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Fu M, Li Q, Qian H, Min X, Yang H, Liu Z, Wu W, Zhong J, Xu H, Mei A, Chen J. Exendin-4 intervention attenuates atherosclerosis severity by modulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells and inflammatory cytokines in ApoE -/- mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112844. [PMID: 39094363 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist Exendin-4 on the proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in male ApoE-/- mice, and investigate alterations in the concentrations of inflammatory factors in plasma and spleen tissues and assess their correlation with MDSCs. METHODS Thirty male ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 per group): control group (CON), model group (MOD), Exendin-4 intervention group (MOD/Ex-4), Exendin-9-39 intervention group (MOD/Ex-9-39), and Exendin-4 + Exendin-9-39 combined intervention group (MOD/Ex-4 + Ex-9-39). After 4 weeks of drug intervention, changes in aortic plaque were observed using Oil Red O staining and H&E staining. Flow cytometry was employed to detect the content of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in bone marrow and peripheral blood. ELISA was utilized to measure the concentrations of inflammatory factors in mouse peripheral blood plasma, while RT-qPCR was employed to quantify the expression levels of inflammatory factors in the spleen. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between MDSCs and inflammatory factors. RESULTS Mice in the MOD group had significantly higher body weight compared to the CON group, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). Following Exendin-4 intervention, body weight was reduced compared to the MOD group (P<0.05). Additionally, Exendin-4 treatment led to a significant reduction in atherosclerotic plaque compared to the MOD group (P<0.001). After Exendin-4 intervention, the proportion of MDSCs in the bone marrow was higher than in the MOD group (P<0.001), and the proportion of MDSCs in peripheral blood was significantly higher than in the MOD group (P<0.05). Further investigation revealed that Exendin-4 could regulate lipid levels in mice, decreasing concentrations of TG (P<0.01), TC (P<0.0001), and LDL-C (P<0.0001), while increasing HDL-C concentrations (P<0.01). Moreover, after Exendin-4 treatment, the level of the cytokine IL-6 in peripheral plasma was significantly lower compared to the MOD group (P<0.0001), while levels of IL-10 and TGF-β were significantly higher compared to the MOD group (P<0.0001). In the spleen, levels of the cytokines IL-10 (P<0.0001) and TGF-β (P<0.001) were significantly increased compared to the MOD group. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the proportion of MDSCs in peripheral blood was positively correlated with IL-10 and TGF-β levels in both the spleen and peripheral blood. Additionally, the proportion of MDSCs in the bone marrow was positively correlated with IL-10 and TGF-β levels in the spleen and peripheral blood. CONCLUSION Exendin-4 alleviates the severity of atherosclerosis. This process may be achieved by promoting the secretion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of atherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice, regulating the ratio of inflammatory factors in the body, reducing mouse body weight, and lowering blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoxin Fu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Sheng Li OilField Central Hospital, Dong Ying, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hang Qian
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wenwen Wu
- School of Public Health, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
| | - Aihua Mei
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital (Hubei Clinical Research Center of Hypertension), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China; Shiyan Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.
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Hiraiwa H, Yura Y, Okumura T, Murohara T. Interplay of the heart, spleen, and bone marrow in heart failure: the role of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis. Heart Fail Rev 2024; 29:1049-1063. [PMID: 38985383 PMCID: PMC11306273 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-024-10418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Improvements in therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are crucial for improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Although HFpEF is the predominant heart failure type among older individuals, its prognosis is often poor owing to the lack of effective therapies. The roles of the spleen and bone marrow are often overlooked in the context of HFpEF. Recent studies suggest that the spleen and bone marrow could play key roles in HFpEF, especially in relation to inflammation and immune responses. The bone marrow can increase production of certain immune cells that can migrate to the heart and contribute to disease. The spleen can contribute to immune responses that either protect or exacerbate heart failure. Extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen could play a crucial role in HFpEF. Increased metabolic activity in the spleen, immune cell production and mobilization to the heart, and concomitant cytokine production may occur in heart failure. This leads to systemic chronic inflammation, along with an imbalance of immune cells (macrophages) in the heart, resulting in chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis, potentially leading to decreased cardiac function. The bone marrow and spleen are involved in altered iron metabolism and anemia, which also contribute to HFpEF. This review presents the concept of an interplay between the heart, spleen, and bone marrow in the setting of HFpEF, with a particular focus on extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. The aim of this review is to discern whether the spleen can serve as a new therapeutic target for HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hiraiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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Ramos-Regalado L, Alcover S, Badimon L, Vilahur G. The Influence of Metabolic Risk Factors on the Inflammatory Response Triggered by Myocardial Infarction: Bridging Pathophysiology to Treatment. Cells 2024; 13:1125. [PMID: 38994977 PMCID: PMC11240659 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) sets off a complex inflammatory cascade that is crucial for effective cardiac healing and scar formation. Yet, if this response becomes excessive or uncontrolled, it can lead to cardiovascular complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the tightly regulated local inflammatory response triggered in the early post-MI phase involving cardiomyocytes, (myo)fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells. Next, we explore how the bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis (such as in the spleen) contribute to sustaining immune cell supply at a cardiac level. Lastly, we discuss recent findings on how metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, and hypertension, disrupt this immunological response and explore the potential modulatory effects of lifestyle habits and pharmacological interventions. Understanding how different metabolic risk factors influence the inflammatory response triggered by MI and unraveling the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms may pave the way for developing personalized therapeutic approaches based on the patient's metabolic profile. Similarly, delving deeper into the impact of lifestyle modifications on the inflammatory response post-MI is crucial. These insights may enable the adoption of more effective strategies to manage post-MI inflammation and improve cardiovascular health outcomes in a holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisaidy Ramos-Regalado
- Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastià Alcover
- Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (S.A.)
- Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lina Badimon
- Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (S.A.)
- Ciber CV, Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain (S.A.)
- Ciber CV, Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Białek M, Lepionka T, Wojtak W, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Czauderna M, Białek A. Splenic Elemental Composition of Breast Cancer-Suffering Rats Supplemented with Pomegranate Seed Oil and Bitter Melon Extract. Molecules 2024; 29:1942. [PMID: 38731433 PMCID: PMC11085740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how dietary modifications with pomegranate seed oil (PSO) and bitter melon aqueous extract (BME) affect mineral content in the spleen of rats both under normal physiological conditions and with coexisting mammary tumorigenesis. The diet of Sprague-Dawley female rats was supplemented either with PSO or with BME, or with a combination for 21 weeks. A chemical carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) was applied intragastrically to induce mammary tumors. In the spleen of rats, the selected elements were determined with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). ANOVA was used to evaluate differences in elemental composition among experimental groups. Multivariate statistical methods were used to discover whether some subtle dependencies exist between experimental factors and thus influence the element content. Experimental factors affected the splenic levels of macroelements, except for potassium. Both diet modification and the cancerogenic process resulted in significant changes in the content of Fe, Se, Co, Cr, Ni, Al, Sr, Pb, Cd, B, and Tl in rat spleen. Chemometric analysis revealed the greatest impact of the ongoing carcinogenic process on the mineral composition of the spleen. The obtained results may contribute to a better understanding of peripheral immune organ functioning, especially during the neoplastic process, and thus may help develop anticancer prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Białek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (W.W.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Tomasz Lepionka
- The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Center of the General Karol Kaczkowski Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska 4 St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Wiktoria Wojtak
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (W.W.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Bulska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Marian Czauderna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (W.W.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Agnieszka Białek
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland; (W.W.); (M.C.); (A.B.)
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Okopowa 59, 01-043 Warsaw, Poland
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Luan Y, Hu J, Wang Q, Wang X, Li W, Qu R, Yang C, Rajendran BK, Zhou H, Liu P, Zhang N, Shi Y, Liu Y, Tang W, Lu J, Wu D. Wnt5 controls splenic myelopoiesis and neutrophil functional ambivalency during DSS-induced colitis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113934. [PMID: 38461416 PMCID: PMC11064424 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are important innate immune cells with plasticity, heterogenicity, and functional ambivalency. While bone marrow is often regarded as the primary source of neutrophil production, the roles of extramedullary production in regulating neutrophil plasticity and heterogenicity in autoimmune diseases remain poorly understood. Here, we report that the lack of wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5 (WNT5) unleashes anti-inflammatory protection against colitis in mice, accompanied by reduced colonic CD8+ T cell activation and enhanced splenic extramedullary myelopoiesis. In addition, colitis upregulates WNT5 expression in splenic stromal cells. The ablation of WNT5 leads to increased splenic production of hematopoietic niche factors, as well as elevated numbers of splenic neutrophils with heightened CD8+ T cell suppressive capability, in part due to elevated CD101 expression and attenuated pro-inflammatory activities. Thus, our study reveals a mechanism by which neutrophil plasticity and heterogenicity are regulated in colitis through WNT5 and highlights the role of splenic neutrophil production in shaping inflammatory outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Jiajia Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Qijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenxue Li
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Barani Kumar Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Hongyue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yansheng Liu
- Yale Cancer Biology Institute, West Haven, CT 06516, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Schelemei P, Wagner E, Picard FSR, Winkels H. Macrophage mediators and mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23424. [PMID: 38275140 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302001r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are major players in myocardial infarction (MI) and atherosclerosis, two major cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis is caused by the buildup of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in blood vessels, causing inflammation, vascular injury, and plaque formation. Plaque rupture or erosion can cause thrombus formation resulting in inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle and MI. Inflammation, particularly driven by macrophages, plays a central role in both atherosclerosis and MI. Recent integrative