteria for lysosomal degradation; however, its immune mechanisms during leprosy reactions are still unclear. This review summarizes the relationship between the autophagic process and M. leprae elimination during leprosy reactions. METHODS Three databases, PubMed/Medline (n = 91), Scopus (n = 73), and ScienceDirect (n = 124), were searched. After applying the eligibility criteria, articles were selected for independent peer reviewers in August 2023. RESULTS From a total of 288 studies retrieved, eight were included. In multibacillary (MB) patients who progressed to T1R, xenophagy blockade and increased inflammasome activation were observed, with IL-1β secretion before the reactional episode occurrence. On the other hand, recent data actually observed increased IL-15 levels before the reaction began, as well as IFN-γ production and xenophagy induction. CONCLUSION Our search results showed a dichotomy in the T1R development and their relationship with xenophagy. No T2R studies were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Dantas Nucci Cerqueira
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Silva Pereira
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
| | - Ana Elisa Coelho da Costa
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
| | - Tarcísio Joaquim de Souza
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Matheus Santos de Sousa Fernandes
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Patrícia d’Emery Alves Santos
- Department of Immunology, Keizo Asami Institute-iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil; (D.D.N.C.); (A.L.S.P.); (A.E.C.d.C.); (M.S.d.S.F.); (F.O.S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biology Applied to Health-PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Recife 50670-901, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Life Sciences Center-NCV, Agreste Academic Center-CAA, Federal University of Pernambuco-UFPE, Caruaru 55014-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;
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Sengupta R, Roy M, Dey NS, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. Immune dysregulation and inflammation causing hypopigmentation in post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: partners in crime? Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:822-836. [PMID: 37586987 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a heterogeneous dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is challenging in terms of its etiopathogenesis. Hypopigmentation is a consistent clinical feature in PKDL, but mechanisms contributing to the loss of melanocytes remains poorly defined. Like other hypopigmentary dermatoses - for example, vitiligo, psoriasis, and leprosy - the destruction of melanocytes is likely a multifactorial phenomenon, key players being immune dysregulation and inflammation. This review focuses on immunological mechanisms responsible for the 'murder' of melanocytes, prime suspects at the lesional sites being CD8+ T cells and keratinocytes and their criminal tools being proinflammatory cytokines, for example, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α. Collectively, these may cause decreased secretion of melanocyte growth factors, loss/attenuation of cell adhesion molecules and inflammasome activation, culminating in melanocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Sengupta
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Madhurima Roy
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India
| | - Nidhi S Dey
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul M Kaye
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 244B AJC Bose Road, Kolkata 700020, India.
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Khan M, Khan S, Lohani M, Ahmed MM, Sharma D, Ishrat R, Ahmad S, Sherwani S, Haque S, Bhagwath SS. Assessment of key regulatory genes and identification of possible drug targets for Leprosy (Hansen's disease) using network-based approach. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-20. [PMID: 36696368 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2168509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leprosy is a major health concern and continues to be a source of fear and stigma among people worldwide. Despite remarkable achievements in the treatment, understanding of pathogenesis and transmission, epidemiology of leprosy still remains inadequate. The prolonged incubation period, slow rates of occurrence in those exposed and deceptive clinical presentation pose challenges to develop reliable strategies to stop transmission. Hence, there is a need for improved diagnostics and therapies to prevent mortality caused by leprosy. The objectives of this study are to identify significant genes from protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network of leprosy and to choose the most effective therapeutic targets. Fifty genes related with leprosy were discovered by literature mining. These genes were used to construct a primary network. Leading Eigen Vector method was used to break down the primary network into various sub-networks or communities. It was found that the primary network was divided into many sub-networks at the 6 levels. Seed genes were traced at each level till key regulatory genes were identified. Three seed genes, namely, GNAI3, NOTCH1, and HIF1A, were able to make their way till the final motif stage. These genes along with their interacting partners were considered key regulators of the leprosy network. This study provides leprosy-associated key genes which can lead to improved diagnosis and therapies for leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahvish Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Department of Emergency Medical Services, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Murshad Ahmed
