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Wang J, Zhu Q, Shen Y, Liang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Tong G, Wang X, Zhang N, Yu K, Li Y, Zhao Y. CD8 + T cell infiltration and proliferation in the brainstem during experimental cerebral malaria. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14431. [PMID: 37697956 PMCID: PMC10916431 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral malaria (CM) is a lethal neuroinflammatory disease caused by Plasmodium infection. Immune cells and brain parenchyma cells contribute to the pathogenesis of CM. However, a systematic examination of the changes that occur in the brain parenchyma region during CM at the single-cell resolution is still poorly studied. AIMS To explore cell composition and CD8+ T cell infiltration, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was performed on the brainstems of healthy and experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) mice. Then CD8+ T cell infiltration was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays. Subsequently, the characteristics of the brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were analyzed. Finally, the interactions between parenchyma cells and brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were studied with an astrocytes-CD8+ T cell cocultured model. RESULTS The brainstem is the most severely damaged site during ECM. ScRNA-seq revealed a large number of CD8+ T cells infiltrating into the brainstem in ECM mice. Brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were highly activated according to scRNA-seq, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry assays. Further analysis found a subset of ki-67+ CD8+ T cells that have a higher transcriptional level of genes related to T cell function, activation, and proliferation, suggesting that they were exposed to specific antigens presented by brain parenchyma cells. Brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were the only prominent source of IFN-γ in this single-cell analysis. Astrocytes, which have a high interferon response, act as cross-presenting cells to recruit and re-activate brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells. We also found that brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells were highly expressed immune checkpoint molecule PD-1, while parenchyma cells showed up-regulation of PD-L1 after infection. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal a novel interaction between brain-infiltrated CD8+ T cells and parenchyma cells in the ECM brainstem, suggesting that the PD-1/PD-L1 signal pathway is a promising adjunctive therapeutic strategy for ECM targeting over-activated CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Qinghao Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Jiao Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Guodong Tong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- College of Life SciencesNorthwest UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ningning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Kangjie Yu
- Department of PathologyAir Force Hospital of Eastern TheaterNanjingChina
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
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de Fàbregues O, Sellés M, Ramos-Vicente D, Roch G, Vila M, Bové J. Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson's disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106308. [PMID: 37741513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are responsible for local immune surveillance in different tissues, including the brain. They constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and cancer cells and play a role in autoimmunity. A recently published study demonstrated that CD8 T cells with markers of residency containing distinct granzymes and interferon-γ infiltrate the parenchyma of the substantia nigra and contact dopaminergic neurons in an early premotor stage of Parkinson's disease. This infiltration precedes α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, suggesting a relevant role for CD8 T cells in the onset of the disease. To date, the nature of the antigen that initiates the adaptive immune response remains unknown. This review will discuss the role of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in brain immune homeostasis and in the onset of Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases. We also discuss how aging and genetic factors can affect the CD8 T cell immune response and how animal models can be misleading when studying human-related immune response. Finally, we speculate about a possible infectious or autoimmune origin of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol de Fàbregues
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | - Maria Sellés
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Roch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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3