approaches of single-cell analysis-based classifications in both murine and human atherosclerosis as well as experimental MI showed overlap in origin, diversity, and function of macrophages in the aorta and the heart. We here discuss differences and communalities between macrophages in the heart and aorta at steady state and in atherosclerosis or upon MI. We focus on markers, mediators, and functional states of macrophage subpopulations. Recent trials testing anti-inflammatory agents show a major benefit in reducing the inflammatory burden of CVD patients, but highlight a necessity for a broader understanding of immune cell ontogeny and heterogeneity in CVD. The novel insights into macrophage biology in CVD represent exciting opportunities for the development of novel treatment strategies against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Schelemei
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Wagner
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Simon Ruben Picard
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Liu X, Bishir M, Hodgkinson C, Goldman D, Chang SL. The mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced decreased splenic size: A network meta-analysis study. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:72-87. [PMID: 38059389 PMCID: PMC11161039 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ weight change is widely accepted as a measure of toxicologic pathology. We and other groups have shown that excessive alcohol exposure leads to decreased spleen weight in rodents. This study explores the mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced splenic injury through a network meta-analysis. METHODS QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Mammalian Phenotype (MP) Ontology were used to identify alcohol-related molecules associated with the small spleen phenotype. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) and IPA bioinformatics tools were then used to analyze the biologic processes and enriched signaling pathways engaging these molecules. In addition, the "downstream effects analysis" algorithm was used to quantify alcohol's effects. RESULTS IPA identified 623 molecules affected by alcohol and a Venn diagram revealed that 26 of these molecules overlapped with those associated with the MP Ontology of small spleen. The 26 molecules are TGFB1, CASP8, MTOR, ESR1, CXCR4, CAMK4, NFKBIA, DRD2, BCL2, FAS, PEBP1, TRAF2, ATM, IGHM, EDNRB, MDM2, GLRA1, PRF1, TLR7, IFNG, ALOX5, FOXO1, IL15, APOE, IKBKG, and RORA. Some of the 26 molecules were also associated with the MP Ontology of abnormal white pulp and red pulp morphology of the spleen, abnormal splenic cell ratio, decreased splenocyte number, abnormal spleen physiology, increased splenocyte apoptosis, and reduced splenocyte proliferation. STRING and IPA "Core Analysis" showed that these molecules were mainly involved in pathways related to cell apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and immune responses. IPA's "Molecular Activity Predictor" tool showed that concurrent effects of activation and inhibition of these molecules led to decreased spleen size by modulating apoptosis, proliferation, and migration of splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our network meta-analysis revealed that excessive alcohol exposure can damage the spleen through a variety of molecular mechanisms, thereby affecting immune function and human health. We found that alcohol-mediated splenic atrophy is largely mediated by increased apoptosis signaling, migration of cells, and inhibition of splenocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammed Bishir
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Colin Hodgkinson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
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Li B, Li W, Liang Y, Zhang C, Kong G, Li Z. Spleen-Derived CCL9 Recruits MDSC to Facilitate Tumor Growth in Orthotopic Hepatoma Mice. Glob Med Genet 2023; 10:348-356. [PMID: 38046278 PMCID: PMC10691915 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1777327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Spleen is involved in multiple diseases, the role of the spleen and spleen-derived factors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not clarified. Methods In the current study, a murine H22 orthotopic hepatoma model was established. Three groups were divided: normal mice, tumor-bearing mice with spleen-preserving, and tumor-bearing mice with splenectomy. Spleen and tumor weights were recorded by weeks 1 and 2. The proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) in peripheral blood and tumor tissue was detected using flow cytometry. Protein chip assay was used to compare the differential cytokines between normal liver supernatant and tumor supernatant. The common upregulated cytokines both in spleen and tumor were focused and analyzed using gene expression profiling interactive analysis (GEPIA) database. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to verify the chip result, and to examine CCL9 expression before and after splenectomy. Spleen MDSC was sorted using flow cytometry, and chemotaxis assay was performed to demonstrate whether CCL9 attracted spleen MDSC. Results The spleen enlarged during tumor progression, and compared with splenectomy group, there were faster tumor growth, shorter survival time, and higher proportions of MDSC in spleen-preserving group. Protein chip assay and GEPIA database revealed CCL9 was the most promising chemokine involved in HCC upregulated both in spleen and tumor tissue. CCL9 attracted MDSC in vitro, the level of CCL9 in tumor tissue was downregulated, and the percentage of MDSC was decreased after splenectomy. Conclusion The results demonstrate that CCL9 may be derived from spleen; it facilitated HCC growth via the chemotaxis of MDSC, targeting CCL9 may be a promising strategy in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- General Surgery Department of Cadre's Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Tumor Immunology Center of Precision Medical Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxue Liang
