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Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D. Role of Type I Interferons during Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Infections. Biomolecules 2024; 14:848. [PMID: 39062562 PMCID: PMC11275242 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis and AIDS remain two of the most relevant human infectious diseases. The pathogens that cause them, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV, individually elicit an immune response that treads the line between beneficial and detrimental to the host. Co-infection further complexifies this response since the different cytokines acting on one infection might facilitate the dissemination of the other. In these responses, the role of type I interferons is often associated with antiviral mechanisms, while for bacteria such as Mtb, their importance and clinical relevance as a suitable target for manipulation are more controversial. In this article, we review the recent knowledge on how these interferons play distinct roles and sometimes have opposite consequences depending on the stage of the pathogenesis. We highlight the dichotomy between the acute and chronic infections displayed by both infections and how type I interferons contribute to an initial control of each infection individually, while their chronic induction, particularly during HIV infection, might facilitate Mtb primo-infection and progression to disease. We expect that further findings and their systematization will allow the definition of windows of opportunity for interferon manipulation according to the stage of infection, contributing to pathogen clearance and control of immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (J.M.A.-P.); (D.P.)
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
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2
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Pinzone MR, Shan L. Pharmacological approaches to promote cell death of latent HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:56-61. [PMID: 38169429 PMCID: PMC10872923 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV requires lifelong antiviral treatment due to the persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells. Multiple strategies have been pursued to promote the death of infected cells. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have focused on multipronged approaches to induce apoptosis of infected cells. One approach is to combine latency reversal agents with proapoptotic compounds and cytotoxic T cells to first reactivate and then clear infected cells. Other strategies include using natural killer cells or chimeric antigen receptor cells to decrease the size of the reservoir.A novel strategy is to promote cell death by pyroptosis. This mechanism relies on the activation of the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome by the HIV protease and can be potentiated by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. SUMMARY The achievement of a clinically significant reduction in the size of the reservoir will likely require a combination strategy since none of the approaches pursued so far has been successful on its own in clinical trials. This discrepancy between promising in vitro findings and modest in vivo results highlights the hurdles of identifying a universally effective strategy given the wide heterogeneity of the HIV reservoirs in terms of tissue location, capability to undergo latency reversal and susceptibility to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Wallace Z, Singh PK, Dorrell L. Combination strategies to durably suppress HIV-1: Soluble T cell receptors. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100082. [PMID: 36065296 PMCID: PMC9440443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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5
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Hernandez-Sanchez A, Grossman M, Yeung K, Sei SS, Lipkin S, Kloor M. Vaccines for immunoprevention of DNA mismatch repair deficient cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004416. [PMID: 35732349 PMCID: PMC9226910 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer vaccines to induce tumor-antigen specific immune responses was sparked by the identification of antigens specific to or overexpressed in cancer cells. However, weak immunogenicity and the mutational heterogeneity in many cancers have dampened cancer vaccine successes. With increasing information about mutational landscapes of cancers, mutational neoantigens can be predicted computationally to elicit strong immune responses by CD8 +cytotoxic T cells as major mediators of anticancer immune response. Neoantigens are potentially more robust immunogens and have revived interest in cancer vaccines. Cancers with deficiency in DNA mismatch repair have an exceptionally high mutational burden, including predictable neoantigens. Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited cancer syndrome and is caused by DNA mismatch repair gene mutations. Insertion and deletion mutations in coding microsatellites that occur during DNA replication include tumorigenesis drivers. The induced shift of protein reading frame generates neoantigens that are foreign to the immune system. Mismatch repair-deficient cancers and Lynch syndrome represent a paradigm population for the development of a preventive cancer vaccine, as the mutations induced by mismatch repair deficiency are predictable, resulting in a defined set of frameshift peptide neoantigens. Furthermore, Lynch syndrome mutation carriers constitute an identifiable high-risk population. We discuss the pathogenesis of DNA mismatch repair deficient cancers, in both Lynch syndrome and sporadic microsatellite-unstable cancers. We review evidence for pre-existing immune surveillance, the three mechanisms of immune evasion that occur in cancers and assess the implications of a preventive frameshift peptide neoantigen-based vaccine. We consider both preclinical and clinical experience to date. We discuss the feasibility of a cancer preventive vaccine for Lynch syndrome carriers and review current antigen selection and delivery strategies. Finally, we propose RNA vaccines as having robust potential for immunoprevention of Lynch syndrome cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Hernandez-Sanchez
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, University Hospital Heidelberg Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark Grossman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Yeung
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shizuko S Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Kloor
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Leyre L, Jones RB. Hide and seek: for HIV-infected CD4+ T cells, playing well comes with maturity. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:1-4. [PMID: 35362485 PMCID: PMC8976498 DOI: 10.1172/jci158872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV replication but leaves a population of infected CD4+ T cells with integrated proviruses. While most of these proviruses contain defects, such as deletions, some intact proviruses persist and can reinitiate viral replication. In this issue of the JCI, Duette, Hiener, and colleagues performed a tour de force proviral landscape analysis on clinical samples collected over many years with in vitro functional assays. The researchers showed that effector memory CD4+ T cells provide partial sanctuary to intact proviruses from CD8+ T cells and this was associated with superior Nef-mediated MHC-I downregulation relative to less mature CD4+ T cell populations. This finding implicates differential immunoevasion as a cell-intrinsic property, influencing proviral persistence, and highlights Nef as a therapeutic target.
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7
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Kheshtchin N, Bakhshi P, Arab S, Nourizadeh M. Immunoediting in SARS-CoV-2: Mutual relationship between the virus and the host. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108531. [PMID: 35074569 PMCID: PMC8743495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunoediting is a well-known concept that occurs in cancer through three steps of elimination, equilibrium, and escape (3Es), where the immune system first suppresses the growth of tumor cells and then promotes them towards the malignancy. This phenomenon has been conceptualized in some chronic viral infections such as HTLV-1 and HIV by obtaining the resistance to elimination and making a persistent form of infected cells especially in untreated patients. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a heterogeneous disease characterizing from mild/asymptomatic to severe/critical courses with some behavioral aspects in an immunoediting setting. In this context, a coordinated effort between innate and adaptive immune system leads to detection and destruction of early infection followed by equilibrium between virus-specific responses and infected cells, which eventually ends up with an uncontrolled inflammatory response in severe/critical patients. Although the SARS-CoV-2 applies several escape strategies such as mutations in viral epitopes, modulating the interferon response and inhibiting the MHC I molecules similar to the cancer cells, the 3Es hallmark may not occur in all clinical conditions. Here, we discuss how the lesson learnt from cancer immunoediting and accurate understanding of these pathophysiological mechanisms helps to develop more effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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8
