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Kopp BT, Ross SE, Bojja D, Guglani L, Chandler JD, Tirouvanziam R, Thompson M, Slaven JE, Chmiel JF, Siracusa C, Sanders DB. Nasal airway inflammatory responses and pathogen detection in infants with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2024; 23:219-225. [PMID: 37977937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2023.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detecting airway inflammation non-invasively in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) is difficult. We hypothesized that markers of inflammation in CF [IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, neutrophil elastase (NE) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)] could be measured in infants with CF from nasal fluid and would be elevated during viral infections or clinician-defined pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). METHODS We collected nasal fluid, nasal swabs, and hair samples from 34 infants with CF during monthly clinic visits, sick visits, and hospitalizations. Nasal fluid was isolated and analyzed for cytokines. Respiratory viral detection on nasal swabs was performed using the Luminex NxTAG® Respiratory Pathogen Panel. Hair samples were analyzed for nicotine concentration by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. We compared nasal cytokine concentrations between the presence and absence of detected respiratory viruses, PEx, and smoke exposure. RESULTS A total of 246 samples were analyzed. Compared to measurements in the absence of respiratory viruses, mean concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NE were significantly increased while IL-17A was significantly decreased in infants positive for respiratory viruses. IL-17A was significantly decreased and NE increased in those with a PEx. IL-8 and NE were significantly increased in infants with enteric pathogen positivity on airway cultures, but not P. aeruginosa or S. aureus. Compared to those with no smoke exposure, there were significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-10, and NE in infants with detectable levels of nicotine. CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive collection of nasal fluid may identify inflammation in infants with CF during changing clinical or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Kopp
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sydney E Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dinesh Bojja
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lokesh Guglani
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rabindra Tirouvanziam
- Division of Pulmonology, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, and Sleep, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Misty Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James E Slaven
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James F Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher Siracusa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Don B Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Shute JK. Heparin, Low Molecular Weight Heparin, and Non-Anticoagulant Derivatives for the Treatment of Inflammatory Lung Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040584. [PMID: 37111341 PMCID: PMC10141002 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfractionated heparin has multiple pharmacological activities beyond anticoagulation. These anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and mucoactive activities are shared in part by low molecular weight and non-anticoagulant heparin derivatives. Anti-inflammatory activities include inhibition of chemokine activity and cytokine synthesis, inhibitory effects on the mechanisms of adhesion and diapedesis involved in neutrophil recruitment, inhibition of heparanase activity, inhibition of the proteases of the coagulation and complement cascades, inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity, neutralisation of toxic basic histones, and inhibition of HMGB1 activity. This review considers the potential for heparin and its derivatives to treat inflammatory lung disease, including COVID-19, ALI, ARDS, cystic fibrosis, asthma, and COPD via the inhaled route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Kay Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
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3
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Brackenborough K, Ellis H, Flight WG. Respiratory Viruses and Cystic Fibrosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 44:196-208. [PMID: 36535663 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The threat of respiratory virus infection to human health and well-being has been clearly highlighted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. For people with cystic fibrosis (CF), the clinical significance of viral infections long predated the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This article reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of respiratory virus infection in the context of CF as well as the current understanding of interactions between viruses and other microorganisms in the CF lung. The incidence of respiratory virus infection in CF varies by age with young children typically experiencing more frequent episodes than adolescents and adults. At all ages, respiratory viruses are very common in CF and are associated with pulmonary exacerbations. Respiratory viruses are identified at up to 69% of exacerbations, while viruses are also frequently detected during clinical stability. The full impact of COVID-19 in CF is yet to be established. Early studies found that rates of COVID-19 were lower in CF cohorts than in the general population. The reasons for this are unclear but may be related to the effects of