- Tumor Immunology Center of Precision Medical Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfang Li
- General Surgery Department of Cadre's Ward, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ding J, Zhao J, Wang L, Chen X, Jiang D, Qin M, Zhu Z, Wang D, Jia W. Regulated contribution of local and systemic immunity to new bone regeneration by modulating B/Sr concentration of bioactive borosilicate glass. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100585. [PMID: 36896413 PMCID: PMC9988577 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The local immune response induced by bioactive borosilicate glass (BG) plays a vital role in bone regeneration, but its effect in the systemic immune response of distal tissues, such as spleen, remains unknown. In this study, the network structures and the relative theoretical structural descriptors (Fnet) of the novel BG composition containing boron (B) and strontium (Sr) were calculated and stimulated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the linear relationships of Fnet and B and Sr releasing rate in pure water and simulate body fluid were built. Next, the synergistic effects of the released B and Sr on promoting osteogenic differentiation, angiogenesis, and macrophage polarization were analyzed in vitro and convinced in rats skull models in vivo. Results show that the optimal synergistic effects of B and Sr both in vitro and in vivo released from 1393B2Sr8 BG increased vessel regeneration, modulated M2 macrophages polarization and promoted new-bone formation. Interestingly, the 1393B2Sr8 BG was found to mobilize monocytes from the spleen to the defects and subsequently modulate them into M2 macrophages. Then, these modulated cells cycled from the bone defects back to the spleen. To analyze the necessity of spleen-derived immune cells in bone regeneration, two contrasting rat models (with/without spleen) of skull defects were furtherly established. As results, rats without spleen had fewer M2 macrophages surrounding skull defects and the bone tissues recovered more slowly, indicating the beneficial effects on bone regeneration of circulating monocytes and polarized macrophages provided by spleen. The present study provides a new approach and strategy in optimizing complex composition of novel BG and sheds light on the importance of spleen through modulating systemic immune response to contribute to local bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Ding
- School of Materials and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Jinhui Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Lingtian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, And Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- School of Materials and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Dajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, And Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Muyan Qin
- School of Materials and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Ziyang Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, And Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Deping Wang
- School of Materials and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Weitao Jia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, And Shanghai Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
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10
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Dorochow E, Gurke R, Rischke S, Geisslinger G, Hahnefeld L. Effects of Different Storage Conditions on Lipid Stability in Mice Tissue Homogenates. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040504. [PMID: 37110163 PMCID: PMC10144362 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are biomolecules involved in numerous (patho-)physiological processes and their elucidation in tissue samples is of particular interest. However, tissue analysis goes hand in hand with many challenges and the influence of pre-analytical factors can intensively change lipid concentrations ex vivo, compromising the results of the whole research project. Here, we study the influence of pre-analytical factors on lipid profiles during the processing of homogenized tissues. Homogenates from four different mice tissues (liver, kidney, heart, spleen) were stored at room temperature as well as in ice water for up to 120 min and analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Lipid class ratios were calculated since their suitability as indicators for sample stability has been previously illustrated. Only approx. 40% of lipid class ratios were unchanged after 35 min, which was further reduced to 25% after 120 min during storage at room temperature. In contrast, lipids in tissue homogenates were generally stable when samples were kept in ice water, as more than 90% of investigated lipid class ratios remained unchanged after 35 min. Ultimately, swift processing of tissue homogenates under cooled conditions represents a viable option for lipid analysis and pre-analytical factors require more attention to achieve reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Dorochow
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.H.)
| | - Samuel Rischke
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases CIMD, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.G.); (L.H.)