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Paskeviciute E, Chen M, Xu H, Honoré B, Vorum H, Sørensen TL, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR, Nissen MH, Steffensen MA. Systemic virus infection results in CD8 T cell recruitment to the retina in the absence of local virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221511. [PMID: 37662932 PMCID: PMC10471971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During recent years, evidence has emerged that immune privileged sites such as the CNS and the retina may be more integrated in the systemic response to infection than was previously believed. In line with this, it was recently shown that a systemic acute virus infection leads to infiltration of CD8 T cells in the brains of immunocompetent mice. In this study, we extend these findings to the neurological tissue of the eye, namely the retina. We show that an acute systemic virus infection in mice leads to a transient CD8 T cell infiltration in the retina that is not directed by virus infection inside the retina. CD8 T cells were found throughout the retinal tissue, and had a high expression of CXCR6 and CXCR3, as also reported for tissue residing CD8 T cells in the lung and liver. We also show that the pigment epithelium lining the retina expresses CXCL16 (the ligand for CXCR6) similar to epithelial cells of the lung. Thus, our results suggest that the retina undergoes immune surveillance during a systemic infection, and that this surveillance appears to be directed by mechanisms similar to those described for non-privileged tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Paskeviciute
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mei Chen
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Science, Queens University of Belfast, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Bent Honoré
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vorum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Lykke Sørensen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Holst Nissen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Osteopontin associates with brain T RM-cell transcriptome and compartmentalization in donors with and without multiple sclerosis. iScience 2022; 26:105785. [PMID: 36594029 PMCID: PMC9804143 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is populated by perivascular T cells with a tissue-resident memory T (TRM)-cell phenotype, which in multiple sclerosis (MS) associate with lesions. We investigated the transcriptional and functional profile of freshly isolated T cells from white and gray matter. RNA sequencing of CD8+ and CD4+ CD69+ T cells revealed TRM-cell signatures. Notably, gene expression hardly differed between lesional and normal-appearing white matter T cells in MS brains. Genes up-regulated in brain TRM cells were MS4A1 (CD20) and SPP1 (osteopontin, OPN). OPN is also abundantly expressed by microglia and has been shown to inhibit T cell activity. In line with their parenchymal localization and the increased presence of OPN in active MS lesions, we noticed a reduced production of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF, and IFNγ by lesion-derived CD8+ and CD4+ T cells ex vivo. Our study reports traits of brain TRM cells and reveals their tight control in MS lesions.
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Merkler D, Vincenti I, Masson F, Liblau RS. Tissue-resident CD8 T cells in central nervous system inflammatory diseases: present at the crime scene and …guilty. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 77:102211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Ampie L, McGavern DB. Immunological defense of CNS barriers against infections. Immunity 2022; 55:781-799. [PMID: 35545028 PMCID: PMC9087878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical barriers with physical, chemical, and immunological properties play an essential role in preventing the spread of peripheral infections into the CNS. A failure to contain pathogens within these barriers can result in very serious CNS diseases. CNS barriers are inhabited by an elaborate conglomerate of innate and adaptive immune cells that are highly responsive to environmental challenges. The CNS and its barriers can also be protected by memory T and B cells elicited by prior infection or vaccination. Here, we discuss the different CNS barriers from a developmental, anatomical, and immunological standpoint and summarize our current understanding of how memory cells protect the CNS compartment. We then discuss a contemporary challenge to CNS-barrier system (SARS-CoV-2 infection) and highlight approaches to promote immunological protection of the CNS via vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Ampie
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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7
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Vincenti I, Page N, Steinbach K, Yermanos A, Lemeille S, Nunez N, Kreutzfeldt M, Klimek B, Di Liberto G, Egervari K, Piccinno M, Shammas G, Mariotte A, Fonta N, Liaudet N, Shlesinger D, Liuzzi AR, Wagner I, Saadi C, Stadelmann C, Reddy S, Becher B, Merkler D. Tissue-resident memory CD8 + T cells cooperate with CD4 + T cells to drive compartmentalized immunopathology in the CNS. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabl6058. [PMID: 35417190 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abl6058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In chronic inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), immune cells persisting behind the blood-brain barrier are supposed to promulgate local tissue destruction. The drivers of such compartmentalized inflammation remain unclear, but tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) represent a potentially important cellular player in this process. Here, we investigated whether resting CD8+ TRM persisting after cleared infection with attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can initiate immune responses directed against cognate self-antigen in the CNS. We demonstrated that time-delayed conditional expression of the LCMV glycoprotein as neo-self-antigen by glia cells reactivated CD8+ TRM. Subsequently, CD8+ TRM expanded and initiated CNS inflammation and immunopathology in an organ-autonomous manner independently of circulating CD8+ T cells. However, in the absence of CD4+ T cells, TCF-1+ CD8+ TRM failed to expand and differentiate into terminal effectors. Similarly, in human demyelinating CNS autoimmune lesions, we found CD8+ T cells expressing TCF-1 that predominantly exhibited a TRM-like phenotype. Together, our study provides evidence for CD8+ TRM-driven CNS immunopathology and sheds light on why inflammatory processes may evade current immunomodulatory treatments in chronic autoimmune CNS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Nunez