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Romana Ishrat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subuhi Sherwani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sundeep S Bhagwath
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Ha'il University, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
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Girardi KDCDV, Mietto BS, Dos Anjos Lima K, Atella GC, da Silva DS, Pereira AMR, Rosa PS, Lara FA. Phenolic glycolipid-1 of Mycobacterium leprae is involved in human Schwann cell line ST8814 neurotoxic phenotype. J Neurochem 2023; 164:158-171. [PMID: 36349509 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection in Schwann cells. Axonopathy is considered a hallmark of leprosy neuropathy and is associated with the irreversible motor and sensory loss seen in infected patients. Although M. leprae is recognized to provoke Schwann cell dedifferentiation, the mechanisms involved in the contribution of this phenomenon to neural damage remain unclear. In the present work, we used live M. leprae to infect the immortalized human Schwann cell line ST8814. The neurotoxicity of infected Schwann cell-conditioned medium (SCCM) was then evaluated in a human neuroblastoma cell lineage and mouse neurons. ST8814 Schwann cells exposed to M. leprae affected neuronal viability by deviating glial 14 C-labeled lactate, important fuel of neuronal central metabolism, to de novo lipid synthesis. The phenolic glycolipid-1 (PGL-1) is a specific M. leprae cell wall antigen proposed to mediate bacterial-Schwann cell interaction. Therefore, we assessed the role of the PGL-1 on Schwann cell phenotype by using transgenic M. bovis (BCG)-expressing the M. leprae PGL-1. We observed that BCG-PGL-1 was able to induce a phenotype similar to M. leprae, unlike the wild-type BCG strain. We next demonstrated that this Schwann cell neurotoxic phenotype, induced by M. leprae PGL-1, occurs through the protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Interestingly, the pharmacological inhibition of Akt by triciribine significantly reduced free fatty acid content in the SCCM from M. leprae- and BCG-PGL-1-infected Schwann cells and, hence, preventing neuronal death. Overall, these findings provide novel evidence that both M. leprae and PGL-1, induce a toxic Schwann cell phenotype, by modifying the host lipid metabolism, resulting in profound implications for neuronal loss. We consider this metabolic rewiring a new molecular mechanism to be the basis of leprosy neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Karoline Dos Anjos Lima
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geórgia Correa Atella
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Lipídeos e Lipoproteínas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Débora Santos da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Flavio Alves Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhou J, Wang F, Jia L, Chai R, Wang H, Wang X, Li J, Wang K, Zhang P, Yang H. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid induces ROS activation in NLRP3 inflammatory body-induced autophagy disorder in microglia and the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1136-1151. [PMID: 35099110 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The pesticide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) exerts neurotoxic effects; however, its action mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used BV2 cells as a model and divided them into six groups: control group (serum-free medium), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg/mL), 2,4-D (1.2 μmol/mL), Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP; 300 μg/mL LBP), LPS (1 μg/mL) + LBP (300 μg/mL), and 2,4-D (1.2 μmol/mL) + LBP (300 μg/mL) with dimethyl sulfoxide as the solvent. Our results showed that 2,4-D treatment decreased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and increased malondialdehyde content. The percentage of microglial activation (co-expression of ionized calcium-binding adaptor protein-1 + CD68) in the LPS and 2,4-D groups and the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 1 beta, IL-6, and IL-18 in the cell supernatant were increased. The protein and mRNA levels of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and p62 increased, whereas those of LC3II/I and Beclin-1 decreased in the 2,4-D group. The protein expression and mRNA levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and p62 decreased significantly, whereas the protein expression and mRNA levels of LC3II/I and Beclin-1 increased in small interfering RNA of NLRP3-treated BV2 cells stimulated with 2,4-D and LPS. In conclusion, 2,4-D enhanced cell migration, promoted oxidative stress, induced excessive release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, promoted microglial cell activation, released inflammatory factors, activated NLRP3 inflammasomes, and inhibited autophagy. Meanwhile, LBP reduced inflammation and the release of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and regulated autophagy, thereby playing a neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Faxuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Leina Jia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Chai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengquan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China