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11
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Gallic acid ameliorates atherosclerosis and vascular senescence and remodels the microbiome in a sex-dependent manner in ApoE -/- mice. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109132. [PMID: 36028099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols found in fruits and vegetables are associated with a reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death in the USA. Our lab demonstrated that blackberry supplementation reduces atherosclerosis in male, but not in female mice. The current study investigates whether gallic acid (GA), a polyphenol abundant in blackberry, decreases plaque and whether its effect is also sex-dependent. In vitro work using vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) demonstrated that GA reduced cell signaling associated with proliferation, migration, and senescence. ApoE-/- male and female mice were treated with and without 0.2% GA in drinking water and fed a chow diet (2 weeks), then switched to high-fat diet (HFD) (5 weeks) with the same GA regimen. Similar to the blackberry study, GA reduced atherosclerosis only in males. This GA-induced plaque reduction was independent of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), LDL, or HDL but corresponded with indices of lower inflammation. Males showed reduced spleen weight and serum IL3 and IL12 levels, and gut health improvement. In females, GA increased anti-atherogenic (HDL and IL10) molecules, while upregulating several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). A major sex-dependent effect of GA was the almost complete disappearance of Eubacterium fissicatena and Turicibacter induced by HFD in males, a finding not seen in females. This study provides novel insights into how GA can improve gut microbiota alterations associated with CVD and suggests that males suffering from atherosclerosis may benefit from GA supplementation, as this polyphenol partially restored microbiome dysbiosis.
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12
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Subahi EA, Ata F, Choudry H, Iqbal P, AlHiyari MA, Soliman AT, De Sanctis V, Yassin MA. Extramedullary haematopoiesis in patients with transfusion dependent β-thalassaemia (TDT): a systematic review. Ann Med 2022; 54:764-774. [PMID: 35261317 PMCID: PMC8941948 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2048065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Around 5% of the world's population is expected to have some degree and type of thalassaemia. Beta thalassaemia (BT) occurs due to a deficient production of the beta-globin chain of haemoglobin. Extramedullary haematopoiesis (EMH) is one of the complications of BT, mainly observed in minor/intermedia subtypes. EMH is the production of blood cells outside the marrow as a compensatory response to longstanding hypoxia. Due to chronic transfusions, it is not expected in patients with beta-thalassaemia major (BTM). However, there are increasingly reported cases of EMH in BTM. The incidence of EMH in BTM is thought to be <1%. We aim to pool the available data and provide cumulative evidence on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients. METHODS This is a systematic review of case reports, series, and retrospective studies that presented data on the occurrence of EMH in BTM patients. Data were recorded and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2016 and SPSS 26. The protocol has been registered in PROSPERO: CRD42021242943. RESULTS Data from 253 cases of EMH in BTM patients were extracted with a mean age of 35.3 years. Mean haemoglobin at presentation with EMH was 8.2 mg/dL. Lower limb weakness was the most common presenting feature (N = 23) (paraspinal EMH). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most widely used diagnostic modality (226). Overall, blood transfusion was the commonest reported treatment (30), followed by radiotherapy (20), surgery (15), hydroxyurea (12), steroids (6), and exchange transfusion (2). An outcome was reported in 20% of patients, all recovered, except one who died as a result of nosocomial infection. CONCLUSION EMH is rare in BTM and can occur in any organ system with varied clinical features. MRI can effectively diagnose EMH, and conservative management has similar results compared to invasive treatments. Larger studies, focussing on outcomes may enhance guidelines on preventive and therapeutic strategies for managing EMH in BTM.KEY MESSAGESExtramedullary haematopoiesis is a rare complication in beta thalassaemia. Although it is more common in non-transfusion dependent thalassaemia, increasingly reported cases suggest a higher prevalence of EMH in TDT than what is known before.There are no clear guidelines on the management of EMH in TDT, with reported patients showing similar outcomes with conservative invasive treatment modalities.More extensive and preferably prospectively designed studies are required focussing on the management of EMH and its outcomes in patients with TDT to formulate evidence-based guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eihab A. Subahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fateen Ata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Choudry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Phool Iqbal
- Critical Care Unit, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mousa A. AlHiyari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ashraf T. Soliman
- Pediatrics and Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Vincenzo De Sanctis
- Pediatric and Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Quisisana Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mohamed A. Yassin
- Department of Medical Oncology/Hematology, National Centre for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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13