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margot Piccinno
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ghazal Shammas
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Mariotte
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fonta
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Liaudet
- Bioimaging core facility, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Shlesinger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Saadi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sai Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Kerdidani D, Aerakis E, Verrou KM, Angelidis I, Douka K, Maniou MA, Stamoulis P, Goudevenou K, Prados A, Tzaferis C, Ntafis V, Vamvakaris I, Kaniaris E, Vachlas K, Sepsas E, Koutsopoulos A, Potaris K, Tsoumakidou M. Lung tumor MHCII immunity depends on in situ antigen presentation by fibroblasts. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212965. [PMID: 35029648 PMCID: PMC8764966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key unknown of the functional space in tumor immunity is whether CD4 T cells depend on intratumoral MHCII cancer antigen recognition. MHCII-expressing, antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts (apCAFs) have been found in breast and pancreatic tumors and are considered to be immunosuppressive. This analysis shows that antigen-presenting fibroblasts are frequent in human lung non-small cell carcinomas, where they seem to actively promote rather than suppress MHCII immunity. Lung apCAFs directly activated the TCRs of effector CD4 T cells and at the same time produced C1q, which acted on T cell C1qbp to rescue them from apoptosis. Fibroblast-specific MHCII or C1q deletion impaired CD4 T cell immunity and accelerated tumor growth, while inducing C1qbp in adoptively transferred CD4 T cells expanded their numbers and reduced tumors. Collectively, we have characterized in the lungs a subset of antigen-presenting fibroblasts with tumor-suppressive properties and propose that cancer immunotherapies might be strongly dependent on in situ MHCII antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kerdidani
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Aerakis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Kleio-Maria Verrou
- Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Angelidis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Katerina Douka
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Maria-Anna Maniou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Petros Stamoulis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Katerina Goudevenou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Alejandro Prados
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Christos Tzaferis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece.,Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Ntafis
- Animal House Facility, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Kaniaris
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Sepsas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Tsoumakidou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece.,Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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9
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Shaw TN, Haley MJ, Dookie RS, Godfrey JJ, Cheeseman AJ, Strangward P, Zeef LAH, Villegas-Mendez A, Couper KN. Memory CD8 + T cells exhibit tissue imprinting and non-stable exposure-dependent reactivation characteristics following blood-stage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infections. Immunology 2021; 164:737-753. [PMID: 34407221 PMCID: PMC8561116 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infection in mice, characterized by CD8+ T‐cell accumulation within the brain. Whilst the dynamics of CD8+ T‐cell activation and migration during extant primary PbA infection have been extensively researched, the fate of the parasite‐specific CD8+ T cells upon resolution of ECM is not understood. In this study, we show that memory OT‐I cells persist systemically within the spleen, lung and brain following recovery from ECM after primary PbA‐OVA infection. Whereas memory OT‐I cells within the spleen and lung exhibited canonical central memory (Tcm) and effector memory (Tem) phenotypes, respectively, memory OT‐I cells within the brain post‐PbA‐OVA infection displayed an enriched CD69+CD103− profile and expressed low levels of T‐bet. OT‐I cells within the brain were excluded from short‐term intravascular antibody labelling but were targeted effectively by longer‐term systemically administered antibodies. Thus, the memory OT‐I cells were extravascular within the brain post‐ECM but were potentially not resident memory cells. Importantly, whilst memory OT‐I cells exhibited strong reactivation during secondary PbA‐OVA infection, preventing activation of new primary effector T cells, they had dampened reactivation during a fourth PbA‐OVA infection. Overall, our results demonstrate that memory CD8+ T cells are systemically distributed but exhibit a unique phenotype within the brain post‐ECM, and that their reactivation characteristics are shaped by infection history. Our results raise important questions regarding the role of distinct memory CD8+ T‐cell populations within the brain and other tissues during repeat Plasmodium infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah N Shaw
