1
|
Riitho V, Connon R, Gwela A, Namusanje J, Nhema R, Siika A, Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Musiime V, Berkley JA, Szubert AJ, Gibb DM, Walker AS, Klein N, Prendergast AJ. Biomarkers of mortality in adults and adolescents with advanced HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5492. [PMID: 38944653 PMCID: PMC11214617 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
One-third of people with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa start antiretroviral therapy (ART) with advanced disease. We investigated associations between immune biomarkers and mortality in participants with advanced HIV randomised to cotrimoxazole or enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis in the Reduction of Early Mortality in HIV-Infected Adults and Children Starting Antiretroviral Therapy (REALITY) trial (ISRCTN43622374). Biomarkers were assayed using ELISA and Luminex. Associations between baseline values and all-cause 24-week mortality were analysed using Cox models, and for cause-specific mortality used Fine & Gray models, including prophylaxis randomisation, viral load, CD4, WHO stage, age, BMI, and site as covariates; and weighted according to inverse probability of selection into the substudy. Higher baseline CRP, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IP-10 were associated with higher all-cause mortality; and higher IL-23, IL-2 and RANTES with lower all-cause mortality. Associations varied by cause of death: tuberculosis-associated mortality was most strongly associated with higher CRP and sST2, and cryptococcosis-associated mortality with higher IL-4 and lower IL-8. Changes in I-FABP (p = 0.002), faecal alpha-1 antitrypsin (p = 0.01) and faecal myeloperoxidase (p = 0.005) between baseline and 4 weeks post-ART were greater in those receiving enhanced versus cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Our findings highlight how the immune milieu shapes outcomes following ART initiation, and how adjunctive antimicrobials can modulate the gut environment in advanced HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Riitho
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Center for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (CEMA), Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID), University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Agnes Gwela
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | - Ruth Nhema
- University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Victor Musiime
- Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Newton HP, Higgins DP, Casteriano A, Wright BR, Krockenberger MB, Miranda LHM. The CARD9 Gene in Koalas ( Phascolarctos cinereus): Does It Play a Role in the Cryptococcus-Koala Interaction? J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:409. [PMID: 38921395 PMCID: PMC11205041 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is a genus of fungal pathogens that can infect and cause disease in a range of host species and is particularly prominent in koalas (Phascolarctos cinerus). Like other host species, koalas display a range of outcomes upon exposure to environmental Cryptococcus, from external nasal colonization to asymptomatic invasive infection and, in rare cases, severe clinical disease resulting in death. Host factors contributing to these varied outcomes are poorly understood. Due to their close relationship with eucalypt trees (a key environmental niche for Cryptococcus gattii) and suspected continual exposure to the pathogen, koalas provide a unique opportunity to examine host susceptibility in natural infections. Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) is a key intracellular signaling protein in the fungal innate immune response. Humans with mutations in CARD9 succumb to several different severe and chronic fungal infections. This study is the first to sequence and explore CARD9 variation in multiple koalas using Sanger sequencing. Four CARD9 exons were successfully sequenced in 22 koalas from a New South Wales, Australia population. We found minimal variation between koalas across all four exons, an observation that was also made when CARD9 sequences were compared between koalas and six other species, including humans and mice. Ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified in this study and explored in the context of cryptococcal exposure outcomes. While we did not find any significant association with variation in cryptococcal outcomes, we found a high degree of conservation between species at several SNP loci that requires further investigation. The findings from this study lay the groundwork for further investigations of CARD9 and Cryptococcus both in koalas and other species, and highlight several considerations for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa H. M. Miranda
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (H.P.N.); (D.P.H.); (A.C.); (B.R.W.); (M.B.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang S, Hao R, Liu X, He H, Tian Y, Jing T, Liu Z, Xu Y, Li X. Global trends in Cryptococcus and its interactions with the host immune system: a bibliometric analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397338. [PMID: 38774865 PMCID: PMC11106374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This manuscript undertakes a systematic examination of the research landscape concerning global Cryptococcus species and their dynamism with the host immune system spanning the past decade. It furnishes a detailed survey of leading knowledge institutions and critical focal points in this area, utilizing bibliometric analysis. Methods VOSviewer and CiteSpace software platforms were employed to systematically analyze and graphically depict the relevant literature indexed in the WoSCC database over the preceding ten years. Results In the interval between October 1, 2013, and October 1, 2023, a corpus of 795 publications was amassed. The primary research institutions involved in this study include Duke University, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Sydney. The leading trio of nations, in terms of publication volume, comprises the United States, China, and Brazil. Among the most prolific authors are Casadevall, Arturo; Wormley, Floyd L., Jr.; and Olszewski, Michal A., with the most highly cited author being Perfect, Jr. The most esteemed journal is Mbio, while Infection and Immunity commands the highest citation frequency, and the Journal of Clinical Microbiology boasts the most significant impact factor. Present research foci encompass the intricate interactions between Cryptococcus pathogenesis and host immunity, alongside immune mechanisms, complications, and immunotherapies. Conclusion This represents the first exhaustive scholarly review and bibliometric scrutiny of the evolving landscapes in Cryptococcus research and its interactions with the host immune system. The analyses delineated herein provide insights into prevailing research foci and trajectories, thus furnishing critical directions for subsequent inquiries in this domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Ruiying Hao
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Handan Stomatological Hospital, Endodontics, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Huina He
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Jing
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, The Hebei University of Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Immunological Dermatology, Handan, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santi L, Berger M, Guimarães JA, Calegari-Alves YP, Vainstein MH, Yates JR, Beys-da-Silva WO. Proteomic profile of Cryptococcus gattii biofilm: Metabolic shift and the potential activation of electron chain transport. J Proteomics 2024; 290:105022. [PMID: 37838096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is a primary pathogenic fungus that causes pneumonia. This species is also responsible for an outbreak in Vancouver, Canada, and spreading to the mainland and United States. The use of medical devices is often complicated by infections with biofilm-forming microbes with increased resistance to antimicrobial agents and host defense mechanisms. This study investigated the comparative proteome of C. gattii R265 (VGIIa) grown under planktonic and biofilm conditions. A brief comparison with C. neoformans H99 biofilm and the use of different culture medium and surface were also evaluated. Using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT), 1819 proteins were identified for both conditions, where 150 (8.2%) were considered differentially regulated (up- or down-regulated and unique in biofilm cells). Overall, the proteomic approach suggests that C. gattii R265 biofilm cells are maintained by the induction of electron transport chain for reoxidation, and by alternative energy metabolites, such as succinate and acetate. SIGNIFICANCE: Since C. gattii is considered a primary pathogen and is one of the most virulent and less susceptible to antifungals, understanding how biofilms are maintained is fundamental to search for new targets to control this important mode of growth that is difficult to eradicate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucélia Santi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center of Experimental Research, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Markus Berger
