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Chu KH, Chiang BL. CD200R activation on naïve T cells by B cells induces suppressive activity of T cells via IL-24. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:231. [PMID: 38780647 PMCID: PMC11116298 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
CD200 is an anti-inflammatory protein that facilitates signal transduction through its receptor, CD200R, in cells, resulting in immune response suppression. This includes reducing M1-like macrophages, enhancing M2-like macrophages, inhibiting NK cell cytotoxicity, and downregulating CTL responses. Activation of CD200R has been found to modulate dendritic cells, leading to the induction or enhancement of Treg cells expressing Foxp3. However, the precise mechanisms behind this process are still unclear. Our previous study demonstrated that B cells in Peyer's patches can induce Treg cells, so-called Treg-of-B (P) cells, through STAT6 phosphorylation. This study aimed to investigate the role of CD200 in Treg-of-B (P) cell generation. To clarify the mechanisms, we used wild-type, STAT6 deficient, and IL-24 deficient T cells to generate Treg-of-B (P) cells, and antagonist antibodies (anti-CD200 and anti-IL-20RB), an agonist anti-CD200R antibody, CD39 inhibitors (ARL67156 and POM-1), a STAT6 inhibitor (AS1517499), and soluble IL-20RB were also applied. Our findings revealed that Peyer's patch B cells expressed CD200 to activate the CD200R on T cells and initiate the process of Treg-of-B (P) cells generation. CD200 and CD200R interaction triggers the phosphorylation of STAT6, which regulated the expression of CD200R, CD39, and IL-24 in T cells. CD39 regulated the expression of IL-24, which sustained the expression of CD223 and IL-10 and maintained the cell viability. In summary, the generation of Treg-of-B (P) cells by Peyer's patch B cells was through the CD200R-STAT6-CD39-IL-24 axis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Hua Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Allergy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Liu J, Zhang B, Zhang G, Shang D. Reprogramming of regulatory T cells in inflammatory tumor microenvironment: can it become immunotherapy turning point? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1345838. [PMID: 38449875 PMCID: PMC10915070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1345838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and identifying widely used immunosuppressants with minimal side effects are two major challenges currently hampering cancer immunotherapy. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in almost all cancer tissues and play an important role in preserving autoimmune tolerance and tissue homeostasis. The tumor inflammatory microenvironment causes the reprogramming of Tregs, resulting in the conversion of Tregs to immunosuppressive phenotypes. This process ultimately facilitates tumor immune escape or tumor progression. However, current systemic Treg depletion therapies may lead to severe autoimmune toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanism of Treg reprogramming and develop immunotherapies that selectively target Tregs within tumors. This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential mechanisms involved in Treg cell reprogramming and explores the application of Treg cell immunotherapy. The interference with reprogramming pathways has shown promise in reducing the number of tumor-associated Tregs or impairing their function during immunotherapy, thereby improving anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive Treg cell reprogramming could reveal new molecular targets for future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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3
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Mažerik J, Gondáš E, Smieško L, Fraňová S, Šutovská M. Effects of TRPV4 channel blocker on airway inflammation and airway defense reflexes in experimentally induced model of allergic asthma. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2023; 316:104123. [PMID: 37495166 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2023.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels regulate physiological and pathological processes. Changes in their activity and sensitivity may be involved in the pathophysiology of asthma. The present study investigates the effect of an inhaled TRPV4 channel blocker HC-067047 in an experimental guinea pig model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. We monitored the effect of 50 nM, 100 nM, and 150 nM HC-067047 concentrations on airway defense reflexes in vivo and tracheal smooth muscle contractility in vitro. The anti-inflammatory action of HC-067047 was investigated by analysis of chronic inflammation markers from lung homogenates. The results suggest that HC-067047 can suppress airway defense reflexes in vivo and acetylcholine-induced contractility in vitro. Immunological analysis revealed that TRPV4 channel blockade leads to a decrease in the levels of inflammatory cytokines. An effect on airway defence reflexes and airway inflammation was observed using tested concentrations (50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM) of HC-067047. The effects of HC-067047 on both airway defense reflexes and inflammation underline the role of TRPV4 channels in asthma and uncover therapeutic targets for developing innovative drugs in asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mažerik
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Eduard Gondáš
- Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Smieško
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Fraňová