shielding, infection control practices, maintenance CF therapies, or the inflammatory milieu in the CF lung. Observational studies have consistently identified that prior solid organ transplantation is a key risk factor for poor outcomes from COVID-19 in CF. Several key priorities for future research are highlighted. First, the impact of highly effective CFTR modulator therapy on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of viral infections in CF requires investigation. Second, the impact of respiratory viruses on the development and dynamics of the CF lung microbiota is poorly understood and viral infection may have important interactions with bacteria and fungi in the airway. Finally, bacteriophages represent a key focus of future investigation both for their role in transmission of antimicrobial resistance and as a promising treatment modality for multiresistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Brackenborough
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Huw Ellis
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William G Flight
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Brentford, United Kingdom
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4
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Erdmann N, Schilling T, Hentschel J, Lehmann T, von Bismarck P, Ankermann T, Duckstein F, Baier M, Zagoya C, Mainz JG. Divergent dynamics of inflammatory mediators and multiplex PCRs during airway infection in cystic fibrosis patients and healthy controls: Serial upper airway sampling by nasal lavage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947359. [PMID: 36466839 PMCID: PMC9716083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cystic fibrosis (CF), acute respiratory exacerbations critically enhance pulmonary destruction. Since these mainly occur outside regular appointments, they remain unexplored. We previously elaborated a protocol for home-based upper airway (UAW) sampling obtaining nasal-lavage fluid (NLF), which, in contrast to sputum, does not require immediate processing. The aim of this study was to compare UAW inflammation and pathogen colonization during stable phases and exacerbations in CF patients and healthy controls. METHODS Initially, we obtained NLF by rinsing 10 ml of isotonic saline/nostril during stable phases. During exacerbations, subjects regularly collected NLF at home. CF patients directly submitted one aliquot for microbiological cultures. The remaining samples were immediately frozen until transfer on ice to our clinic, where PCR analyses were performed and interleukin (IL)-1β/IL-6/IL-8, neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 were assessed. RESULTS Altogether, 49 CF patients and 38 healthy controls (HCs) completed the study, and 214 NLF samples were analyzed. Of the 49 CF patients, 20 were at least intermittently colonized with P. aeruginosa and received azithromycin and/or inhaled antibiotics as standard therapy. At baseline, IL-6 and IL-8 tended to be elevated in CF compared to controls. During infection, inflammatory mediators increased in both cohorts, reaching significance only for IL-6 in controls (p=0.047). Inflammatory responses tended to be higher in controls [1.6-fold (NE) to 4.4-fold (MMP-9)], while in CF, mediators increased only moderately [1.2-1.5-fold (IL-6/IL-8/NE/TIMP-1/MMP-9)]. Patients receiving inhalative antibiotics or azithromycin (n=20 and n=15, respectively) revealed lower levels of IL-1β/IL-6/IL-8 and NE during exacerbation compared to CF patients not receiving those antibiotics. In addition, CF patients receiving azithromycin showed MMP-9 levels significantly lower than CF patients not receiving azithromycin at stable phase and exacerbation. Altogether, rhinoviruses were the most frequently detected virus, detected at least once in n=24 (49.0%) of the 49 included pwCF and in n=26 (68.4%) of the 38 healthy controls over the 13-month duration of the study. Remarkably, during exacerbation, rhinovirus detection rates were significantly higher in the HC group compared to those in CF patients (65.8% vs. 22.4%; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Non-invasive and partially home-based UAW sampling opens new windows for the assessment of inflammation and pathogen colonization in the unified airway system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Erdmann
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | | | - Julia Hentschel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehmann
- Jena University Hospital, Center for Clinical Studies (Biometrics), Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp von Bismarck
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Ankermann
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Duckstein
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Michael Baier
- Jena University Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos Zagoya
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
| | - Jochen G. Mainz
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre, Brandenburg Medical School (MHB) University, Klinikum Westbrandenburg, Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Jena University Hospital, CF-Center, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences, joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Potsdam, Germany