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Martín-Sanz P, Gómez-Coronado D, Delgado C, Castrillo A, Boscá L. High-fat diet activates splenic NOD1 and enhances neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular traps release in the spleen of ApoE-deficient mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:396. [PMID: 35789437 PMCID: PMC9256580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the course of atherogenesis, the spleen plays an important role in the regulation of extramedullary hematopoiesis, and in the control of circulating immune cells, which contributes to plaque progression. Here, we have investigated the role of splenic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in the recruitment of circulating immune cells, as well as the involvement of this immune organ in extramedullary hematopoiesis in mice fed on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFD). Under HFD conditions, the absence of NOD1 enhances the mobilization of immune cells, mainly neutrophils, from the bone marrow to the blood. To determine the effect of NOD1-dependent mobilization of immune cells under pro-atherogenic conditions, Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice fed on HFD for 4 weeks were used. Splenic NOD1 from Apoe−/− mice was activated after feeding HFD as inferred by the phosphorylation of the NOD1 downstream targets RIPK2 and TAK1. Moreover, this activation was accompanied by the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), as determined by the increase in the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4, and the identification of citrullinated histone H3 in this organ. This formation of NETs was significantly reduced in Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice. Indeed, the presence of Ly6G+ cells and the lipidic content in the spleen of mice deficient in Apoe and Nod1 was reduced when compared to the Apoe−/− counterparts, which suggests that the mobilization and activation of circulating immune cells are altered in the absence of NOD1. Furthermore, confirming previous studies, Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice showed a reduced atherogenic disease, and diminished recruitment of neutrophils in the spleen, compared to Apoe−/− mice. However, splenic artery ligation reduced the atherogenic burden in Apoe−/− mice an effect that, unexpectedly was lost in Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice. Together, these results suggest that neutrophil accumulation and activity in the spleen are driven in part by NOD1 activation in mice fed on HFD, contributing in this way to regulating atherogenic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ., C. de Pedro Rico, 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. M-607 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada Al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada Al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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14
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Li Y, Li X, Chen X, Sun X, Liu X, Wang G, Liu Y, Cui L, Liu T, Wang W, Wang Y, Li C. Qishen Granule (QSG) Inhibits Monocytes Released From the Spleen and Protect Myocardial Function via the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB p65 Pathway in Heart Failure Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:850187. [PMID: 35370707 PMCID: PMC8964526 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.850187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary clinical and basic researches have proved that Qishen granule (QSG) is an effective prescription for treating heart failure (HF) in China, with a characteristic of regulating the ratio of M1/M2 macrophage in the myocardium. However, the regulative mechanism of monocytes targeting the cardio-splenic axis has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of QSG inhibiting the release of splenic monocytes and the recruitment of myocardial tissue both in vivo and in vitro. Experiments in mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-induced HF demonstrated that QSG could exert anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting splenic monocytes release and phenotypic changes. Moreover, in vitro experiments indicated QSG could inhibit LPS-stimulated macrophage-conditioned medium (CM)-induced H9C2 cardiomyocyte injury by upregulating the key proteins in TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB p65 pathway. In addition, knockdown or overexpression of TLR4 in H9C2 cells further confirmed that QSG could attenuate inflammatory injury in cardiomyocytes via the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB p65 pathway. Overall, these data suggested that QSG could improve cardiac function and reduce the inflammatory response in AMI-induced HF by inhibiting splenic monocytes release, and protecting myocardial function via the TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway in heart failure mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhou Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingwen Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhua Liu
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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15
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Martín-Sanz P, Delgado C, Castrillo A, Boscá L. NOD1 splenic activation confers ferroptosis protection and reduces macrophage recruitment under pro-atherogenic conditions. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112769. [PMID: 35247718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioavailability and regulation of iron is essential for central biological functions in mammals. The role of this element in ferroptosis and the dysregulation of its metabolism contribute to diseases, ranging from anemia to infections, alterations in the immune system, inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this sense, monocytes and macrophages modulate iron metabolism and splenic function, while at the same time they can worsen the atherosclerotic process in pathological conditions. Since the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) has been linked to numerous disorders, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, we investigated its role in iron homeostasis. The iron content was measured in various tissues of Apoe-/- and Apoe-/-Nod1-/- mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks, under normal or reduced splenic function after ligation of the splenic artery. In the absence of NOD1 the iron levels decreased in spleen, heart and liver regardless the splenic function. This iron decrease was accompanied by an increase in the recruitment of F4/80+-macrophages in the spleen through a CXCR2-dependent signaling, as deduced by the reduced recruitment after administration of a CXCR2 inhibitor. CXCR2 mediates monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis to areas of inflammation and accumulation of leukocytes in the atherosclerotic plaque. Moreover, in the absence of NOD1, inhibition of CXCR2 enhanced atheroma progression. NOD1 activation increased the levels of GPX4 and other iron and ferroptosis regulatory proteins in macrophages. Our findings highlight the preeminent role of NOD1 in iron homeostasis and ferroptosis. These results suggest promising avenues of investigation for the diagnosis and treatment of iron-related diseases directed by NOD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ. Pedro Rico, 6, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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16