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael J Haley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca S Dookie
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenna J Godfrey
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Antonn J Cheeseman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Leo A H Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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10
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Mockus TE, Munie A, Atkinson JR, Segal BM. Encephalitogenic and Regulatory CD8 T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:3-10. [PMID: 33443060 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease that affects millions worldwide, is widely thought to be autoimmune in etiology. Historically, research into MS pathogenesis has focused on autoreactive CD4 T cells because of their critical role in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and the association between MS susceptibility and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the MHC class II region. However, recent studies have revealed prominent clonal expansions of CD8 T cells within the CNS during MS. In this paper, we review the literature on CD8 T cells in MS, with an emphasis on their potential effector and regulatory properties. We discuss the impact of disease modifying therapies, currently prescribed to reduce MS relapse rates, on CD8 T cell frequency and function. A deeper understanding of the role of CD8 T cells in MS may lead to the development of more effective and selective immunomodulatory drugs for particular subsets of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn E Mockus
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ashley Munie
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Jeffrey R Atkinson
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Benjamin M Segal
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; .,Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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11
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Schøller AS, Nazerai L, Christensen JP, Thomsen AR. Functionally Competent, PD-1 + CD8 + Trm Cells Populate the Brain Following Local Antigen Encounter. Front Immunol 2021; 11:595707. [PMID: 33603737 PMCID: PMC7884456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of programmed cell death-1 receptor (PD-1) has traditionally been linked to T-cell exhaustion, as signaling via PD-1 dampens the functionality of T-cells upon repetitive antigen exposures during chronic infections. However, resent findings pointing to the involvement of PD-1 both in T-cell survival and in restraining immunopathology, challenge the concept of PD-1 solely as marker for T-cell exhaustion. Tissue resident memory T cells (Trms) hold unique effector qualities, but within a delicate organ like the CNS, these protective abilities could potentially be harmful. In contrast to their counterparts in many other tissues, brain derived CD8+ Trms have been found to uniformly and chronically express PD-1. In this study we utilized a recently established model system for generating CNS Trms in order to improve our understanding regarding the role of PD-1 expression by Trms inside the CNS. By intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation with a non-replicating adeno-viral vector, we induced a PD-1hi CD8+ T cell memory population within the CNS. We found that PD-1 expression lowered the severity of clinical disease associated with the i.c. inoculation. Furthermore, high levels of PD-L1 expression were found on the infiltrating monocytes and macrophages as well as on the resident microglia, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes during the acute phase of the response. Additionally, we showed that the intensity of PD-1 expression correlates with local antigen encounter and found that PD-1 expression was associated with decreased CD8+ T cell memory formation in the CNS despite an increased number of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Most importantly, our experiments revealed that despite expression of PD-1 and several additional markers linked to T-cell exhaustion, Tim-3, Lag-3 and CD39, the cells did not show signs of limited effector capacity. Collectively, these results endorse the increasing amount of evidence pointing to an immune-modifying role for PD-1 expression within the CNS, a mechanism we found to correlate with local antigen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Allan Randrup Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Fransen NL, Hsiao CC, van der Poel M, Engelenburg HJ, Verdaasdonk K, Vincenten MCJ, Remmerswaal EBM, Kuhlmann T, Mason MRJ, Hamann J, Smolders J, Huitinga I. Tissue-resident memory T cells invade the brain parenchyma in multiple sclerosis white matter lesions. Brain 2021; 143:1714-1730. [PMID: 32400866 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease, although it has been suggested that in the progressive late phase, inflammatory lesion activity declines. We recently showed in the Netherlands Brain Bank multiple sclerosis-autopsy cohort considerable ongoing inflammatory lesion activity also at the end stage of the disease, based on microglia/macrophage activity. We have now studied the role of T cells in this ongoing inflammatory lesion activity in chronic multiple sclerosis autopsy cases. We quantified T cells and perivascular T-cell cuffing at a standardized location in the medulla oblongata in 146 multiple sclerosis, 20 neurodegenerative control and 20 non-neurological control brain donors. In addition, we quantified CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in 140 subcortical white matter lesions. The location of CD8+ T