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Microarray-Based Analyses of Rhinovirus Species-Specific Antibody Responses in Exacerbated Pediatric Asthma in a German Pediatric Cohort. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091857. [PMID: 36146664 PMCID: PMC9502376 DOI: 10.3390/v14091857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RV) account for a significant number of asthma exacerbations, and RV species C may be associated with a severe course in vulnerable patient groups. Despite important evidence on the role of RV reported by clinicians and life scientists, there are still unanswered questions regarding their influence on asthma exacerbation in young patients. Thus, we measured the RVspecies-specific IgG titers in our German pediatric exacerbation cohort using a microarray-based technology. For this approach, human sera of patients with exacerbated asthma and wheeze, as well as healthy control subjects (n = 136) were included, and correlation analyses were performed. Concordantly with previously published results, we observed significantly higher cumulative levels of RV species A-specific IgG (p = 0.011) and RV-C-specific IgG (p = 0.051) in exacerbated asthma group compared to age-matched controls. Moreover, atopic wheezers had increased RV-specific IgG levels for species A (p = 0.0011) and species C (p = 0.0009) compared to non-atopic wheezers. Hypothesizing that bacterial infection positively correlates with immune memory against RV, we included nasopharyngeal swab results in our analyses and detected limited correlations. Interestingly, the eosinophil blood titer positively correlated with RV-specific IgG levels. With these observations, we add important observations to the existing data regarding exacerbation in pediatric and adolescent medicine. We propose that scientists and clinicians should pay more attention to the relevance of RV species in susceptible pediatric patients.
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Landwehr KR, Hillas J, Mead-Hunter R, King A, O'Leary RA, Kicic A, Mullins BJ, Larcombe AN. Toxicity of different biodiesel exhausts in primary human airway epithelial cells grown at air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155016. [PMID: 35381248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel is created through the transesterification of fats/oils and its usage is increasing worldwide as global warming concerns increase. Biodiesel fuel properties change depending on the feedstock used to create it. The aim of this study was to assess the different toxicological properties of biodiesel exhausts created from different feedstocks using a complex 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) model that mimics the human airway. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at ALI until full differentiation was achieved. Cells were then exposed to 1/20 diluted exhaust from an engine running on Diesel (ULSD), pure or 20% blended Canola biodiesel and pure or 20% blended Tallow biodiesel, or Air for control. Exhaust was analysed for various physio-chemical properties and 24-h after exposure, ALI cultures were assessed for permeability, protein release and mediator response. All measured exhaust components were within industry safety standards. ULSD contained the highest concentrations of various combustion gases. We found no differences in terms of particle characteristics for any of the tested exhausts, likely due to the high dilution used. Exposure to Tallow B100 and B20 induced increased permeability in the ALI culture and the greatest increase in mediator response in both the apical and basal compartments. In contrast, Canola B100 and B20 did not impact permeability and induced the smallest mediator response. All exhausts but Canola B20 induced increased protein release, indicating epithelial damage. Despite the concentrations of all exhausts used in this study meeting industry safety regulations, we found significant toxic effects. Tallow biodiesel was found to be the most toxic of the tested fuels and Canola the least, both for blended and pure biodiesel fuels. This suggests that the feedstock biodiesel is made from is crucial for the resulting health effects of exhaust exposure, even when not comprising the majority of fuel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jessica Hillas
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Mead-Hunter
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew King
- Fluid Dynamics Research Group, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca A O'Leary
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth 6151, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Western Australia, Australia; Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Civra A, Costantino M, Cavalli R, Adami M, Volante M, Poli G, Lembo D. 27-Hydroxycholesterol inhibits rhinovirus replication in vitro and on human nasal and bronchial histocultures without selecting viral resistant variants. Antiviral Res 2022; 204:105368. [PMID: 35732227 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The genetic plasiticity of viruses is one of the main obstacles to the development of antivirals. The aim of this study has been to assess the ability of two physiologic oxysterols and host-targeting antivirals - namely 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC and 27OHC) - to select resistant strains, using human rhinovirus (HRV) as a challenging model of a viral quasispecies. Moreover, we selected 27OHC for further studies aimed at exploring its potential for the development of antiviral drugs. The results obtained with clonal or serial passage approaches show that 25OHC and 27OHC do not select HRV oxysterol-resistant variants. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of 27OHC to inhibit the yield of HRV in 3D in vitro fully reconstituted human nasal and bronchial epithelia from cystic fibrosis patients and prevent virus-induced cilia damage. The promising antiviral activity of 27OHC and its competitive advantages over direct-acting antivirals, make this molecule a suitable candidate for further studies to explore its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Matteo Costantino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Adami
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Italy.