- Center of Experimental Research, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Center of Experimental Research, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Yohana Porto Calegari-Alves
- Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center of Experimental Research, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Machado MP, dos Santos MH, Guimarães JG, de Campos GY, Oliveira Brito PKM, Ferreira CMG, Rezende CP, Frota NF, Soares SG, Kumaresan PR, Lourenzoni MR, da Silva TA. GXMR-CAR containing distinct GXM-specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) mediated the cell activation against Cryptococcus spp. And had difference in the strength of tonic signaling. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2281059. [PMID: 37978838 PMCID: PMC10761124 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2281059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus spp. has a polysaccharide capsule composed of glucuronoxylomannan-GXM, a major virulence factor that can prevent the recognition of fungi by immune cells. Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) redirects T cells to target Cryptococcus spp. as previously demonstrated by a CAR specific to GXM, GXMR-CAR. The current study evaluated the strength of the signal transduction triggered by GXMR-CAR, composed of a distinct antigen-binding domain sourced from a single-chain variable fragment (scFv). GXM-specific scFv derived from mAbs 2H1 and 18B7, 2H1-GXMR-CAR and 18B7-GXMR-CAR, respectively, were designed to express CD8 molecule as hinge/transmembrane, and the costimulatory molecule CD137 (4-1BB) coupled to CD3ζ. The 2H1-GXMR-CAR or 18B7-GXMR-CAR Jurkat cells recognized soluble GXM from C. gattii and C. neoformans, and the levels of IL-2 released by the modified cells did not differ between the GXMR-CAR constructs after exposure to Cryptococcus spp. 18B7-GXMR-CAR triggered tonic signaling was more pronounced in modified Jurkat cells, and a protein kinase inhibitor of the Src family (dasatinib) significantly reduced GXMR-CAR tonic signaling and inhibited cell activation against ligands. 18B7 scFv showed a structural modification of the variable heavy (VH) chain that clarified the difference in the strength of tonic signaling and the level of cell activation between 2H1-GXMR-CAR and 18B7-GXMR-CAR. GXMR-CAR constructs induced T-cell activation against clinical isolates of Cryptococcus spp. and serum from patients with cryptococcosis induced high levels of IL-2, mainly in cells modified with 18B7-GXMR-CAR. Thus, 18B7-GXMR-CAR and 2H1-GXMR-CAR mediated T cell activation against Cryptococcus spp. and 18B7 and 2H1 scFv influenced the strength of tonic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Henrique dos Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Garcia Guimarães
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Yamazaki de Campos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Camilly Melo Garcia Ferreira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Patini Rezende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pappanaicken R. Kumaresan
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Ceará (Fiocruz-CE), Research Group on Protein Engineering and Health Solutions (GEPeSS), Eusébio, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stuckey PV, Santiago-Tirado FH. Fungal mechanisms of intracellular survival: what can we learn from bacterial pathogens? Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043422. [PMID: 37506189 PMCID: PMC10501222 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00434-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a major, albeit neglected, public health threat with serious medical and economic burdens globally. With unacceptably high mortality rates, invasive fungal pathogens are responsible for millions of deaths each year, with a steadily increasing incidence primarily in immunocompromised individuals. The poor therapeutic options and rise of antifungal drug resistance pose further challenges in controlling these infections. These fungal pathogens have adapted to survive within mammalian hosts and can establish intracellular niches to promote survival within host immune cells. To do that, they have developed diverse methods to circumvent the innate immune system attack. This includes strategies such as altering their morphology, counteracting macrophage antimicrobial action, and metabolic adaptation. This is reminiscent of how bacterial pathogens have adapted to survive within host cells and cause disease. However, relative to the great deal of information available concerning intracellular bacterial pathogenesis, less is known about the mechanisms fungal pathogens employ. Therefore, here we review our current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of how fungi can evade and persist within host immune cells. This review will focus on the major fungal pathogens, including Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, among others. As we discover and understand the strategies used by these fungi, similarities with their bacterial counterparts are becoming apparent, hence we can use the abundant information from bacteria to guide our studies in fungi. By understanding these strategies, new lines of research will open that can improve the treatments of these devastating fungal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Stuckey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Felipe H. Santiago-Tirado
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Warren Center for Drug Discovery, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samukawa S, Yoshimi R, Kojitani N, Uzawa Y, Takase-Minegishi K, Kirino Y, Soejima Y, Kato H, Nakajima H. Cryptococcal meningitis with atypical paradoxical inflammatory reactions after antifungal treatment in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: A case report. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:347-352. [PMID: 36384196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a life-threatening disease that primarily affects patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antifungal therapy with antiretroviral treatment (ART) usually leads to the clinical remission of CM; however, in some cases, these treatments exacerbate intracranial inflammation because of paradoxical inflammatory reaction or immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). Here we report two CM cases that presented atypical clinical courses attributed to paradoxical inflammatory reactions. The first case was a 43-year-old man with headache and vertigo diagnosed with CM and HIV. The patient's CM not only was refractory to the antifungal combination therapy of liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) and fluconazole (FLCZ) but suddenly worsened because of a paradoxical inflammatory reaction after 18 days of treatment. He passed away from brain herniation on day 23. The second case was a 43-year-old man diagnosed with CM and HIV. After receiving antifungal therapy and ART, the patient's status was stable for more than 3 years with undetectable HIV-RNA. He suddenly presented with brain inflammation and was diagnosed with IRIS due to CM (CM-IRIS). His brain lesions were migratory and refractory to various antifungal therapies such as L-AMB, FLCZ, flucytosine, and intrathecal amphotericin B. Although the cryptococcal antigen in the patient's cerebrospinal fluid gradually diminished after continuous antifungal therapies, his cognitive function declined, and right hemiparesis persisted. These two cases of CM presented atypical clinical courses, presumably because of paradoxical inflammatory reactions. It should be noted that the onset of CM-IRIS may not necessarily depend on the timing of ART initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sei Samukawa
