1
|
Magalhães F, Andrade C, Simões B, Brigham F, Valente R, Martinez P, Rino J, Sugni M, Coelho AV. Regeneration of starfish radial nerve cord restores animal mobility and unveils a new coelomocyte population. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:293-308. [PMID: 37606764 PMCID: PMC10638123 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The potential to regenerate a damaged body part is expressed to a different extent in animals. Echinoderms, in particular starfish, are known for their outstanding regenerating potential. Differently, humans have restricted abilities to restore organ systems being dependent on limited sources of stem cells. In particular, the potential to regenerate the central nervous system is extremely limited, explaining the lack of natural mechanisms that could overcome the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the occurrence of trauma. Therefore, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of regeneration in starfish could help the development of new therapeutic approaches in humans. In this study, we tackle the problem of starfish central nervous system regeneration by examining the external and internal anatomical and behavioral traits, the dynamics of coelomocyte populations, and neuronal tissue architecture after radial nerve cord (RNC) partial ablation. We noticed that the removal of part of RNC generated several anatomic anomalies and induced behavioral modifications (injured arm could not be used anymore to lead the starfish movement). Those alterations seem to be related to defense mechanisms and protection of the wound. In particular, histology showed that tissue patterns during regeneration resemble those described in holothurians and in starfish arm tip regeneration. Flow cytometry coupled with imaging flow cytometry unveiled a new coelomocyte population during the late phase of the regeneration process. Morphotypes of these and previously characterized coelomocyte populations were described based on IFC data. Further studies of this new coelomocyte population might provide insights on their involvement in radial nerve cord regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Magalhães
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claúdia Andrade
- NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Simões
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fredi Brigham
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ruben Valente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Rino
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wahltinez SJ, Byrne M, Stacy NI. Coelomic fluid of asteroid echinoderms: Current knowledge and future perspectives on its utility for disease and mortality investigations. Vet Pathol 2023; 60:547-559. [PMID: 37264636 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231176563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coelomic fluid surrounds the internal organs of asteroid echinoderms (asteroids, otherwise known as sea stars or starfish) and plays an essential role in the immune system, as well as in the transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste products, and reproductive mediators. Due to its importance in physiology and accessibility for nonlethal diagnostic sampling, coelomic fluid of asteroids provides an excellent sample matrix for health evaluations and can be particularly useful in disease and mortality investigations. This is especially important in light of recent increases in the number of affected individuals and species, larger geographic scope, and increased observed frequency of sea star wasting events compared with historic accounts of wasting. This review summarizes the current knowledge about coelomocytes, the effector cell of the asteroid immune system; coelomic fluid electrolytes, osmolality, acid-base status and respiratory gases, and microbiota; and genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic investigations of coelomic fluid. The utility of coelomic fluid analysis for assessing stressor responses, diseases, and mortality investigations is considered with knowledge gaps and future directions identified. This complex body fluid provides an exciting opportunity to increase our understanding of this unique and ecologically important group of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Byrne
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Segal BH, Giridharan T, Suzuki S, Khan ANH, Zsiros E, Emmons TR, Yaffe MB, Gankema AAF, Hoogeboom M, Goetschalckx I, Matlung HL, Kuijpers TW. Neutrophil interactions with T cells, platelets, endothelial cells, and of course tumor cells. Immunol Rev 2023; 314:13-35. [PMID: 36527200 PMCID: PMC10174640 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils sense microbes and host inflammatory mediators, and traffic to sites of infection where they direct a broad armamentarium of antimicrobial products against pathogens. Neutrophils are also activated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are products of cellular injury that stimulate the innate immune system through pathways that are similar to those activated by microbes. Neutrophils and platelets become activated by injury, and cluster and cross-signal to each other with the cumulative effect of driving antimicrobial defense and hemostasis. In addition, neutrophil extracellular traps are extracellular chromatin and granular constituents that are generated in response to microbial and damage motifs and are pro-thrombotic and injurious. Although neutrophils can worsen tissue injury, neutrophils may also have a role in facilitating wound repair following injury. A central theme of this review relates to how critical functions of neutrophils that evolved to respond to infection and damage modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ways that can promote or limit tumor progression. Neutrophils are reprogrammed by the TME, and, in turn, can cross-signal to tumor cells and reshape the immune landscape of tumors. Importantly, promising new therapeutic strategies have been developed to target neutrophil recruitment and function to make cancer immunotherapy more effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brahm H Segal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Thejaswini Giridharan
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sora Suzuki