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Selective BCL-X L Antagonists Eliminate Infected Cells from a Primary-Cell Model of HIV Latency but Not from Ex Vivo Reservoirs. J Virol 2021; 95:e0242520. [PMID: 33980597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02425-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV persists, despite immune responses and antiretroviral therapy, in viral reservoirs that seed rebound viremia if therapy is interrupted. Previously, we showed that the BCL-2 protein contributes to HIV persistence by conferring a survival advantage to reservoir-harboring cells. Here, we demonstrate that many of the BCL-2 family members are overexpressed in HIV-infected CD4+ T cells, indicating increased tension between proapoptotic and prosurvival family members-and suggesting that inhibition of prosurvival members may disproportionately affect the survival of HIV-infected cells. Based on these results, we chose to study BCL-XL due to its consistent overexpression and the availability of selective antagonists. Infection of primary CD4+ T cells with HIV resulted in increased BCL-XL protein expression, and treatment with two selective BCL-XL antagonists, A-1155463 and A-1551852, led to selective death of productively infected CD4+ T cells. In a primary cell model of latency, both BCL-XL antagonists drove reductions in HIV DNA and in infectious cell frequencies both alone and in combination with the latency reversing agent bryostatin-1, with little off-target cytotoxicity. However, these antagonists, with or without bryostatin-1 or in combination with the highly potent latency reversing agent combination phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) + ionomycin, failed to reduce total HIV DNA and infectious reservoirs in ex vivo CD4+ T cells from antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed donors. Our results add to growing evidence that bona fide reservoir-harboring cells are resistant to multiple "kick and kill" modalities-relative to latency models. We also interpret our results as encouraging further exploration of BCL-XL antagonists for cure, where combination approaches, including with immune effectors, may unlock the ability to eliminate ex vivo reservoirs. IMPORTANCE Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection into a manageable chronic condition, there is no safe or scalable cure. HIV persists in "reservoirs" of infected cells that reinitiate disease progression if ART is interrupted. Whereas most efforts to eliminate this reservoir have focused on exposing these cells to immune-mediated clearance by reversing viral latency, recent work shows that these cells also resist being killed. Here, we identify a "prosurvival" factor, BCL-XL, that is overexpressed in HIV-infected cells, and demonstrate selective toxicity to these cells by BCL-XL antagonists. These antagonists also reduced reservoirs in a primary-cell latency model but were insufficient to reduce "natural" reservoirs in ex vivo CD4+ T cells-adding to growing evidence that the latter are resilient in a way that is not reflected in models. We nonetheless suggest that the selective toxicity of BCL-XL antagonists to HIV-infected cells supports their prioritization for testing in combinations aimed at reducing ex vivo reservoirs.
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9
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Elliott A, Saul M, Zeng J, Marshall JL, Kim ES, Nagasaka M, Lenz HJ, Schwartzberg L, Spetzler D, Abraham J, Xiu J, Stafford P, Michael Korn W. Pan-cancer analysis of RNA expression of ANGIOTENSIN-I-CONVERTING ENZYME 2 reveals high variability and possible impact on COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5639. [PMID: 33707526 PMCID: PMC7952699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84731-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer demonstrate particularly poor outcomes from COVID-19. To provide information essential for understanding the biologic underpinnings of this association, we analyzed whole-transcriptome RNA expression data obtained from a large cohort of cancer patients to characterize expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and other proteases that are involved in viral attachment to and entry into target cells. We find substantial variability of expression of these factors across tumor types and identify subpopulations expressing ACE2 at very high levels. In some tumor types, especially in gastrointestinal cancers, expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 is highly correlated. Furthermore, we found infiltration with T-cell and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration to be particularly pronounced in ACE2-high tumors. These findings suggest that subsets of cancer patients exist with gene expression profiles that may be associated with heightened susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, in whom malignant tumors function as viral reservoir and possibly promote the frequently detrimental hyper-immune response in patients infected with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Elliott
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - Michelle Saul
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - Jia Zeng
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- Ruesch Center for the Cure of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward S Kim
- Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Misako Nagasaka
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lee Schwartzberg
- Medical Oncology, West Cancer Center, 9745 Wolf River Blvd, Germantown, TN, USA
| | - David Spetzler
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - Jim Abraham
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - Joanne Xiu
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - Phillip Stafford
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA
| | - W Michael Korn
- Caris Life Sciences, 4610 South 44th Place, Phoenix, AZ, 85040, USA.