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yoshimi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Noriko Kojitani
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yuji Uzawa
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kaoru Takase-Minegishi
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yohei Kirino
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaro Soejima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kato
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Campos GY, Oliveira-Brito PKM, Guimarães JG, da Costa LS, Lazo Chica JE, da Silva TA. Adjuvant Pam3CSk4 does not improve the immunization against Cryptococcus gattii infection in C57BL/6 mice. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14778. [PMID: 36743957 PMCID: PMC9897066 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcosis is a relevant invasive fungal infection that affects immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals when caused by Cryptococcus gattii. Host innate and adaptive immune responses can be subverted by C. gattii, that blocks the differentiation of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, which are involved in the protection against cryptococcosis. Moreover, the macrophage polarization is modulated by C. gattii infection that requires a balance in the macrophage subsets to control the C. gattii infection. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonists are important immunomodulators favoring a pro-inflammatory response with potential fungicidal activity, and TLR2 agonists have been used as adjuvants in vaccines against infections caused by bacteria or viruses. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the tripalmitoyl lipopeptide S-glycerol cysteine (Pam3CSK4 or P3C4), a TLR2 agonist, as an adjuvant in the vaccination against C. gattii infection. Methods and Results C57BL/6 mice were immunized with 2 × 107 inactivated yeasts of C. gattii via intranasal route on day 1, 14 and 28 (Immunized group). Immunization was associated with 1µg or 10µg of adjuvant P3C4 (Immunized+P3C4-1µg or Immunized+P3C4-10 µg), followed by C. gattii infection on day 42 after the immunization protocol. Immunized+P3C4-1 µg group had reduced levels of IgG1, IgG2a and IgA and no significant difference in the IgG and IgM anti-GXM antibody titer was detected, compared to the Immunized group. High levels of IL-17 and IL-1β in lung tissue of mice from the Immunized+P3C4-1µg group did not promote a predominance of Th17 cells, in contrast, the frequency of TLR2+ cells was increased in immunized mice that received 1 µg of P3C4. The reduction in the relative expression of T-bet and high levels of Foxp3 detected in the lungs of the Immunized+P3C4-1µg group suggest a prevalence of regulatory T cells in the tissue, which did not contribute to the control of C. gattii infection. The immunization protocol associated with 10 µg of adjuvant P3C4 induced high levels of IL-17 in the lung tissue, whereas the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were downregulated. To evaluate the effect of adjuvant P3C4 in the control of C. gattii infection, quantification of the fungal burden in the lungs was performed by the CFU assay, and the groups with adjuvant P3C4 showed a pulmonary C. gattii burden that was not significantly altered when compared with the immunized group. The mice that received 1 µg of adjuvant P3C4 had a lower percentage of inflammatory infiltrate in the lungs. Conclusion The immunomodulatory effect of P3C4, associated with the immunization protocol, plays an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory response in the lungs that did not favor a protection against C. gattii infection, which is related to the immune response characterized by a suppressive/regulatory profile in the pulmonary microenvironment after C. gattii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Yamazaki de Campos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Garcia Guimarães
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Serafim da Costa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Institute of Natural and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mo L, Su G, Su H, Huang W, Luo X, Tao C. Effect of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:1-11. [PMID: 35708865 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM).Patients were assigned into 4 groups (n = 40/group): group A (HIV/AIDS with CM), group B (HIV/AIDS with tuberculosis), group C (HIV/AIDS), and group D (CM). The levels of IL-10 and associated indicators were measured and the correlations were analyzed by Pearson correlation and partial correlation method. In plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), no significant difference was observed on IL-10 level between group A and other groups (P > 0.050). R values for IL-10 and relevant indicators in blood were as follows (P < 0.050): group A, IFN-γ (-0.377), IL-12 (0.743), IL-4 (0.881), and IL-6 (0.843); group B, IL-12 (0.740), IL-4 (0.573), and IL-6 (0.900); group C, IL-12 (0.402) and IL-4 (0.896); group D, IL-12 (0.575), IL-4 (0.852), and CD8 (0.325). R values for IL-10 and related indicators in CSF were as follows (P < 0.050): group A, TNF-α (0.664), IL-4 (0.852), white blood cells (WBCs, 0.321) and total protein (TP, 0.330); group B, TNF-α (0.566), IL-4 (0.702), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, 0.382); group D, IFN-γ (0.807) and IL-4 (0.441). IL-10 level was positively correlated with IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, WBC, and TP in blood or CSF, and negatively correlated with IFN-γ in blood, suggesting that IL-10 affected both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities in the pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS with CM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lida Mo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanning Fourth People's Hospital, Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center (Nanning), Nanning Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Guosheng Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Guangxi-ASEAN Economic and Technological Development Zone, The Tenth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, 530105, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanzhen Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanning Fourth People's Hospital, Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center (Nanning), Nanning Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Wanhong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanning Fourth People's Hospital, Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center (Nanning), Nanning Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Xiaolu Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanning Fourth People's Hospital, Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center (Nanning), Nanning Infectious Disease Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530023, China.
| | - Chuanmin Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Dynamics of Cryptococcus neoformans Cell and Transcriptional Remodeling during Infection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233896. [PMID: 36497155 PMCID: PMC9740611 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic plasticity of Cryptococcus neoformans is widely studied and demonstrated in vitro, but its influence on pathogenicity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of cryptococcal cell and transcriptional remodeling during pulmonary infection in a murine model. We showed that in Cryptococcus neoformans, cell size reduction (cell body ≤ 3 µm) is important for initial adaptation during infection. This change was associated with reproductive fitness and tissue invasion. Subsequently, the fungus develops mechanisms aimed at resistance to the host’s immune response, which is determinant for virulence. We investigated the transcriptional changes involved in this cellular remodeling and found an upregulation of transcripts related to ribosome biogenesis at the beginning (6 h) of infection and a later (10 days) upregulation of transcripts involved in the inositol pathway, energy production, and the proteasome. Consistent with a role for the proteasome, we found that its inhibition delayed cell remodeling during infection with the H99 strain. Altogether, these results further our understanding of the infection biology of C. neoformans and provide perspectives to support therapeutic and diagnostic targets for cryptococcosis.