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anm Nazmul H Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Emese Zsiros
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tiffany R Emmons
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Surgical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angela A F Gankema
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogeboom
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ines Goetschalckx
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanke L Matlung
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam University Medical Center (Amsterdam UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murano C, Nonnis S, Scalvini FG, Maffioli E, Corsi I, Tedeschi G, Palumbo A. Response to microplastic exposure: An exploration into the sea urchin immune cell proteome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121062. [PMID: 36641070 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now known that the Mediterranean Sea currently is one of the major hotspot for microplastics (MPs; < 5 mm) pollution and that the risks will be even more pronounced in the coming years. Thus, the in-depth study of the mechanisms underlying the MPs toxicity in key Mediterranean organisms, subjected to high anthropic pressures, has become a categorical imperative to pursue. Here, we explore for the first time the sea urchins immune cells profile combined to their proteome upon in vivo exposure (72 h) to different concentrations of polystyrene-microbeads (micro-PS) starting from relevant environmental concentrations (10, 50, 103, 104 MP/L). Every 24 h, immunological parameters were monitored. After 72 h, the abundance of MPs was examined in various organs and coelomocytes were collected for proteomic analysis based on a shotgun label free proteomic approach. While sea urchins treated with the lowest concentration tested (10 and 50 micro-PS/L) did not show the presence of micro-PS in any tissue, in the specimens exposed to the highest concentration (103 and 104 micro-PS) there was an internalisation of 9.75 ± 2.75 and 113.75 ± 34.5 MP/g, respectively. Proteomic analyses revealed that MPs exposure altered coelomocytes protein profile not only compared to the control group but also among the different micro-PS concentrations and these variations are micro-PS concentration dependent. The proteins exclusively expressed in the coelomocytes of specimens exposed to MPs are mainly metabolite interconversion enzymes, involved in cellular processes, indicating a severe alteration of the cellular metabolic pathways. Overall, these findings provide new insights on the mode of action of MPs in the sea urchin immune cells both at the molecular and cellular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Murano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; CRC "Innovation for Well-being and Environment" (I-WE), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi Scalvini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy; CRC "Innovation for Well-being and Environment" (I-WE), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boraschi D, Canesi L, Drobne D, Kemmerling B, Pinsino A, Prochazkova P. Interaction between nanomaterials and the innate immune system across evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:747-774. [PMID: 36639936 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with the immune system mainly occurs with cells and molecules of innate immunity, which are present in interface tissues of living organisms. Immuno-nanotoxicological studies aim at understanding if and when such interaction is inconsequential or may cause irreparable damage. Since innate immunity is the first line of immune reactivity towards exogenous agents and is highly conserved throughout evolution, this review focuses on the major effector cells of innate immunity, the phagocytes, and their major sensing receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for assessing the modes of successful versus pathological interaction between ENMs and host defences. By comparing the phagocyte- and TLR-dependent responses to ENMs in plants, molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, echinoderms and mammals, we aim to highlight common recognition and elimination mechanisms and the general sufficiency of innate immunity for maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, 518071, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80132, Napoli, Italy.,China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (SIAT, CNR, SZN), Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000, Ljubliana, Slovenia
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
More than a simple epithelial layer: multifunctional role of echinoderm coelomic epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2022; 390:207-227. [PMID: 36083358 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In echinoderms, the coelomic epithelium (CE) is reportedly the source of new circulating cells (coelomocytes) as well as the provider of molecular factors such as immunity-related molecules. However, its overall functions have been scarcely studied in detail. In this work, we used an integrated approach based on both microscopy (light and electron) and proteomic analyses to investigate the arm CE in the starfish Marthasterias glacialis during different physiological conditions (i.e., non-regenerating and/or regenerating). Our results show that CE cells share both ultrastructural and proteomic features with circulating coelomocytes (echinoderm immune cells). Additionally, microscopy and proteomic analyses indicate that CE cells are actively involved in protein synthesis and processing, and membrane trafficking processes such as phagocytosis (particularly of myocytes) and massive secretion phenomena. The latter might provide molecules (e.g., immune factors) and fluids for proper arm growth/regrowth. No stem cell marker was identified and no pre-existing stem cell was observed within the CE. Rather, during regeneration, CE cells undergo dedifferentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition to deliver progenitor cells for tissue replacement. Overall, our work underlines that echinoderm CE is not a "simple epithelial lining" and that instead it plays multiple functions which span from immunity-related roles as well as being a source of regeneration-competent cells for arm growth/regrowth.