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Meng Q, Li B, Huang N, Wei S, Ren Q, Wu S, Li X, Chen R. Folic acid targets splenic extramedullary hemopoiesis to attenuate carbon black-induced coagulation-thrombosis potential. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127354. [PMID: 34634699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to its wide applications in tire and rubber products, carbon black (CB) implicates concerns on its safety during production, collection, and handling. Here we report that exposure CB, increases coagulation-thrombosis potential in a splenic extramedullary hemopoiesis (EMH)-dependent manner. Adult C57BL/6 mice are kept in whole-body inhalation chambers, and exposed to filtered room air (FRA) or CB for 28 consecutive days. CB exposure resulted in splenic EMH characterized with platelet precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), hyperplasia and enhanced in vivo blood coagulation ability. Metabolomics analysis suggests significant enhance in PGE2 production but reduction in folic acid (FA) levels in murine serum following CB exposure. Mechanistically, activation of COX-dependent PGE2 production promotes IL-6 expression in splenic macrophages, which subsequently results in splenic EMH and increased platelet counts in circulation. Administration of FA protects the mice against CB-induced splenic EMH through inhibiting prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2 or Cox2) and prostaglandin E synthase (Ptges) expression in splenic macrophages, eventually recover the coagulation capacity to normal level. The results strongly suggest the involvement of splenic EMH in response to CB exposure and subsequently increased coagulation-thrombosis potential. Supplementation with FA may be a candidate to prevent thrombosis potential attributable to CB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtao Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nannan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; School of Public Health, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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17
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Extramedullary Hematopoiesis of the Liver and Spleen. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245831. [PMID: 34945127 PMCID: PMC8707658 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components and, consequently, immune cells. In a more complete definition, this process refers to the formation, growth, maturation, and specialization of blood cells, from the hematopoietic stem cell, through the hematopoietic progenitor cells, to the s pecialized blood cells. This process is tightly regulated by several elements of the bone marrow microenvironment, such as growth factors, transcription factors, and cytokines. During embryonic and fetal development, hematopoiesis takes place in different organs: the yolk sac, the aorta–gonad mesonephros region, the lymph nodes, and not lastly, the fetal liver and the spleen. In the current review, we describe extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen and liver, with an emphasis on myeloproliferative conditions.
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18
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Maier JI, Rogg M, Helmstädter M, Sammarco A, Walz G, Werner M, Schell C. A Novel Model for Nephrotic Syndrome Reveals Associated Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome and Extramedullary Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061509. [PMID: 34203913 PMCID: PMC8232754 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerular kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome is a complex systemic disorder and is associated with significant morbidity in affected patient populations. Despite its clinical relevance, well-established models are largely missing to further elucidate the implications of uncontrolled urinary protein loss. To overcome this limitation, we generated a novel, inducible, podocyte-specific transgenic mouse model (Epb41l5fl/fl*Nphs1-rtTA-3G*tetOCre), developing nephrotic syndrome in adult mice. Animals were comprehensively characterized, including microbiome analysis and multiplexed immunofluorescence imaging. Induced knockout mice developed a phenotype consistent with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). Although these mice showed hallmark features of severe nephrotic syndrome (including proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and dyslipidemia), they did not exhibit overt chronic kidney disease (CKD) phenotypes. Analysis of the gut microbiome demonstrated distinct dysbiosis and highly significant enrichment of the Alistipes genus. Moreover, Epb41l5-deficient mice developed marked organ pathologies, including extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen. Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging demonstrated red pulp macrophage proliferation and mTOR activation as driving factors of hematopoietic niche expansion. Thus, this novel mouse model for adult-onset nephrotic syndrome reveals the significant impact of proteinuria on extra-renal manifestations, demonstrating the versatility of this model for nephrotic syndrome-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin I. Maier
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Manuel Rogg
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Martin Helmstädter
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Alena Sammarco
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Christoph Schell
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (J.I.M.); (M.R.); (A.S.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Assessment of medullary and extramedullary myelopoiesis in cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 169:105663. [PMID: 33979688 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recruitment of innate immune cells and their accumulation in the arterial wall and infarcted myocardium has been recognized as a central feature of atherosclerosis and cardiac ischemic injury, respectively. In both, steady state and under pathological conditions, majority of these cells have a finite life span and are continuously replenished from haematopoietic stem/progenitor cell pool residing in the bone marrow and extramedullary sites. While having a crucial role in the cardiovascular disease development, proliferation and differentiation of innate immune cells within haematopoietic compartments is greatly affected by the ongoing cardiovascular pathology. In the current review, we summarize key cells, processes and tissue compartments that are involved in myelopoiesis under the steady state, during atherosclerosis development and in myocardial infarction.