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pasternak AO, Psomas CK, Berkhout B. Predicting Post-treatment HIV Remission: Does Size of the Viral Reservoir Matter? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:648434. [PMID: 33717047 PMCID: PMC7952863 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.648434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and improves immune function. However, due to the persistence of long-lived HIV reservoirs, therapy interruption almost inevitably leads to a fast viral rebound. A small percentage of individuals who are able to control HIV replication for extended periods after therapy interruption are of particular interest because they may represent a model of long-term HIV remission without ART. These individuals are characterized by a limited viral reservoir and low reservoir measures can predict post-treatment HIV remission. However, most individuals with a low reservoir still experience fast viral rebound. In this Perspective, we discuss the possible reasons behind this and propose to develop an integral profile, composed of viral and host biomarkers, that could allow the accurate prediction of post-treatment HIV remission. We also propose to incorporate information on the chromatin context of the proviral integration sites into the characterization of the HIV reservoir, as this likely influences the reactivation capacity of latent proviruses and, together with the actual number of intact proviruses, contributes to the replication competence of the reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christina K Psomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, European Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Adams P, Iserentant G, Servais JY, Vandekerckhove L, Vanham G, Seguin-Devaux C. Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Expressing CXCR5 Are Detectable in HIV-1 Elite Controllers After Prolonged In Vitro Peptide Stimulation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622343. [PMID: 33717056 PMCID: PMC7945035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not curative as HIV-1 persists in long-lived viral reservoirs. Consequently, patients are dependent on life-long drug adherence with possible side effects. To overcome these limitations strategies of a functional cure aim at ART free viral remission. In this study, we sought to identify detailed subsets of anti-viral CD8+ T cell immunity linked to natural long-term control of HIV-1 infection. Here, we analyzed HIV controllers and ART suppressed progressors for in vitro viral suppressive capacity (VSC) at baseline and after peptide stimulation. Functional properties and phenotypes of CD8+ T cells were assessed by IFN-γ ELISPOT and 18 color flow cytometry. HIV controllers showed significantly increased suppression at baseline as well as after peptide stimulation. IFN-γ secretion and the proliferation marker Ki67 positively correlated with VSC. Moreover, the detailed phenotype of three distinct multifunctional memory CD8+ T cell subsets were specific traits of HIV controllers of which two correlated convincingly with VSC. Our results underline the importance of multifunctional CD8+ T cell responses during natural control. Especially the role of CXCR5 expressing cytotoxic subsets emphasizes potential surveillance in sites of reservoir persistence and demand further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Adams
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Departments of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gilles Iserentant
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Yves Servais
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Guido Vanham
- Departments of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carole Seguin-Devaux
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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12
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Stevenson EM, Ward AR, Truong R, Thomas AS, Huang SH, Dilling TR, Terry S, Bui JK, Mota TM, Danesh A, Lee GQ, Gramatica A, Khadka P, Alberto WDC, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Lalama CM, Bosch RJ, Macatangay B, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Jones RB. HIV-specific T cell responses reflect substantive in vivo interactions with antigen despite long-term therapy. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142640. [PMID: 33400687 PMCID: PMC7934865 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) abrogate HIV replication; however, infection persists as long-lived reservoirs of infected cells with integrated proviruses, which reseed replication if ART is interrupted. A central tenet of our current understanding of this persistence is that infected cells are shielded from immune recognition and elimination through a lack of antigen expression from proviruses. Efforts to cure HIV infection have therefore focused on reactivating latent proviruses to enable immune-mediated clearance, but these have yet to succeed in reducing viral reservoirs. Here, we revisited the question of whether HIV reservoirs are predominately immunologically silent from a new angle: by querying the dynamics of HIV-specific T cell responses over long-term ART for evidence of ongoing recognition of HIV-infected cells. In longitudinal assessments, we show that the rates of change in persisting HIV Nef-specific responses, but not responses to other HIV gene products, were associated with residual frequencies of infected cells. These Nef-specific responses were highly stable over time and disproportionately exhibited a cytotoxic, effector functional profile, indicative of recent in vivo recognition of HIV antigens. These results indicate substantial visibility of the HIV-infected cells to T cells on stable ART, presenting both opportunities and challenges for the development of therapeutic approaches to curing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
- PhD Program in Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
| | - Thomas R. Dilling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sandra Terry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John K. Bui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guinevere Q. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pragya Khadka
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina M. Lalama
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bernard Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, and
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13