Collapse
|
7
|
Queiroz V, Arizza V, Vazzana M, Custódio MR. Comparative evaluation of coelomocytes in Paracentrotus sea urchins: Description of new cell types and insights on spherulocyte maturation and sea urchin physiology. ZOOL ANZ 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
8
|
Polysaccharide-protein complex from coelomic fluid of Dendrobaena veneta earthworm exerts a multi-pathway antiplatelet effect without coagulopathy and cytotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113205. [PMID: 35644114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need to identify novel antiplatelet agents, an alternative to acetylsalicylic acid and thienopyridines, to broaden the prevention of cardiovascular events, the leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Invertebrate coelomocytes structurally and functionally resemble the thrombocyte-like cells of vertebrates; therefore, the coelomic fluid in which they are suspended may contain agents controlling their clumping abilities. However, whether coelomocytes-free coelomic fluid may also affect human platelet activities was not a subject of any study. This study aimed to screen the in vitro antiplatelet and anticoagulant activities of the polysaccharide-protein complex from Dendrobaena veneta coelomic fluid (25-100 µg/mL) (PPC-DV). All tested fluid concentrations induced significant (42.4-52.5%) inhibition of adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregation of human platelets at a level comparable to that of 140 µmol/L acetylsalicylic acid. Its relevant antiplatelet effect (27.2-45.9%) was also evidenced in the thrombin receptor-activating peptide-6 (TRAP-6) assay. Moreover, 50 and 100 µg/mL of PPC-DV inhibited arachidonic acid-inducible aggregation. No coagulopathic or cytotoxic effects of PPC-DV were observed. The study indicates that PPC-DV, at a concentration of at least 50 µg/mL, exerts a favorable antiplatelet effect by targeting at least three pathways (P2Y12 receptor, cyclooxygenase-1, and protease-activated receptor-1), justifying further experimental and clinical investigations on its use in cardiovascular disease prevention.
Collapse
|
9
|
Barela Hudgell MA, Grayfer L, Smith LC. A flow cytometry based approach to identify distinct coelomocyte subsets of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:104352. [PMID: 35065955 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, possesses at least seven distinguishable cell populations in the coelomic fluid, which vary in morphology, size, and function. Of these, the large phagocytes, small phagocytes, and red spherule cells are thought to be key to the echinoid immune response. Because there are currently no effective and rapid means of evaluating sea urchin coelomocytes, we developed a flow cytometry based approach to identify these subsets from unseparated, unstained, live cells. In particular our gating strategy distinguishes between the large phagocytes, small phagocytes, red spherule cells, and a mixed population of vibratile cells and colorless spherule cells. This flow cytometry based analysis increases the speed and improves the reliability of coelomocyte analysis compared to differential cell counts by microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Barela Hudgell
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - L Courtney Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Allievi A, Canavesi M, Ferrario C, Sugni M, Bonasoro F. An evo-devo perspective on the regeneration patterns of continuous arm structures in stellate echinoderms. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2039309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Allievi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Canavesi
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Bonasoro
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ballarin L, Karahan A, Salvetti A, Rossi L, Manni L, Rinkevich B, Rosner A, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B, Canesi L, Anselmi C, Pinsino A, Tohumcu BE, Jemec Kokalj A, Dolar A, Novak S, Sugni M, Corsi I, Drobne D. Stem Cells and Innate Immunity in Aquatic Invertebrates: Bridging Two Seemingly Disparate Disciplines for New Discoveries in Biology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688106. [PMID: 34276677 PMCID: PMC8278520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scopes related to the interplay between stem cells and the immune system are broad and range from the basic understanding of organism's physiology and ecology to translational studies, further contributing to (eco)toxicology, biotechnology, and medicine as well as regulatory and ethical aspects. Stem cells originate immune cells through hematopoiesis, and the interplay between the two cell types is required in processes like regeneration. In addition, stem and immune cell anomalies directly affect the organism's functions, its ability to cope with environmental changes and, indirectly, its role in ecosystem services. However, stem cells and immune cells continue to be considered parts of two branches of biological research with few interconnections between them. This review aims to bridge these two seemingly disparate disciplines towards much more integrative and transformative approaches with examples deriving mainly from aquatic invertebrates. We discuss the current understanding of cross-disciplinary collaborative and emerging issues, raising novel hypotheses and comments. We also discuss the problems and perspectives of the two disciplines and how to integrate their conceptual frameworks to address basic equations in biology in a new, innovative way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arzu Karahan
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Department of Biology, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Anselmi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Begüm Ece Tohumcu
- Middle East Technical University, Institute of Marine Sciences, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Dolar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|