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Different cell death mechanisms are involved in leprosy pathogenesis. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pi XJ, Zhao QQ, Wang JX, Zhang XL, Yuan D, Hu SS, He YM, Zhang CC, Zhou ZY, Wang T. Saponins from Panax japonicus attenuate cognitive impairment in ageing rats through regulating microglial polarisation and autophagy. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:1117-1125. [PMID: 34403300 PMCID: PMC8381902 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1961824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Panax japonicus is the dried rhizome of Panax japonicus C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from Panax japonicus (SPJ) exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. OBJECTIVE To explore the neuroprotective effect of SPJ on natural ageing of rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats 18-month-old were divided into ageing control, ageing treated with SPJ 10 or 30 mg/kg (n = 8). Five-month-old rats were taken as the adult control (n = 8). Rats were fed regular feed or feed containing SPJ for 4 months. Cognitive level was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) test. The mechanisms of SPJ's neuroprotection were evaluated by transmission electron microscope, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS SPJ attenuated ageing-induced cognitive impairment as indicated by elevated number of times crossing the target platform (from 1.63 to 3.5) and longer time spent in the target platform quadrant (from 1.33 to 1.98). Meanwhile, SPJ improved the morphology of microglia and synapse, and activated M2 microglia polarisation including increased hippocampus levels of CD206 (from 0.98 to 1.47) and YM-1 (from 0.67 to 1.1), and enhanced autophagy-related proteins LC3B (from 0.48 to 0.82), Beclin1 (from 0.32 to 0.51), Atg5 (from 0.22 to 0.89) whereas decreased p62 level (from 0.71 to 0.45) of ageing rats. In vitro study also showed that SPJ regulated the microglial polarisation and autophagy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS SPJ improved cognitive deficits of ageing rats through attenuating microglial inflammation and enhancing microglial autophagy, which could be used to treat neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jiao Pi
- Academy of Nutrition and Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhao
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jin-Xin Wang
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xu-Lan Zhang
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yu-Min He
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Zhou
- College of Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Academy of Nutrition and Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Autophagy-Associated IL-15 Production Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Leprosy Type 1 Reaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092215. [PMID: 34571865 PMCID: PMC8468917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactional episodes are acute inflammatory events that may occur during the clinical course of the disease. Type 1 reaction (T1R) is associated with an increase in neural damage, and the understanding of the molecular pathways related to T1R onset is pivotal for the development of strategies that may effectively control the reaction. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine associated with T1R onset and is also associated with autophagy induction. Here, we evaluated the modulation of the autophagy pathway in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated cells in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. We observed that IFN-γ treatment promoted autophagy activation and increased the expression of genes related to the formation of phagosomes, autophagy regulation and function, or lysosomal pathways in M. leprae-stimulated cells. IFN-γ increased interleukin (IL)-15 secretion in M. leprae-stimulated THP-1 cells in a process associated with autophagy activation. We also observed higher IL15 gene expression in multibacillary (MB) patients who later developed T1R during clinical follow-up when compared to MB patients who did not develop the episode. By overlapping gene expression patterns, we observed 13 common elements shared between T1R skin lesion cells and THP-1 cells stimulated with both M. leprae and IFN-γ. Among these genes, the autophagy regulator Translocated Promoter Region, Nuclear Basket Protein (TPR) was significantly increased in T1R cells when compared with non-reactional MB cells. Overall, our results indicate that IFN-γ may induce a TPR-mediated autophagy transcriptional program in M. leprae-stimulated cells similar to that observed in skin cells during T1R by a pathway that involves IL-15 production, suggesting the involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of T1R.