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martina Šutovská
- Department of Pharmacology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
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Aggarwal V, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. LAG-3 as the third checkpoint inhibitor. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1415-1422. [PMID: 37488429 PMCID: PMC11144386 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is an inhibitory receptor that is highly expressed by exhausted T cells. LAG-3 is a promising immunotherapeutic target, with more than 20 LAG-3-targeting therapeutics in clinical trials and a fixed-dose combination of anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 now approved to treat unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Although LAG-3 is widely recognized as a potent inhibitory receptor, important questions regarding its biology and mechanism of action remain. In this Perspective, we focus on gaps in the understanding of LAG-3 biology and discuss the five biggest topics of current debate and focus regarding LAG-3, including its ligands, signaling and mechanism of action, its cell-specific functions, its importance in different disease settings, and the development of novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Morsi AA, Faruk EM, Mogahed MM, Baioumy B, Hussein AYA, El-Shafey RS, Mersal EA, Abdelmoneim AM, Alanazi MM, Elshazly AME. Modeling the Effects of Cypermethrin Toxicity on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Pneumonitis Rats: Macrophage Phenotype Differentiation and p38/STAT6 Signaling Are Candidate Targets of Pirfenidone Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070994. [PMID: 37048067 PMCID: PMC10093303 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the classic form of asthma is characterized by chronic pneumonitis with eosinophil infiltration and steroid responsivity, asthma has multifactorial pathogenesis and various clinical phenotypes. Previous studies strongly suggested that chemical exposure could influence the severity and course of asthma and reduce its steroid responsiveness. Cypermethrin (CYP), a common pesticide used in agriculture, was investigated for the possible aggravation of the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic pneumonitis and the possible induction of steroid resistance in rats. Additionally, it was investigated whether pirfenidone (PFD) could substitute dexamethasone, as an alternative treatment option, for the induced steroid resistance. Fifty-six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control, PFD alone, allergic pneumonitis, CYP alone, allergic pneumonitis/CYP-exposed, allergic pneumonitis/CYP/dexamethasone (Dex), and allergic pneumonitis/CYP/PFD-treated groups. Allergic pneumonitis was induced by three intraperitoneal OVA injections administered once a week, followed by an intranasal OVA instillation challenge. CYP (25 mg/kg/d), Dex (1 mg/kg/d), and PFD (100 mg/kg/d) were administered orally from day 15 to the end of the experiment. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for cytokine levels. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS)-stained lung sections were prepared. Immunohistochemical identification of p38 MAPK and lung macrophages was performed. The inflammatory/oxidative status of the lung and PCR-quantification of the STAT6, p38 MAPK, MUC5AC, and IL-13 genes were carried out. The allergic pneumonitis-only group showed eosinophil-mediated inflammation (p < 0.05). Further CYP exposure aggravated lung inflammation and showed steroid-resistant changes, p38 activation, neutrophil-mediated, M1 macrophage-related inflammation (p < 0.05). All changes were reversed (p < 0.05) by PFD, meanwhile not by dexamethasone treatment. Pirfenidone could replace dexamethasone treatment in the current rat model of CYP-induced severe steroid-resistant asthma via inhibiting the M1 macrophage differentiation through modulation of the STAT6/p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Morsi
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63511, Egypt
| | - Eman Mohamed Faruk
- Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Mysara Mohamed Mogahed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Bodour Baioumy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Y A Hussein
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Rabab Shaban El-Shafey
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13511, Egypt
| | - Ezat A Mersal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Abdelmoneim
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63511, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tan D, Yin W, Guan F, Zeng W, Lee P, Candotti F, James LK, Saraiva Camara NO, Haeryfar SM, Chen Y, Benlagha K, Shi LZ, Lei J, Gong Q, Liu Z, Liu C. B cell-T cell interplay in immune regulation: A focus on follicular regulatory T and regulatory B cell functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:991840. [PMID: 36211467 PMCID: PMC9537379 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.991840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are the core components of humoral immunity. A mature B cell can serve in multiple capacities, including antibody production, antigen presentation, and regulatory functions. Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key players in sustaining immune tolerance and keeping inflammation in check. Mounting evidence suggests complex communications between B cells and Tregs. In this review, we summarize the yin-yang regulatory relationships between B cells and Tregs mainly from the perspectives of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells and regulatory B cells (Bregs). We discuss the regulatory effects of Tfr cells on B cell proliferation and the germinal center response. Additionally, we review the indispensable role of B cells in ensuring homeostatic Treg survival and describe the function of Bregs in promoting Treg responses. Finally, we introduce a new subset of Tregs, termed Treg-of-B cells, which are induced by B cells, lake the expression of FoxP3 but still own immunomodulatory effects. In this article, we also enumerate a sequence of research from clinical patients and experimental models to clarify the role of Tfr cells in germinal centers and the role of convention B cells and Bregs to Tregs in the context of different diseases. This review offers an updated overview of immunoregulatory networks and unveils potential targets for therapeutic interventions against cancer, autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diaoyi Tan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanjiang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louisa K James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Lewis Zhichang Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine (UAB-SOM) UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Liu, ; Chaohong Liu,
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Liu, ; Chaohong Liu,
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Fang F, Cao W, Mu Y, Okuyama H, Li L, Qiu J, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ. IL-4 prevents adenosine-mediated immunoregulation by inhibiting CD39 expression. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e157509. [PMID: 35730568 PMCID: PMC9309057 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.157509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotidase CD39 functions as a checkpoint in purinergic signaling on effector T cells. By depleting eATP and initiating the generation of adenosine, it impairs memory cell development and contributes to T cell exhaustion, thereby causing defective tumor immunity and deficient T cell responses in older adults who have increased CD39 expression. Tuning enzymatic activity of CD39 and targeting the transcriptional regulation of ENTPD1 can be used to modulate purinergic signaling. Here, we describe that STAT6 phosphorylation downstream of IL-4 signaling represses CD39 expression on activated T cells by inducing a transcription factor network including GATA3, GFI1, and YY1. GATA3 suppresses ENTPD1 transcription through prevention of RUNX3 recruitment to the ENTPD1 promoter. Conversely, pharmacological STAT6 inhibition decreases T cell effector functions via increased CD39 expression, resulting in the defective signaling of P2X receptors by ATP and stimulation of A2A receptors by adenosine. Our studies suggest that inhibiting the STAT6 pathway to increase CD39 expression has the potential to treat autoimmune disease while stimulation of the pathway could improve T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Fang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunmei Mu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hirohisa Okuyama
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lingjie Li
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingtao Qiu
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cornelia M. Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jörg J. Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Palo Alto Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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STAT6 Is Critical for the Induction of Regulatory T Cells In Vivo Controlling the Initial Steps of Colitis-Associated Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084049. [PMID: 33919941 PMCID: PMC8070924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the main driver of the tumor initiation and progression in colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Recent findings have indicated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) plays a fundamental role in the early stages of CAC, and STAT6 knockout (STAT6−/−) mice are highly resistant to CAC development. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a major role in coordinating immunomodulation in cancer; however, the role of STAT6 in the induction and function of Treg cells is poorly understood. To clarify the contribution of STAT6 to CAC, STAT6−/− and wild type (WT) mice were subjected to an AOM/DSS regimen, and the frequency of peripheral and local Treg cells was determined during the progression of CAC. When STAT6 was lacking, a remarkable reduction in tumor growth was observed, which was associated with decreased inflammation and an increased number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in the colon, circulation, and spleen, including an over-expression of TGF-beta, IL-10, and Foxp3, compared to WT mice, during the early stages of CAC development. Conversely, WT mice showed an inverse frequency of Treg cells compared with STAT6−/− mice, which was followed by intestinal tumor formation. Increased mucosal inflammation, histological damage, and tumorigenesis were restored to levels observed in WT mice when an early inhibition/depletion of Treg cells was performed in STAT6−/− mice. Thus, with STAT6 deficiency, an increased number of Treg cells induce resistance against tumorigenesis, arresting tumor-promoting inflammation. We reported a direct role of STAT6 in the induction and function of Treg cells during CAC development and suggest that STAT6 is a potential target for the modulation of immune response in colitis and CAC.
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