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20
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, Laparra JM, Boscá L. NOD1-Targeted Immunonutrition Approaches: On the Way from Disease to Health. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9050519. [PMID: 34066406 PMCID: PMC8148154 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunonutrition appears as a field with great potential in modern medicine. Since the immune system can trigger serious pathophysiological disorders, it is essential to study and implement a type of nutrition aimed at improving immune system functioning and reinforcing it individually for each patient. In this sense, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1), one of the members of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) family of innate immunity, has been related to numerous pathologies, such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases. NOD1, which is activated by bacterial-derived peptidoglycans, is known to be present in immune cells and to contribute to inflammation and other important pathways, such as fibrosis, upon recognition of its ligands. Since immunonutrition is a significant developing research area with much to discover, we propose NOD1 as a possible target to consider in this field. It is relevant to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that modulate the immune system and involve the activation of NOD1 in the context of immunonutrition and associated pathological conditions. Surgical or pharmacological treatments could clearly benefit from the synergy with specific and personalized nutrition that even considers the health status of each subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-R.); (L.B.); Tel.: +34-91-497-2747 (L.B.)
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Laparra
- Madrid Institute for Advanced studies in Food (IMDEA Food), Ctra. Cantoblanco 8, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-G.); (P.M.-S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-R.); (L.B.); Tel.: +34-91-497-2747 (L.B.)
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21
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Wildes TJ, DiVita Dean B, Flores CT. Myelopoiesis during Solid Cancers and Strategies for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10050968. [PMID: 33919157 PMCID: PMC8143143 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the relationship between the immune system and cancers has undergone significant discovery recently. Immunotherapy with T cell therapies and checkpoint blockade has meaningfully changed the oncology landscape. While remarkable clinical advances in adaptive immunity are occurring, modulation of innate immunity has proven more difficult. The myeloid compartment, including macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells, has a significant impact on the persistence or elimination of tumors. Myeloid cells, specifically in the tumor microenvironment, have direct contact with tumor tissue and coordinate with tumor-reactive T cells to either stimulate or antagonize cancer immunity. However, the myeloid compartment comprises a broad array of cells in various stages of development. In addition, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells at various stages of myelopoiesis in distant sites undergo significant modulation by tumors. Understanding how tumors exert their influence on myeloid progenitors is critical to making clinically meaningful improvements in these pathways. Therefore, this review will cover recent developments in our understanding of how solid tumors modulate myelopoiesis to promote the formation of pro-tumor immature myeloid cells. Then, it will cover some of the potential avenues for capitalizing on these mechanisms to generate antitumor immunity.
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22
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Luo S, Lin H, Zhu L, Chen HT, Yang S, Li J, Liu M, Zheng L, Wu C. Optimized Intracellular Staining Reveals Heterogeneous Cytokine Production Ability of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654094. [PMID: 33936078 PMCID: PMC8079767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Under stress conditions, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can translate danger signals into a plethora of cytokine signals. These cytokines, or more precisely their combination, instruct HSPCs to modify the magnitude and composition of hematopoietic output in response to the threat, but investigations into the heterogeneous cytokine expression and regulatory mechanisms are hampered by the technical difficulty of measuring cytokine levels in HSPCs at the single-cell level. Here, we optimized a flow cytometry-based method for the simultaneous assessment of multiple intracellular cytokines in HSPCs. By selecting an optimal combination of cytokine restimulation reagents, protein transport inhibitors, and culture supplements, an optimized restimulation protocol for intracellular staining was developed. Using this method, we successfully examined expression levels of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in murine and human HSPC subsets under steady-state or different stress conditions. Different cytokine expression patterns were observed, suggesting distinct regulatory modes of cytokine production dependent on the HSPC subset, cytokine, disease, organ, and species. Collectively, this technical advance may help to obtain a better understanding of the nature of HSPC heterogeneity on the basis of differential cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiling Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tian Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqian Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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