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Mazewski C, Perez RE, Fish EN, Platanias LC. Type I Interferon (IFN)-Regulated Activation of Canonical and Non-Canonical Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606456. [PMID: 33329603 PMCID: PMC7719805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades there has been accumulating evidence implicating type I interferons (IFNs) as key elements of the immune response. Therapeutic approaches incorporating different recombinant type I IFN proteins have been successfully employed to treat a diverse group of diseases with significant and positive outcomes. The biological activities of type I IFNs are consequences of signaling events occurring in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Biochemical events involving JAK/STAT proteins that control transcriptional activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were the first to be identified and are referred to as "canonical" signaling. Subsequent identification of JAK/STAT-independent signaling pathways, critical for ISG transcription and/or mRNA translation, are denoted as "non-canonical" or "non-classical" pathways. In this review, we summarize these signaling cascades and discuss recent developments in the field, specifically as they relate to the biological and clinical implications of engagement of both canonical and non-canonical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Mazewski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ricardo E. Perez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eleanor N. Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Leonidas C. Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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15
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Ren Y, Huang SH, Patel S, Alberto WDC, Magat D, Ahimovic D, Macedo AB, Durga R, Chan D, Zale E, Mota TM, Truong R, Rohwetter T, McCann CD, Kovacs CM, Benko E, Wimpelberg A, Cannon C, Hardy WD, Bosque A, Bollard CM, Jones RB. BCL-2 antagonism sensitizes cytotoxic T cell-resistant HIV reservoirs to elimination ex vivo. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2542-2559. [PMID: 32027622 PMCID: PMC7191002 DOI: 10.1172/jci132374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Curing HIV infection will require the elimination of a reservoir of infected CD4+ T cells that persists despite HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. Although viral latency is a critical factor in this persistence, recent evidence also suggests a role for intrinsic resistance of reservoir-harboring cells to CTL killing. This resistance may have contributed to negative outcomes of clinical trials, where pharmacologic latency reversal has thus far failed to drive reductions in HIV reservoirs. Through transcriptional profiling, we herein identified overexpression of the prosurvival factor B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) as a distinguishing feature of CD4+ T cells that survived CTL killing. We show that the inducible HIV reservoir was disproportionately present in BCL-2hi subsets in ex vivo CD4+ T cells. Treatment with the BCL-2 antagonist ABT-199 was not sufficient to drive reductions in ex vivo viral reservoirs when tested either alone or with a latency-reversing agent (LRA). However, the triple combination of strong LRAs, HIV-specific T cells, and a BCL-2 antagonist uniquely enabled the depletion of ex vivo viral reservoirs. Our results provide rationale for novel therapeutic approaches targeting HIV cure and, more generally, suggest consideration of BCL-2 antagonism as a means of enhancing CTL immunotherapy in other settings, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Szu Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean Magat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dughan Ahimovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Durga
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas Rohwetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chase D. McCann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - W. David Hardy
- Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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16
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Frega S, Ferro A, Bonanno L, Guarneri V, Conte P, Pasello G. Lung Cancer (LC) in HIV Positive Patients: Pathogenic Features and Implications for Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1601. [PMID: 32111093 PMCID: PMC7084664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection continues to be a social and public health problem. Thanks to more and more effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), nowadays HIV-positive patients live longer, thus increasing their probability to acquire other diseases, malignancies primarily. Senescence along with immune-system impairment, HIV-related habits and other oncogenic virus co-infections increase the cancer risk of people living with HIV (PLWH); in the next future non-AIDS-defining cancers will prevail, lung cancer (LC) in particular. Tumor in PLWH might own peculiar predictive and/or prognostic features, and antineoplastic agents' activity might be subverted by drug-drug interactions (DDIs) due to concurrent ART. Moreover, PLWH immune properties and comorbidities might influence both the response and tolerability of oncologic treatments. The therapeutic algorithm of LC, rapidly and continuously changed in the last years, should be fitted in the context of a special patient population like PLWH. This is quite challenging, also because HIV-positive patients have been often excluded from participation to clinical trials, so that levels of evidence about systemic treatments are lower than evidence in HIV-uninfected individuals. With this review, we depicted the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical-pathological characteristics and implications for LC care in PLWH, offering a valid focus about this topic to clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Frega
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Alessandra Ferro
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35, 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Bonanno
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Valentina Guarneri
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35, 128 Padova, Italy
| | - PierFranco Conte
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35, 128 Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Pasello
- Medical Oncology 2, Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV- IRCCS, 35, 128 Padova, Italy; (S.F.); (A.F.); (L.B.); (V.G.); (P.C.)
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