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Bittencourt TL, da Silva Prata RB, de Andrade Silva BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, Dalcolmo MP, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674241. [PMID: 34113346 PMCID: PMC8185338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria species may subvert the innate immune mechanisms and can modulate the activation of cells that cause disease in the skin. Cutaneous mycobacterial infection may present different clinical presentations and it is associated with stigma, deformity, and disability. The understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms related to mycobacterial infection in human skin is of pivotal importance to identify targets for new therapeutic strategies. The occurrence of reactional episodes and relapse in leprosy patients, the emergence of resistant mycobacteria strains, and the absence of effective drugs to treat mycobacterial cutaneous infection increased the interest in the development of therapies based on repurposed drugs against mycobacteria. The mechanism of action of many of these therapies evaluated is linked to the activation of autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that has been associated with the control of the mycobacterial bacillary load. Here, we review the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cutaneous mycobacterial infection and discuss the perspectives of autophagy as a target for drug development and repurposing against cutaneous mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margareth Pretti Dalcolmo
- Helio Fraga Reference Center, Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tran HB, Hamon R, Jersmann H, Ween MP, Asare P, Haberberger R, Pant H, Hodge SJ. AIM2 nuclear exit and inflammasome activation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and response to cigarette smoke. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2021; 18:19. [PMID: 34022905 PMCID: PMC8141226 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-021-00286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The role inflammasomes play in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. We hypothesised that the AIM2 inflammasome is activated in the airways of COPD patients, and in response to cigarette smoke. Methods Lung tissue, bronchoscopy-derived alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and healthy donors; lungs from cigarette smoke-exposed mice; and cigarette smoke extract-stimulated alveolar macrophages from healthy controls and HBEC30KT cell line were investigated. AIM2 inflammasome activation was assessed by multi-fluorescence quantitative confocal microscopy of speck foci positive for AIM2, inflammasome component ASC and cleaved IL-1β. Subcellular AIM2 localization was assessed by confocal microscopy, and immunoblot of fractionated cell lysates. Nuclear localization was supported by in-silico analysis of nuclear localization predicted scores of peptide sequences. Nuclear and cytoplasmic AIM2 was demonstrated by immunoblot in both cellular fractions from HBEC30KT cells. Results Increased cytoplasmic AIM2 speck foci, colocalized with cleaved IL-1β, were demonstrated in COPD lungs (n = 9) vs. control (n = 5), showing significant positive correlations with GOLD stages. AIM2 nuclear-to-cytoplasmic redistribution was demonstrated in bronchiolar epithelium in cigarette-exposed mice and in HBEC30KT cells post 24 h stimulation with 5% cigarette smoke extract. Alveolar macrophages from 8 healthy non-smokers responded to cigarette smoke extract with an > 8-fold increase (p < 0.05) of cytoplasmic AIM2 and > 6-fold increase (p < 0.01) of colocalized cleaved IL-1β speck foci, which were also localized with ASC. Conclusion The AIM2 inflammasome is activated in the airway of COPD patients, and in response to cigarette smoke exposure, associated with a nuclear to cytoplasmic shift in the distribution of AIM2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-021-00286-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai B Tran
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Rhys Hamon
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Hubertus Jersmann
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Miranda P Ween
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Patrick Asare
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Rainer Haberberger
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Harshita Pant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Sandra J Hodge
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia.
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11
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Oliveira MF, Medeiros RCA, Mietto BS, Calvo TL, Mendonça APM, Rosa TLSA, Silva DSD, Vasconcelos KGDCD, Pereira AMR, de Macedo CS, Pereira GMB, Moreira MDBP, Pessolani MCV, Moraes MO, Lara FA. Reduction of host cell mitochondrial activity as Mycobacterium leprae's strategy to evade host innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:193-208. [PMID: 33913182 PMCID: PMC10084840 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a much-feared incapacitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M lepromatosis, annually affecting roughly 200,000 people worldwide. During host-pathogen interaction, M leprae subverts the immune response, leading to development of disease. Throughout the last few decades, the impact of energy metabolism on the control of intracellular pathogens and leukocytic differentiation has become more evident. Mitochondria play a key role in regulating newly-discovered immune signaling pathways by controlling redox metabolism and the flow of energy besides activating inflammasome, xenophagy, and apoptosis. Likewise, this organelle, whose origin is probably an alphaproteobacterium, directly controls the intracellular pathogens attempting to invade its niche, a feature conquered at the expense of billions of years of coevolution. In the present review, we discuss the role of reduced host cell mitochondrial activity during M leprae infection and the consequential fates of M leprae and host innate immunity. Conceivably, inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism emerges as an overlooked and novel mechanism developed by M leprae to evade xenophagy and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fernandes Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Miranda Mendonça