Collapse
|
11
|
He S, Luo T, Xie Y, Zhu X, Lei J, Cai L, Deng Z. Pubis Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Case Report and Recent Literature Review. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:7369-7375. [DOI: 10.2147/idr.s390881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
12
|
Dos Santos MH, Machado MP, Kumaresan PR, da Silva TA. Modification of Hinge/Transmembrane and Signal Transduction Domains Improves the Expression and Signaling Threshold of GXMR-CAR Specific to Cryptococcus spp. Cells 2022; 11:3386. [PMID: 36359781 PMCID: PMC9653562 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) redirect T cells to recognize a specific target. CAR components play a pivotal role in antigen specificity, structure stability, expression on cell surface, and induction of cellular activation, which together determine the success of CAR T-cell therapy. CAR products targeting B-cell lymphoma encouraged the development of new CAR applications beyond cancer. For example, our group developed a CAR to specifically target glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) in the capsule of Cryptococcus species, called GXMR-CAR or GXMR-IgG4-28ζ. Cryptococcus are fungi that cause the life-threatening disease cryptococcosis, and GXMR-IgG4-28ζ redirected T cells to target yeast and titan cell forms of Cryptococcus spp. Here, we replaced the IgG4-hinge and CD28-transmembrane domains from GXMR-CAR with a CD8α molecule as the hinge/transmembrane and used CD28 or 4-1BB molecules as co-stimulatory domains, creating GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ, respectively. Jurkat cells expressing GXMR-CAR containing CD8α as the hinge/transmembrane improved the CAR expression and induced a tonic signaling. GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ induced high levels of IL-2 and up-regulation of CD69 expression in the presence of reference strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii. Moreover, GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ showed increased strength in response to incubation with clinical isolates of Cryptococcuss spp., and 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain triggered a more pronounced cellular activation. Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuated the GXMR-CAR signaling cascade's engagement in the presence or absence of its ligand. This study optimized novel second-generation GXMR-CARs containing the CD8-hinge/transmembrane domain that improved CAR expression, antigen recognition, and signal strength in T-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pappanaicken R Kumaresan
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang C, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Zang X, Deng H, Liu Y, Shen D, Xue X. Cryptococcus escapes host immunity: What do we know? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1041036. [PMID: 36310879 PMCID: PMC9606624 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus is an invasive fungus that seriously endangers human life and health, with a complex and well-established immune-escaping mechanism that interferes with the function of the host immune system. Cryptococcus can attenuate the host’s correct recognition of the fungal antigen and escape the immune response mediated by host phagocytes, innate lymphoid cells, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes with antibodies, and peripheral cytokines. In addition, the capsule, melanin, dormancy, Titan cells, biofilm, and other related structures of Cryptococcus are also involved in the process of escaping the host’s immunity, as well as enhancing the ability of Cryptococcus to infect the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyu Deng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dingxia Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- *Correspondence: Dingxia Shen, ; Xinying Xue,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Clavere-Graciette AG, McWhirt ME, Hoopes LA, Bassos-Hull K, Wilkinson KA, Stewart FJ, Pratte ZA. Microbiome differences between wild and aquarium whitespotted eagle rays (Aetobatus narinari). Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:34. [PMID: 35606841 PMCID: PMC9128078 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal-associated microbiomes can be influenced by both host and environmental factors. Comparing wild animals to those in zoos or aquariums can help disentangle the effects of host versus environmental factors, while also testing whether managed conditions foster a ‘natural’ host microbiome. Focusing on an endangered elasmobranch species—the whitespotted eagle ray Aetobatus narinari—we compared the skin, gill, and cloaca microbiomes of wild individuals to those at Georgia Aquarium. Whitespotted eagle ray microbiomes from Georgia Aquarium were also compared to those of cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) in the same exhibit, allowing us to explore the effect of host identity on the ray microbiome.
Results Long-term veterinary monitoring indicated that the rays in managed care did not have a history of disease and maintained health parameters consistent with those of wild individuals, with one exception. Aquarium whitespotted eagle rays were regularly treated to control parasite loads, but the effects on animal health were subclinical. Microbiome α- and β-diversity differed between wild versus aquarium whitespotted eagle rays at all body sites, with α-diversity significantly higher in wild individuals. β-diversity differences in wild versus aquarium whitespotted eagle rays were greater for skin and gill microbiomes compared to those of the cloaca. At each body site, we also detected microbial taxa shared between wild and aquarium eagle rays. Additionally, the cloaca, skin, and gill microbiomes of aquarium eagle rays differed from those of cownose rays in the same exhibit. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were at low abundance in all wild and aquarium rays.
Conclusion For whitespotted eagle rays, managed care was associated with a microbiome differing significantly from that of wild individuals. These differences were not absolute, as the microbiome of aquarium rays shared members with that of wild counterparts and was distinct from that of a cohabitating ray species. Eagle rays under managed care appear healthy, suggesting that their microbiomes are not associated with compromised host health. However, the ray microbiome is dynamic, differing with both environmental factors and host identity. Monitoring of aquarium ray microbiomes over time may identify taxonomic patterns that co-vary with host health. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-022-00187-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E McWhirt
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa A Hoopes
- Department of Research and Conservation, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kim Bassos-Hull
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Krystan A Wilkinson
- Sharks and Rays Conservation Research Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Chicago Zoological Society's Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA
| | - Frank J Stewart
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Zoe A Pratte
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tucker M, Sheikh AM, Villanueva MS. Rapidly enlarging pulmonary mass due to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in an immunocompetent host with pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e247495. [PMID: 35351746 PMCID: PMC8966528 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent man presented with Cryptococcus neoformans disease manifesting as a large pulmonary mass (cryptococcoma). Despite an initial induction course of 4 weeks of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB), followed by 8 weeks of fluconazole, the cryptococcoma enlarged in size. Ten days into a second course of induction therapy with LAmB and flucytosine, the cryptococcoma markedly increased in size with encroachment on critical vascular structures. Due to concern for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), prednisone was added with significant decrease in the size of the mass. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary cryptococcal-IRIS in an immunocompetent host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mollie Tucker
- Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abdul Majeed Sheikh
- Infectious Diseases, Charlotte Hungerford Hospital, Torrington, Connecticut, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bai X, Plastow GS. Breeding for disease resilience: opportunities to manage polymicrobial challenge and improve commercial performance in the pig industry. CABI AGRICULTURE AND BIOSCIENCE 2022; 3:6. [PMID: 35072100 PMCID: PMC8761052 DOI: 10.1186/s43170-022-00073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Disease resilience, defined as an animal's ability to maintain productive performance in the face of infection, provides opportunities to manage the polymicrobial challenge common in pig production. Disease resilience can deliver a number of benefits, including more sustainable production as well as improved animal health and the potential for reduced antimicrobial use. However, little progress has been made to date in the application of disease resilience in breeding programs due to a number of factors, including (1) confusion around definitions of disease resilience and its component traits disease resistance and tolerance, and (2) the difficulty in characterizing such a complex trait consisting of multiple biological functions and dynamic elements of rates of response and recovery from infection. Accordingly, this review refines the definitions of disease resistance, tolerance, and resilience based on previous studies to help improve the understanding and application of these breeding goals and traits under different scenarios. We also describe and summarize results from a "natural disease challenge model" designed to provide inputs for selection of disease resilience. The next steps for managing polymicrobial challenges faced by the pig industry will include the development of large-scale multi-omics data, new phenotyping technologies, and mathematical and statistical methods adapted to these data. Genome editing to produce pigs resistant to major diseases may complement selection for disease resilience along with continued efforts in the more traditional areas of biosecurity, vaccination and treatment. Altogether genomic approaches provide exciting opportunities for the pig industry to overcome the challenges provided by hard-to-manage diseases as well as new environmental challenges associated with climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Bai
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Graham S. Plastow
- Livestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumari A, Tripathi AH, Gautam P, Gahtori R, Pande A, Singh Y, Madan T, Upadhyay SK. Adhesins in the virulence of opportunistic fungal pathogens of human. Mycology 2021; 12:296-324. [PMID: 34900383 PMCID: PMC8654403 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1934176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis are the most common cause of mycoses-related disease and death among immune-compromised patients. Adhesins are cell-surface exposed proteins or glycoproteins of pathogens that bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents or mucosal epithelial surfaces of the host cells. The forces of interaction between fungal adhesins and host tissues are accompanied by ligand binding, hydrophobic interactions and protein-protein aggregation. Adherence is the primary and critical step involved in the pathogenesis; however, there is limited information on fungal adhesins compared to that on the bacterial adhesins. Except a few studies based on screening of proteome for adhesin identification, majority are based on characterization of individual adhesins. Recently, based on their characteristic signatures, many putative novel fungal adhesins have been predicted using bioinformatics algorithms. Some of these novel adhesin candidates have been validated by in-vitro studies; though, most of them are yet to be characterised experimentally. Morphotype specific adhesin expression as well as tissue tropism are the crucial determinants for a successful adhesion process. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various studies on fungal adhesins and discusses the targetability of the adhesins and adherence phenomenon, for combating the fungal infection in a preventive or therapeutic mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Poonam Gautam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rekha Gahtori
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Amit Pande
- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Nainital, India
| | - Yogendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health (NIRRH), Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J.C. Bose Technical campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anti-inflammatory actions of aspirin-triggered resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) in bronchial epithelial cells infected with Cryptococcus neoformans. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1603-1612. [PMID: 34405339 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with airway epithelial cells is crucial for the establishment of cryptococcosis. Aspirin-triggered-resolvin D1 (AT-RvD1) is a lipid mediator produced during the resolution of inflammation and demonstrates anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution effects in several inflammatory experimental models including in the airways. METHOD Here, we evaluated the effects of AT-RvD1 (1, 10 or 100 nM) on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) stimulated with C. neoformans (1, 10 or 100 multiplicities of infection; MOI). RESULTS After 24 h, C. neoformans (all MOI) demonstrated no cytotoxic effects and increased IL-8 production on BEAS-2B cells when compared to controls. In addition, C. neoformans (MOI 100) increased the concentration of IL-6, but not of IL-10. AT-RvD1 (100 nM) significantly reduced the concentration of IL-8 and IL-6 and increased IL-10 production in C. neoformans-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. C. neoformans increased the phosphorylation of NF-κB and ERK1/2, and ALX/FPR2 expression. AT-RvD1 reduced the activation of NF-kB without altering the ERK1/2 and ALX/FPR2 expression. The anti-inflammatory effects of AT-RvD1 were dependent on the ALX/FPR2, once its antagonist (BOC2) reversed its anti-inflammatory effects. No alteration on the fungal burden as well as interactions with BEAS-2B cells was observed by AT-RvD1. CONCLUSION AT-RvD1 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells infected with C. neoformans without affecting the development of C. neoformans infection in the airways. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
Collapse
|
19
|
Application of the MISTEACHING(S) disease susceptibility framework to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae to identify research gaps: an exemplar of a veterinary pathogen. Anim Health Res Rev 2021; 22:120-135. [PMID: 34275511 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252321000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the MISTEACHING (microbiome, immunity, sex, temperature, environment, age, chance, history, inoculum, nutrition, genetics) framework to describe the outcome of host-pathogen interaction, has been applied to human pathogens. Here, we show, using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an exemplar, that the MISTEACHING framework can be applied to a strict veterinary pathogen, enabling the identification of major research gaps, the formulation of hypotheses whose study will lead to a greater understanding of pathogenic mechanisms, and/or improved prevention/therapeutic measures. We also suggest that the MISTEACHING framework should be extended with the inclusion of a 'strain' category, to become MISTEACHINGS. We conclude that the MISTEACHINGS framework can be applied to veterinary pathogens, whether they be bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, and hope to stimulate others to use it to identify research gaps and to formulate hypotheses worthy of study with their own pathogens.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao J, Weng W, Chen C, Zhang J. The prevalence and mortality of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2515-2523. [PMID: 34258688 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are risk factors for cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Therefore, understanding the epidemiological and clinical profile of CM in patients with AIDs is important. This meta-analysis assessed the prevalence, clinical profiles, and clinical outcomes of CM in AIDs. Studies on CM in patients with AIDs were searched for in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and meta-analyses were performed using the statistical program of R. Nineteen studies with 36,631 patients with AIDs were analyzed. The overall pooled CM prevalence was 0.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3-0.6%), 90.7% of which occurred in female patients. Thirteen studies with 77 patients with AIDs diagnosed with CM were analyzed, and the mortality rate was 26.7% (95% CI, 9.5-47.2%). Of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 30.1% of CM cases were initially misdiagnosed (95% CI, 0-65.6%). The primary symptom of CM with AIDs was headache (99.4%; 95% CI, 92.1-100%), followed by fever (93.7%; 95% CI, 82.8-100%) and vomiting (37.2%; 95% CI, 13.2-61.2%). The prevalence of CM infections among patients with AIDs should not be underestimated despite non-specific clinical presentations as there were fatal outcomes. Our results suggest that more research is needed to understand the relationship between AIDs and CM, and clinical trials are necessary to improve treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weipin Weng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu X, Lv H, Zhang F, Zhu H, Cai L. A Comparison of Candida Detection in Sputum by the Conventional Culture and Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930293. [PMID: 34158468 PMCID: PMC8237698 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida is a pathogenic fungus. In recent years, the increase in immunosuppressive diseases has led to an increase in Candida infections, with the lungs being the most common site. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the positive detection rates of Candida in sputum samples by Candida culture and fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to explore a new method for rapid, accurate, and effective detection of Candida in sputum, providing swift evidence of clinical fungal infection. Material/Methods From October 2016 to March 2017, 300 sputum samples were collected and detected by the conventional culture method and fluorescent PCR method. The positive rate of Candida detection was compared between the 2 methods. Results In the 300 sputum samples, the positive detection rate of Candida was 50% by the culture method and 65.67% by the fluorescent PCR method (P<0.001). Therefore, the positive detection rate of Candida was higher by the fluorescent PCR method. Conclusions The conventional culture method for Candida needs a longer duration (24 h to 48 h) and the positive detection rate is low. However, it takes only 3 h to detect Candida in sputum by the fluorescent PCR method, the positive detection rate is high, and can be used as a screening method for Candida in sputum samples. Additional large-scale clinical trials need to be completed to assess the correlation between fluorescent PCR and pulmonary Candida infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Xu
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Clinical Laboratory Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Huoyang Lv
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Clinical Laboratory Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Houyong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Long Cai
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Affiliated Hangzhou Chest Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,Clinical Laboratory Center, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Qadri H, Qureshi MF, Mir MA, Shah AH. Glucose - The X factor for the survival of human fungal pathogens and disease progression in the host. Microbiol Res 2021; 247:126725. [PMID: 33676311 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of human fungal infections is increasing due to the expansion of the immunocompromised patient population. The continuous use of different antifungal agents has eventually resulted in the establishment of resistant fungal species. The fungal pathogens unfold multiple resistance strategies to successfully tackle the effect of different antifungal agents. For the successful colonization and establishment of infection inside the host, the pathogenic fungi switch to the process of metabolic flexibility to regulate distinct nutrient uptake systems as well as to modulate their metabolism accordingly. Glucose the most favourable carbon source helps carry out the important survival and niche colonization processes. Adopting glucose as the center, this review has been put forward to provide an outline of the important processes like growth, the progression of infection, and the metabolism regulated by glucose, affecting the pathogenicity and virulence traits in the human pathogenic fungi. This could help in the identification of better treatment options and appropriate target-oriented antifungal drugs based on the glucose-regulated pathways and processes. In the article, we have also presented a summary of the novel studies and findings pointing to glucose-based potential therapeutic avenues to be explored to tackle the problem of globally increasing multidrug-resistant human fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Qadri
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India
| | - Munazah Fazal Qureshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, 191201, J&K, India
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India.