cells in either the perivascular space or the brain parenchyma was determined using CD8/laminin staining and confocal imaging. Finally, we analysed CD8+ T cells, isolated from fresh autopsy tissues from subcortical multiple sclerosis white matter lesions (n = 8), multiple sclerosis normal-appearing white matter (n = 7), and control white matter (n = 10), by flow cytometry. In normal-appearing white matter, the number of T cells was increased compared to control white matter. In active and mixed active/inactive lesions, the number of T cells was further augmented compared to normal-appearing white matter. Active and mixed active/inactive lesions were enriched for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the latter being more abundant in all lesion types. Perivascular clustering of T cells in the medulla oblongata was only found in cases with a progressive disease course and correlated with a higher percentage of mixed active/inactive lesions and a higher lesion load compared to cases without perivascular clusters in the medulla oblongata. In all white matter samples, CD8+ T cells were located mostly in the perivascular space, whereas in mixed active/inactive lesions, 16.3% of the CD8+ T cells were encountered in the brain parenchyma. CD8+ T cells from mixed active/inactive lesions showed a tissue-resident memory phenotype with expression of CD69, CD103, CD44, CD49a, and PD-1 and absence of S1P1. They upregulated markers for homing (CXCR6), reactivation (Ki-67), and cytotoxicity (GPR56), yet lacked the cytolytic enzyme granzyme B. These data show that in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis cases, inflammatory lesion activity and demyelinated lesion load is associated with an increased number of T cells clustering in the perivascular space. Inflammatory active multiple sclerosis lesions are populated by CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, which show signs of reactivation and infiltration of the brain parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Fransen
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik J Engelenburg
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Verdaasdonk
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C J Vincenten
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew R J Mason
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Smolders
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MS center ErasMS, Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Parga-Vidal L, van Gisbergen KPJM. Area under Immunosurveillance: Dedicated Roles of Memory CD8 T-Cell Subsets. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037796. [PMID: 32839203 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory, defined as the ability to respond in an enhanced manner upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen, can provide substantial protection against infectious disease. The improved protection is mediated in part by different populations of memory CD8 T cells that are retained after primary infection. Memory cells persist in the absence of pathogen-derived antigens and enable secondary CD8 T-cell responses with accelerated kinetics and of larger magnitude after reencounter with the same pathogen. At least three subsets of memory T cells have been defined that are referred to as central memory CD8 T cells (Tcm), effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem), and tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trm). Tcm and Tem are circulating memory T cells that mediate bodywide immune surveillance in search of invading pathogens. In contrast, Trm permanently reside in peripheral barrier tissues, where they form a stationary defensive line of sentinels that alert the immune system upon pathogen reencounter. The characterization of these different subsets has been instrumental in our understanding of the strategies that memory T cells employ to counter invading pathogens. It is clear that memory T cells not only have a numerical advantage over naive T cells resulting in improved protection in secondary responses, but also acquire distinct sets of competencies that assist in pathogen clearance. Nevertheless, inherent challenges are associated with the allocation of memory T cells to a limited number of subsets. The classification of memory T cells into Tcm, Tem, and Trm may not take into account the full extent of the heterogeneity that is observed in the memory population. Therefore, in this review, we will revisit the current classification of memory subsets, elaborate on functional and migratory properties attributed to Tcm, Tem, and Trm, and discuss how potential heterogeneity within these populations arises and persists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Smolders J, Fransen NL, Hsiao CC, Hamann J, Huitinga I. Perivascular tissue resident memory T cells as therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2020; 20:835-848. [PMID: 32476499 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1776609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by inflammatory attacks of infiltrating leukocytes at onset but evolves into a smoldering, progressive disease within the central nervous system at its later stages. The authors discuss the contribution of white matter lesions to the pathology of advanced MS, thereby paying particular attention to the role of T cells. AREAS COVERED Diagnostic biopsy and autopsy studies of white matter lesions in early MS show different pathological patterns of demyelination and leukocyte infiltration. Brain autopsies from advanced MS display substantial inflammation without distinct patterns and suggest a role for perivascular CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in active and mixed active/inactive MS white matter lesions. When compared to control and normal-appearing white matter, these lesions are enriched for parenchymal CD8+ T cells. In the perivascular space, cuffs containing CD8+ TRM cells are observed also in progressive MS, and could be sites of local reactivation. EXPERT OPINION Recent findings point toward the perivascular space as an immunological hotspot, which could be targeted in order to suppress a contribution of TRM cells to ongoing white matter lesion activity in advanced progressive MS. The authors discuss approaches, which may be explored to suppress TRM-cell reactivation in the perivascular space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Smolders