| | - Marco Volante
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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The Effect of CFTR Modulators on Airway Infection in Cystic Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073513. [PMID: 35408875 PMCID: PMC8998472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of Cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor (CFTR) modulators in 2012 was a critical event in the history of cystic fibrosis (CF) treatment. Unlike traditional therapies that target downstream effects of CFTR dysfunction, CFTR modulators aim to correct the underlying defect at the protein level. These genotype-specific therapies are now available for an increasing number of CF patients, transforming the way we view the condition from a life-limiting disease to one that can be effectively managed. Several studies have demonstrated the vast improvement CFTR modulators have on normalization of sweat chloride, CFTR function, clinical endpoints, and frequency of pulmonary exacerbation. However, their impact on other aspects of the disease, such as pathogenic burden and airway infection, remain under explored. Frequent airway infections as a result of increased susceptibility and impaired innate immune response are a serious problem within CF, often leading to accelerated decline in lung function and disease progression. Current evidence suggests that CFTR modulators are unable to eradicate pathogenic organisms in those with already established lung disease. However, this may not be the case for those with relatively low levels of disease progression and conserved microbial diversity, such as young patients. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether the restorative effects exerted by CFTR modulators extend to immune cells, such as phagocytes, which have the potential to modulate the response of people with CF (pwCF) to infection. Throughout this review, we look at the potential impact of CFTR modulators on airway infection in CF and their ability to shape impaired pulmonary defences to pathogens.
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9
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Endres A, Hügel C, Boland H, Hogardt M, Schubert R, Jonigk D, Braubach P, Rohde G, Bellinghausen C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Affects Airway Epithelial Response and Barrier Function During Rhinovirus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:846828. [PMID: 35265536 PMCID: PMC8899922 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.846828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease is aggravated by recurrent and ultimately chronic bacterial infections. One of the key pathogens in adult CF lung disease is P. aeruginosa (PA). In addition to bacteria, respiratory viral infections are suggested to trigger pulmonary exacerbations in CF. To date, little is known on how chronic infections with PA influence susceptibility and response to viral infection. We investigated the interactions between PA, human rhinovirus (HRV) and the airway epithelium in a model of chronic PA infection using differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) and clinical PA isolates obtained from the respiratory sample of a CF patient. Cells were repeatedly infected with either a mucoid or a non-mucoid PA isolate for 16 days to simulate chronic infection, and subsequently co-infected with HRV. Key cytokines and viral RNA were quantified by cytometric bead array, ELISA and qPCR. Proteolytic degradation of IL-6 was analyzed by Western Blots. Barrier function was assessed by permeability tests and transepithelial electric resistance measurements. Virus infection stimulated the production of inflammatory and antiviral mediators, including interleukin (IL)-6, CXCL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and type I/III interferons. Co-infection with a non-mucoid PA isolate increased IL-1β protein concentrations (28.88 pg/ml vs. 6.10 pg/ml), but in contrast drastically diminished levels of IL-6 protein (53.17 pg/ml vs. 2301.33 pg/ml) compared to virus infection alone. Conditioned medium obtained from co-infections with a non-mucoid PA isolate and HRV was able to rapidly degrade recombinant IL-6 in a serine protease-dependent manner, whereas medium from individual infections or co-infections with a mucoid isolate had no such effect. After co-infection with HRV and the non-mucoid PA isolate, we detected lower mRNA levels of Forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) and Cilia Apical Structure Protein (SNTN), markers of epithelial cell differentiation to ciliated cells. Moreover, epithelial permeability was increased and barrier function compromised compared to single infections. These data show that PA infection can influence the response of bronchial epithelial cells to viral infection. Altered innate immune responses and compromised epithelial barrier function may contribute to an aggravated course of viral infection in PA-infected airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Endres
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Hügel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Helena Boland
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Hogardt
- Consiliary Laboratory on Cystic Fibrosis Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gernot Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Carla Bellinghausen,
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10