| | - Abdul Haseeb Shah
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, J&K, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cheng JH, Cheema R, Williamson PR, Dimitriades VR. Case Report: Paradoxical Inflammatory Response Syndrome in a Previously Healthy, HIV-Negative, Pediatric Patient With Cryptococcus gatii Meningitis. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:703895. [PMID: 34513762 PMCID: PMC8424186 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.703895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological response of patients with cryptococcal meningitis (CM), particularly those not known to be immunocompromised, has generated an increased interest recently. Although CM is an infection with significant rates of morbidity and mortality, its sequelae may also include a post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS) in patients who have already achieved microbiological control. PIIRS can cause substantial immune-mediated damage to the central nervous system resulting in long-term neurological disability or even death. Steroids have been used successfully in the management of PIIRS in adults. In this report, we present the case of a previously healthy adolescent male with Cryptococcus gattii meningitis who experienced neurological deterioration due to PIIRS after the initiation of antifungal therapy. Immunological workup did not demonstrate any frank underlying immunodeficiencies, and genetic primary immunodeficiency screening was unremarkable. He was treated with steroids and recovered clinically; however, intermittent inflammatory episodes needed to be managed through several flares of symptoms. In the setting of the current literature, we discuss the management and monitoring of PIIRS in a pediatric patient, along with considerations of targeted future therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ritu Cheema
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Victoria R Dimitriades
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
da Silva LB, Bock D, Klafke GB, Sanchotene KO, Basso RP, Benelli JL, Poester VR, da Silva FA, Trilles L, Severo CB, Stevens DA, Xavier MO. Cryptococcosis in HIV-AIDS patients from Southern Brazil: Still a major problem. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:101044. [PMID: 33046394 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes ∼15% mortality in AIDS patients. Rio Grande City, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, has the highest national rate of HIV/AIDS, considering cities with population more than 100,000 habitants. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of cryptococcosis in a reference service for HIV-AIDS patients in the South region of Brazil, over seven years. Material and methods A retrospective study was performed including all cryptococcosis cases diagnosed at the University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande (UH-FURG) between January 2010 and December 2016. RESULTS Seventy cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosis from 2010 to 2016 in the UH-FURG in the seven years of the study. These numbers were responsible for 2.1% to 8.1% of the hospitalizations/year for HIV patients. All were caused by C. neoformans infection (95% C. neoformans var. grubii VNI and 5% C. neoformans var. grubii VNII). Neurocryptococcosis was the major clinical manifestation and cryptococcosis was the HIV- defining condition in 40% of patients. The period of hospitalization was an average of 39.3 days (SD=31.3), and more than half of patients (53%; 37/70) died after a mean of 82 days. DISCUSSION The present study showed the importance of cryptococcosis as an AIDS-defining disease in HIV-AIDS patients in a tertiary hospital from Southern Brazil. More investment is necessary to reduce the impact of this opportunistic mycosis in HIV-AIDS patients from southern Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L B da Silva
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Bock
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G B Klafke
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - K O Sanchotene
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R P Basso
- Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J L Benelli
- Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - V R Poester
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F A da Silva
- Mycology Laboratory of National Institute of Infectology, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz (INI-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Trilles
- Mycology Laboratory of National Institute of Infectology, Foundation Oswaldo Cruz (INI-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C B Severo
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D A Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, California, USA and Div. of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M O Xavier
- Mycology Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine (FAMED), Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Program Post-Graduation in Health Sciences (PPGCS - FAMED-FURG), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Normile TG, Bryan AM, Del Poeta M. Animal Models of Cryptococcus neoformans in Identifying Immune Parameters Associated With Primary Infection and Reactivation of Latent Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581750. [PMID: 33042164 PMCID: PMC7522366 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus species are environmental fungal pathogens and the causative agents of cryptococcosis. Infection occurs upon inhalation of infectious particles, which proliferate in the lung causing a primary infection. From this primary lung infection, fungal cells can eventually disseminate to other organs, particularly the brain, causing lethal meningoencephalitis. However, in most cases, the primary infection resolves with the formation of a lung granuloma. Upon severe immunodeficiency, dormant cryptococcal cells will start proliferating in the lung granuloma and eventually will disseminate to the brain. Many investigators have sought to study the protective host immune response to this pathogen in search of host parameters that keep the proliferation of cryptococcal cells under control. The majority of the work assimilates research carried out using the primary infection animal model, mainly because a reactivation model has been available only very recently. This review will focus on anti-cryptococcal immunity in both the primary and reactivation models. An understanding of the differences in host immunity between the primary and reactivation models will help to define the key host parameters that control the infections and are important for the research and development of new therapeutic and vaccine strategies against cryptococcosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Normile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Arielle M Bryan
- Ingenious Targeting Laboratory Incorporated, Ronkonkoma, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Del Poeta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.,Veterans Administration Medical Center, Northport, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhuang J, Yin J, Lv S, Wang B, Mu Y. Advanced "lab-on-a-chip" to detect viruses - Current challenges and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112291. [PMID: 32421630 PMCID: PMC7215165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Massive viral outbreaks draw attention to viruses that have not been thoroughly studied or understood. In recent decades, microfluidic chips, known as "lab-on-a-chip", appears as a promising tool for the detection of viruses. Here, we review the development of microfluidic chips that could be used in response to viral detection, specifically for viruses involved in more recent outbreaks. The advantages as well as the disadvantages of microfluidic systems are discussed and analyzed. We also propose ideas for future development of these microfluidic chips and we expect this advanced technology to be used in the future for viral outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Okurut S, Boulware DR, Olobo J, Meya DB. Landmark clinical observations and immunopathogenesis pathways linked to HIV and Cryptococcus fatal central nervous system co-infection. Mycoses 2020; 63:840-853. [PMID: 32472727 PMCID: PMC7416908 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis remains one of the leading causes of death among HIV-infected adults in the fourth decade of HIV era in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to 10%-20% of global HIV-related deaths. Despite widespread use and early induction of ART among HIV-infected adults, incidence of cryptococcosis