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MS Center ErasMS, Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina L Fransen
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review will outline neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects of central nervous system (CNS) infiltrating T cells during viral infections. Evidence demonstrating differential roles for antiviral effector and resident memory T-cell subsets in virologic control and immunopathology in the CNS will be discussed. Potential therapeutic targets emanating from a growing understanding of T-cell-initiated neuropathology that impacts learning and memory will also be delineated. RECENT FINDINGS The critical role for T cells in preventing and clearing CNS infections became incontrovertible during the era of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Recent studies have further defined differential roles of T-cell subsets, including resident memory T cells (Trm), in antiviral immunity and, unexpectedly, in postinfectious cognitive dysfunction. Mechanisms of T-cell-mediated effects include differential innate immune signaling within neural cells that are virus-specific. SUMMARY T-cell cytokines that are essential for cell-mediated virologic control during neurotropic viral infections have recently been identified as potential targets to prevent post-infection memory disorders. Further identification of T-cell subsets, their antigen specificity, and postinfection localization of Trm will enhance the efficacy of immunotherapies through minimization of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Departments of Medicine
- Pathology and Immunology
- Neurosciences Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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16
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Disruption of cellular proteostasis by H1N1 influenza A virus causes α-synuclein aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6741-6751. [PMID: 32152117 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906466117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases feature specific misfolded or misassembled proteins associated with neurotoxicity. The precise mechanisms by which protein aggregates first arise in the majority of sporadic cases have remained unclear. Likely, a first critical mass of misfolded proteins starts a vicious cycle of a prion-like expansion. We hypothesize that viruses, having evolved to hijack the host cellular machinery for catalyzing their replication, lead to profound disturbances of cellular proteostasis, resulting in such a critical mass of protein aggregates. Here, we investigated the effect of influenza virus (H1N1) strains on proteostasis of proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases in Lund human mesencephalic dopaminergic cells in vitro and infection of Rag knockout mice in vivo. We demonstrate that acute H1N1 infection leads to the formation of α-synuclein and Disrupted-in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) aggregates, but not of tau or TDP-43 aggregates, indicating a selective effect on proteostasis. Oseltamivir phosphate, an antiinfluenza drug, prevented H1N1-induced α-synuclein aggregation. As a cell pathobiological mechanism, we identified H1N1-induced blocking of autophagosome formation and inhibition of autophagic flux. In addition, α-synuclein aggregates appeared in infected cell populations connected to the olfactory bulbs following intranasal instillation of H1N1 in Rag knockout mice. We propose that H1N1 virus replication in neuronal cells can induce seeds of aggregated α-synuclein or DISC1 that may be able to initiate further detrimental downstream events and should thus be considered a risk factor in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies or a subset of mental disorders. More generally, aberrant proteostasis induced by viruses may be an underappreciated factor in initiating protein misfolding.
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Memory CD4 + T Cells in Immunity and Autoimmune Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030531. [PMID: 32106536 PMCID: PMC7140455 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting autoimmune diseases, the roles and biology of memory CD4+ Th cells are complex and less well understood. In human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a critical need to better understand the function and biology of memory T cells. In this review article we summarize current concepts in the field of CD4+ T cell memory, including natural history, developmental pathways, subsets, and functions. Furthermore, we discuss advancements in the field of the newly-described CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells and of CD4+ memory T cells in autoimmune diseases, two major areas of important unresolved questions in need of answering to advance new vaccine design and development of novel treatments for CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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