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Zhang Z, Tan L, Tan M, Zhang X, He W, Li M, He J, Pan Y, Xu B, Bin S, Gan Z, Yan L, Sun Y, Jiang H, Sun Q, Zhang Z. Molecular Characterization of the Viral Structural Genes of Human Rhinovirus A11 from Children Hospitalized with Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Kunming. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 117:274-283. [PMID: 35121125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinovirus (HRV) is a picornavirus that can cause a variety of respiratory diseases, including the aggravation of chronic respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma. Although an increasing number of lower respiratory tract infection cases have been reported with HRV infection in Europe, few such cases have been reported in China. METHODS The complete genomic sequences of HRV-A11 epidemic strains were amplifed and obtained by segmented PCR and sequence, then phylogenetic, nucleotide mutation, recombinant, and comparative analyses of amino acid mutations were performed. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses showed that the epidemic strains from three rare cases of pneumonia belong to the HRV-A11 subgenotypes. All strains were highly similar to strains from the USA. No obvious homologous recombination signals were observed in epidemic strains. There were 498 nucleotide and 47 amino acid mutations compared to the HRV-A11 prototype strain. Amino acid mutations were observed at the capsid protein region, P1a, RVA2147-2155, and RVA97-114 epitopes of these clinical strains. CONCLUSIONS We reported the first case of HRV-A11-associated lower respiratory tract infection in China. These mutations in the P1a, HRV A-specific CD8, and CD4 T-cell epitopes might provide a reference for virological surveillance and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Li Tan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Miao Tan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Wenji He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Juan He
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Laboratory, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Songtao Bin
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Zhengyan Gan
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Lingmei Yan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Yuxing Sun
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Hongchao Jiang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Qiangming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Pediatrics, The Kunming Children' s Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, PR China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Kunming, PR China.
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Prathapan P. A determination of pan-pathogen antimicrobials? MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 14:100120. [PMID: 35098103 PMCID: PMC8785259 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While antimicrobial drug development has historically mitigated infectious diseases that are known, COVID-19 revealed a dearth of ‘in-advance’ therapeutics suitable for infections by pathogens that have not yet emerged. Such drugs must exhibit a property that is antithetical to the classical paradigm of antimicrobial development: the ability to treat infections by any pathogen. Characterisation of such ‘pan-pathogen’ antimicrobials requires consolidation of drug repositioning studies, a new and growing field of drug discovery. In this review, a previously-established system for evaluating repositioning studies is used to highlight 4 therapeutics which exhibit pan-pathogen properties, namely azithromycin, ivermectin, niclosamide, and nitazoxanide. Recognition of the pan-pathogen nature of these antimicrobials is the cornerstone of a novel paradigm of antimicrobial development that is not only anticipatory of pandemics and bioterrorist attacks, but cognisant of conserved anti-infective mechanisms within the host-pathogen interactome which are only now beginning to emerge. Ultimately, the discovery of pan-pathogen antimicrobials is concomitantly the discovery of a new class of antivirals, and begets significant implications for pandemic preparedness research in a world after COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Prathapan
- New Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1386:347-369. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08491-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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13
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Immunoglobulin A Mucosal Immunity and Altered Respiratory Epithelium in Cystic Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123603. [PMID: 34944110 PMCID: PMC8700636 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium represents the first chemical, immune, and physical barrier against inhaled noxious materials, particularly pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Local mucus thickening, altered mucociliary clearance, and reduced pH due to CFTR protein dysfunction favor bacterial overgrowth and excessive inflammation. We aimed in this review to summarize respiratory mucosal alterations within the epithelium and current knowledge on local immunity linked to immunoglobulin A in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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