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - F A Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Strong EJ, Lee S. Targeting Autophagy as a Strategy for Developing New Vaccines and Host-Directed Therapeutics Against Mycobacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:614313. [PMID: 33519771 PMCID: PMC7840607 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial disease is an immense burden worldwide. This disease group includes tuberculosis, leprosy (Hansen's disease), Buruli Ulcer, and non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. The burden of NTM disease, both pulmonary and ulcerative, is drastically escalating globally, especially in developed countries such as America and Australia. Mycobacteria's ability to inhibit or evade the host immune system has contributed significantly to its continued prevalence. Pre-clinical studies have highlighted promising candidates that enhance endogenous pathways and/or limit destructive host responses. Autophagy is a cell-autonomous host defense mechanism by which intracytoplasmic cargos can be delivered and then destroyed in lysosomes. Previous studies have reported that autophagy-activating agents, small molecules, and autophagy-activating vaccines may be beneficial in restricting intracellular mycobacterial infection, even with multidrug-resistant strains. This review will examine how mycobacteria evade autophagy and discusses how autophagy could be exploited to design novel TB treatment strategies, such as host-directed therapeutics and vaccines, against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunhee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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13
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Tran HB, Macowan MG, Abdo A, Donnelley M, Parsons D, Hodge S. Enhanced inflammasome activation and reduced sphingosine-1 phosphate S1P signalling in a respiratory mucoobstructive disease model. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:16. [PMID: 32336954 PMCID: PMC7175514 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-00248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammasomes and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling are increasingly subject to intensive research in human diseases. We hypothesize that in respiratory muco-obstructive diseases, mucus obstruction enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activation and dysregulated S1P signalling. Methods Lung tissues from mice overexpressing the beta-unit of the epithelial sodium channel (βENaC) and their littermate controls were examined by histology, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, followed by ImageJ quantitative analysis. Results Lower airways in βENaC mice showed patchy patterns of mucus obstruction and neutrophil-dominant infiltrations. In contrast to a ubiquitous distribution of TNFα specks, significantly (p < 0.05) increased specks of bronchiolar NLRP3, IL-1β, and IgG in the βENaC mouse lungs were localized to the vicinity of mucus obstruction sites. Bright Spinster homologue 2 (SPNS2) at the epithelial apex and positive correlation with sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) (R2 = 0.640; p < 0.001) supported the normal bronchial epithelium as an active generator of extracellular S1P. SPNS2 in βENaC mice was sharply reduced (38%, p < 0.05) and lost apical localization at sites of mucus obstruction. A significant (34%; p < 0.01) decrease in epithelial SPHK2 was also noted at mucus obstruction sites. Conclusion These results support that mucus obstruction may enhance NLRP3 inflammasome activation and dysregulated S1P signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai B Tran
- 1Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew G Macowan
- 1Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrian Abdo
- 2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- 2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,3Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,4Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- 2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,3Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,4Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sandra Hodge
- 1Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,2Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the Immunology and Genetics of Leprosy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32373110 PMCID: PMC7176874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a disease caused by the intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, has affected humans for more than 4,000 years and is a stigmatized disease even now. Since clinical manifestations of leprosy patients present as an immune-related spectrum, leprosy is regarded as an ideal model for studying the interaction between host immune response and infection; in fact, the landscape of leprosy immune responses has been extensively investigated. Meanwhile, leprosy is to some extent a genetic disease because the genetic factors of hosts have long been considered major contributors to this disease. Many immune-related genes have been discovered to be associated with leprosy. However, immunological and genetic findings have rarely been studied and discussed together, and as a result, the effects of gene variants on leprosy immune responses and the molecular mechanisms of leprosy pathogenesis are largely unknown. In this context, we summarized advances in both the immunology and genetics of leprosy and discussed the perspective of the combination of immunological and genetic approaches in studying the molecular mechanism of leprosy pathogenesis. In our opinion, the integrating of immunological and genetic approaches in the future may be promising to elucidate the molecular mechanism of leprosy onset and how leprosy develops into different types of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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