remains significant in those with advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcus species that causes fatal infection follows systemic spread from initial environmental acquired infection in lungs to antigenaemia and fungaemia in circulation prior to establishment of often fatal disease, cryptococcal meningitis in the CNS. Cryptococcus person-to-person transmission is uncommon, and deaths related to blood infection without CNS involvement are rare. Keen to the persistent high mortality associated with HIV-cryptococcal meningitis, seizures are common among a third of the patients, altered mental status is frequent, anaemia is prevalent with ensuing brain hypoxia and at autopsy, brain fibrosis and infarction are evident. In addition, fungal burden is 3-to-4-fold higher in those with seizures. And high immune activation together with exacerbated inflammation and elevated PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint expression is immunomodulated phenotypes elevated in CSF relative to blood. Lastly, though multiple Cryptococcus species cause disease in this setting, observations are mostly generalised to cryptococcal infection/meningitis or regional dominant species (C neoformans or gattii complex) that may limit our understanding of interspecies differences in infection, progression, treatment or recovery outcome. Together, these factors and underlying mechanisms are hypotheses generating for research to find targets to prevent infection or adequate therapy to prevent persistent high mortality with current optimal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Okurut
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David R. Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David B. Meya
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bermas A, Geddes‐McAlister J. Combatting the evolution of antifungal resistance in
Cryptococcus neoformans. Mol Microbiol 2020; 114:721-734. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arianne Bermas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bresciani FR, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO, Berger M, Barcellos VDA, Schripsema J, von Poser GL, Guimarães JA, Vainstein MH. Antifungal activity of Allamanda polyantha seed extract and its iridoids promote morphological alterations in Cryptococcus spp. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000133. [PMID: 32638423 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, caused by Cryptococcus spp., is an invasive fungal infection of the central nervous system, associated with high mortality, affecting mainly immunocompromised patients. Due to the development of resistance to the current therapy, there is an urgent need for less toxic and more effective antifungal agents. In this study, we describe the antifungal activity against Cryptococcus spp. of an aqueous seed extract from Allamanda polyantha (ASEAP) and two iridoids, plumieride and plumieridine, isolated from this extract with an antifungal activity. The capsule formation and the morphological alterations were evaluated using fluorescent microscopy. The cytotoxic activity was also investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASEAP for Cryptococcus gattii were 70 and 36 µg/ml (for the R265 and R272 strains, respectively) and 563 µg/ml for Cryptococcus neoformans H99. ASEAP inhibited C. neoformans H99 capsule formation, an important virulence factor, and decreased the cell body size for both the C. gattii strains. H99 cells also presented morphological alterations, with defects in bud detachment and nuclear fragmentation. Plumieride and plumieridine presented higher MIC values than ASEAP, indicating that other compounds might contribute to antifungal activity and/or that combination of the compounds results in a higher antifungal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Bresciani
- Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa de A Barcellos
- Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jan Schripsema
- Metabolomics Group, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilsane L von Poser
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Postgraduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dellière S, Sze Wah Wong S, Aimanianda V. Soluble mediators in anti-fungal immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:24-31. [PMID: 32604018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although soluble mediators of our innate immune system have a substantial impact on invading microbes, their role against fungal pathogens has been underexplored. Constituting the humoral immunity, soluble mediators comprise the complement system, collectins, acute-phase proteins, antibodies and antimicrobial peptides. These components can prevent fungal infection either by directly interacting with invading microbes, leading to their aggregation (microbistatic), destruction (microbicidal) or linking them to cellular immunity. The composition of soluble-mediator varies with human body-fluids, resulting in different antifungal mechanisms. Moreover, cellular immune system deploys both oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms to destroy extracellular or internalized fungal pathogens; however, cellular immune activation is mainly influenced as well as regulated by soluble mediators. This review outlines the antifungal mechanism employed, directly or indirectly, by soluble mediators, and in response, the evading strategies of the fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Institut Pasteur, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France; Parasitology-Mycoloy Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Okurut S, Meya DB, Bwanga F, Olobo J, Eller MA, Cham-Jallow F, Bohjanen PR, Pratap H, Palmer BE, Hullsiek KH, Manabe YC, Boulware DR, Janoff EN. B Cell Compartmentalization in Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid of HIV-Infected Ugandans with Cryptococcal Meningitis. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00779-19. [PMID: 31871098 PMCID: PMC7035924 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00779-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated B cells modulate infection by differentiating into pathogen-specific antibody-producing effector plasmablasts/plasma cells, memory cells, and immune regulatory B cells. In this context, the B cell phenotypes that infiltrate the central nervous system during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cryptococcal meningitis coinfection are ill defined. We characterized clinical parameters, mortality, and B cell phenotypes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by flow cytometry in HIV-infected adults with cryptococcal (n = 31) and noncryptococcal (n = 12) meningitis and in heathy control subjects with neither infection (n = 10). Activation of circulating B cells (CD21low) was significantly higher in the blood of subjects with HIV infection than in that of healthy controls and greater yet in matched CSF B cells (P < 0.001). Among B cell subsets, elevated frequencies of memory and plasmablasts/plasma cells most clearly distinguished the CSF from blood compartments. With cryptococcal meningitis, lower frequencies of expression of the regulatory protein programmed death-1 (PD-1) on plasmablasts/plasma cells in blood (median, 7%) at presentation were associated with significantly decreased 28-day survival (29% [4/14 subjects]), whereas higher PD-1 expression (median, 46%) characterized subjects with higher survival (88% [14/16 subjects]). With HIV infection, B cell differentiation and regulatory markers are discrete elements of the circulating and CSF compartments with clinical implications for cryptococcal disease outcome, potentially due to their effects on the fungus and other local immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Okurut
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Laboratory Department, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David B Meya
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Freddie Bwanga
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael A Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatim Cham-Jallow
- Laboratory Department, Makerere University Walter Reed Project, Kampala, Uganda
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul R Bohjanen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Harsh Pratap
