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Alexander KL, Ford ML. The Entangled World of Memory T Cells and Implications in Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:137-147. [PMID: 37271872 PMCID: PMC10696133 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells that are specific for alloantigen can arise from a variety of stimuli, ranging from direct allogeneic sensitization from prior transplantation, blood transfusion, or pregnancy to the elicitation of pathogen-specific T cells that are cross-reactive with alloantigen. Regardless of the mechanism by which they arise, alloreactive memory T cells possess key metabolic, phenotypic, and functional properties that render them distinct from naive T cells. These properties affect the immune response to transplantation in 2 important ways: first, they can alter the speed, location, and effector mechanisms with which alloreactive T cells mediate allograft rejection, and second, they can alter T-cell susceptibility to immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding these properties of memory T cells and their implications for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Keller HR, Kim HK, Jo Y, Gress RE, Hong C, Park JH. The Abundance and Availability of Cytokine Receptor IL-2Rβ (CD122) Constrain the Lymphopenia-Induced Homeostatic Proliferation of Naive CD4 T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3227-3235. [PMID: 32393513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation (LIP) is a critical mechanism for restoring T cell immunity upon lymphodepleting insults or infections. LIP is primarily driven by homeostatic cytokines, such as IL-7 and IL-15, but not all T cells respond with the same efficiency to homeostatic proliferative cues. Although CD8 T cells vigorously proliferate under lymphopenic conditions, naive CD4 T cells are substantially impaired in their response to homeostatic cytokines, and they fail to fully expand. In this study, we show that the availability of IL-2Rβ (CD122), which is a receptor subunit shared by IL-2 and IL-15, affects both the cytokine responsiveness and the LIP of naive CD4 T cells in the mouse. The enumeration of surface IL-2Rβ molecules on murine naive CD4 and naive CD8 T cells revealed a 5-fold difference in IL-2Rβ abundance. Notably, it was the limited availability of IL-2Rβ that impaired CD4 T cell responsiveness to IL-15 and suppressed their LIP. As such, forced IL-2Rβ expression on CD4 T cells by transgenesis bestowed IL-15 responsiveness onto naive CD4 T cells, which thus acquired the ability to undergo robust LIP. Collectively, these results identify IL-2Rβ availability as a new regulatory mechanism to control cytokine responsiveness and the homeostatic proliferation of murine CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary R Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.,Department of Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA 18840
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Yuna Jo
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental and Transplantation Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Changwan Hong
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 50612, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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Luckey MA, Kim TH, Prakhar P, Keller HR, Crossman A, Choi S, Love PE, Walsh STR, Park JH. SOCS3 is a suppressor of γc cytokine signaling and constrains generation of murine Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:986-999. [PMID: 32144749 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SOCS3 is a cytosolic inhibitor of cytokine signaling that suppresses the activation of cytokine receptor-associated JAK kinases. Mechanistically, SOCS3 is recruited to a site in the cytokine receptors known as the SOCS3-interaction motif, and then binds JAK molecules to inhibit their kinase activity. The SOCS3-interaction motif is found in receptors of the gp130 cytokine family but mostly absent from other cytokine receptors, including γc. Thus, SOCS3 has been considered a selective suppressor of gp130 family cytokines, but not γc cytokines. Considering that γc signaling induces SOCS3 expression in T cells, here we revisited the role of SOCS3 on γc signaling. Using SOCS3 transgenic mice, we found that increased abundance of SOCS3 not only suppressed signaling of the gp130 family cytokine IL-6, but also signaling of the γc family cytokine IL-7. Consequently, SOCS3 transgenic mice were impaired in IL-7-dependent T cell development in the thymus and the homeostasis of mature T cells in peripheral tissues. Moreover, enforced SOCS3 expression interfered with the generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells that requires signaling by the γc family cytokine IL-2. Collectively, we report an underappreciated role for SOCS3 in suppressing γc cytokine signaling, effectively expanding its scope of target cytokines in T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Luckey
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Praveen Prakhar
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hilary R Keller
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.,Department of Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, PA
| | - Assiatu Crossman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Seeyoung Choi
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul E Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott T R Walsh
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
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Gustafson CE, Jadhav R, Cao W, Qi Q, Pegram M, Tian L, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. Immune cell repertoires in breast cancer patients after adjuvant chemotherapy. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134569. [PMID: 32102986 PMCID: PMC7101137 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients causes immune cell depletion at an age when the regenerative capacity is compromised. Successful regeneration requires the recovery of both quantity and quality of immune cell subsets. Although immune cell numbers rebound within a year after treatment, it is unclear whether overall compositional diversity is recovered. We investigated the regeneration of immune cell complexity by comparing peripheral blood mononuclear cells from breast cancer patients ranging from 1-5 years after chemotherapy with those of age-matched healthy controls using mass cytometry and T cell receptor sequencing. These data reveal universal changes in patients' CD4+ T cells that persisted for years and consisted of expansion of Th17-like CD4 memory populations with incomplete recovery of CD4+ naive T cells. Conversely, CD8+ T cells fully recovered within a year. Mechanisms of T cell regeneration, however, were unbiased, as CD4+ and CD8+ T cell receptor diversity remained high. Likewise, terminal differentiated effector memory cells were not expanded, indicating that regeneration was not driven by recognition of latent viruses. These data suggest that, while CD8+ T cell immunity is successfully regenerated, the CD4 compartment may be irreversibly affected. Moreover, the bias of CD4 memory toward inflammatory effector cells may impact responses to vaccination and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Gustafson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Rohit Jadhav
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Qian Qi
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jorg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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