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Katharine H Hullsiek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang H, Zhu A. Emerging Invasive Fungal Infections: Clinical Features and Controversies in Diagnosis and Treatment Processes. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:607-615. [PMID: 32110071 PMCID: PMC7039084 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s237815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infection (IFI) are still challenging due to its complexity and non-specificity. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical features, diagnosis process, and outcomes of patients with emerging IFIs. Methods A retrospective review of emerging IFIs in adult patients at a university hospital in China was conducted; diagnoses were based on the criteria of EORTC/MSG 2008. Results 145 IFI patients (pulmonary, intestinal and urinary) were enrolled in this study, including 80 proven (55.2%), 59 probable (40.7%), or 6 possible IFIs (4.1%). Among the 126 pulmonary IFIs, the positivity rate for sputum microscopy, sputum culture, and 1.3-ß-D-glucan (BG) test was 54.0%, 44.4%, and 37.3%, respectively. Among the 19 intestinal and urinary IFIs, routine examination of stool or urine and their culture were the main methods of detection. Positive results of 75 detected fungal strains from the samples showed that 30 cases were complicated with one or more bacterial infections. The average length of hospital stay of IFI patients was 14.0 (10.0, 20.0) days. The time from admission to antifungal therapy initiation (P<0.001), liver cirrhosis (P<0.001), hematological tumor (P<0.001), coinfection (P=0.019) and immune diseases (P=0.025) were independent predictors of prolonged hospitalization. Conclusion Delayed time was the primary predictor of prolonged hospitalization. This prediction is suggested to improve IFI diagnostic and therapeutic process of IFI to promote prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqun Zhu
- Emergency Department, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rosa RL, Berger M, Santi L, Driemeier D, Barros Terraciano P, Campos AR, Guimarães JA, Vainstein MH, Yates JR, Beys-da-Silva WO. Proteomics of Rat Lungs Infected by Cryptococcus gattii Reveals a Potential Warburg-like Effect. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3885-3895. [PMID: 31502459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus gattii is the causative agent of cryptococcosis infection that can lead to pneumonia and meningitis in immunocompetent individuals. The molecular basis of the pathogenic process and impact on the host biochemistry are poorly understood and remain largely unknown. In this context, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the response of the host during an infection caused by C. gattii. Lungs of experimentally infected rats were analyzed by shotgun proteomics to identify differentially expressed proteins induced by C. gattii clinical strain. The proteomic results were characterized using bioinformatic tools, and subsequently, the molecular findings were validated in cell culture and lungs of infected animals. A dramatic change was observed in protein expression triggered by C. gattii infection, especially related to energy metabolism. The main pathways affected include aerobic glycolysis cycle, TCA cycle, and pyrimidine and purine metabolism. Analyses in human lung fibroblast cells confirmed the altered metabolic status found in infected lungs. Thus, it is clear that C. gattii infection triggers important changes in energy metabolism leading to the activation of glycolysis and lactate accumulation in lung cells, culminating in a cancerlike metabolic status known as the Warburg effect. The results presented here provide important insights to better understand C. gattii molecular pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael L Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
| | - Markus Berger
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 91540-000 , Brazil
| | - Paula Barros Terraciano
- Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Campos
- Proteomics Core , Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jorge A Guimarães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil
| | - Marilene H Vainstein
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil
| | - John R Yates
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Walter O Beys-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90040-060 , Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Laboratório de Bioquímica Farmacológica , Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90035-007 , Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) , Porto Alegre , RS 90610-000 , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Decote-Ricardo D, LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, Rocha JDB, Nascimento DO, Nunes MP, Morrot A, Freire-de-Lima L, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima CG. Immunomodulatory Role of Capsular Polysaccharides Constituents of Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:129. [PMID: 31275938 PMCID: PMC6593061 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. In immunocompetent patients, cryptococcal infection is often confined to the lungs. In immunocompromised individuals, C. neoformans may cause life-threatening illness, either from novel exposure or through reactivation of a previously acquired latent infection. For example, cryptococcal meningitis is a severe clinical disease that can manifest in people that are immunocompromised due to AIDS. The major constituents of the Cryptococcus polysaccharide capsule, glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), and galactoxylomannan (GalXM), also known as glucuronoxylomanogalactan (GXMGal), are considered the primary virulence factors of Cryptococcus. Despite the predominance of GXM in the polysaccharide capsule, GalXM has more robust immunomodulatory effects on host cellular immunity. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding host-Crytococcus neoformans interactions and the role of capsular polysaccharides in host immunomodulation. Future studies will likely facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in antigenic recognition and host immune response to C. neoformans and lead to the development of new therapeutic pathways for cryptococcal infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Dutra B Rocha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Danielle O Nascimento
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marise P Nunes
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Osvaldo Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hossain MA, Biva IJ, Kidd SE, Whittle JD, Griesser HJ, Coad BR. Antifungal Activity in Compounds from the Australian Desert Plant Eremophila alternifolia with Potency Against Cryptococcus spp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020034. [PMID: 30935155 PMCID: PMC6628298 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant metabolites that have shown activity against bacteria and/or environmental fungi represent valuable leads for the identification and development of novel drugs against clinically important human pathogenic fungi. Plants from the genus Eremophila were highly valued in traditional Australian Aboriginal medicinal practices, and E. alternifolia was the most prized among them. As antibacterial activity of extracts from E. alternifolia has been documented, this study addresses the question whether there is also activity against infectious fungal human pathogens. Compounds from leaf-extracts were purified and identified by 1- and 2-D NMR. These were then tested by disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays against ten clinically and environmentally relevant yeast and mould species. The most potent activity was observed with the diterpene compound, 8,19-dihydroxyserrulat-14-ene against Cryptococcus gattii and Cryptococcus neoformans, with minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) comparable to those of Amphotericin B. This compound also exhibited activity against six Candida species. Combined with previous studies showing an antibacterial effect, this finding could explain a broad antimicrobial effect from Eremophila extracts in their traditional medicinal usage. The discovery of potent antifungal compounds from Eremophila extracts is a promising development in the search for desperately needed antifungal compounds particularly for Cryptococcus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Hossain
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - Israt J Biva
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - Sarah E Kidd
- National Mycology Reference Centre, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Jason D Whittle
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - Hans J Griesser
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
| | - Bryan R Coad
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia.
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|