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Dillemans L, Yu K, De Zutter A, Noppen S, Gouwy M, Berghmans N, Verhallen L, De Bondt M, Vanbrabant L, Brusselmans S, Martens E, Schols D, Verschueren P, Rosenkilde MM, Marques PE, Struyf S, Proost P. Natural carboxyterminal truncation of human CXCL10 attenuates glycosaminoglycan binding, CXCR3A signaling and lymphocyte chemotaxis, while retaining angiostatic activity. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:94. [PMID: 38308278 PMCID: PMC10835923 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon-γ-inducible protein of 10 kDa (IP-10/CXCL10) is a dual-function CXC chemokine that coordinates chemotaxis of activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells via interaction with its G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3). As a consequence of natural posttranslational modifications, human CXCL10 exhibits a high degree of structural and functional heterogeneity. However, the biological effect of natural posttranslational processing of CXCL10 at the carboxy (C)-terminus has remained partially elusive. We studied CXCL10(1-73), lacking the four endmost C-terminal amino acids, which was previously identified in supernatant of cultured human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. METHODS Relative levels of CXCL10(1-73) and intact CXCL10(1-77) were determined in synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through tandem mass spectrometry. The production of CXCL10(1-73) was optimized through Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and a strategy to efficiently generate human CXCL10 proteoforms was introduced. CXCL10(1-73) was compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) using surface plasmon resonance for glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding affinity, assays for cell migration, second messenger signaling downstream of CXCR3, and flow cytometry of CHO cells and primary human T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. Leukocyte recruitment in vivo upon intraperitoneal injection of CXCL10(1-73) was also evaluated. RESULTS Natural CXCL10(1-73) was more abundantly present compared to intact CXCL10(1-77) in synovial fluids of patients with RA. CXCL10(1-73) had diminished affinity for GAG including heparin, heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate A. Moreover, CXCL10(1-73) exhibited an attenuated capacity to induce CXCR3A-mediated signaling, as evidenced in calcium mobilization assays and through quantification of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B/Akt. Furthermore, CXCL10(1-73) incited significantly less primary human T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and peritoneal ingress of CXCR3+ T lymphocytes in mice. In contrast, loss of the four endmost C-terminal residues did not affect the inhibitory properties of CXCL10 on migration, proliferation, wound closure, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and sprouting of human microvascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the C-terminal residues Lys74-Pro77 of CXCL10 are important for GAG binding, signaling through CXCR3A, T lymphocyte chemotaxis, but dispensable for angiostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karen Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra De Zutter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sam Noppen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Verhallen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirre De Bondt
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Vanbrabant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stef Brusselmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1042, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Verschueren
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pedro Elias Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cambier S, Beretta F, Pörtner N, Metzemaekers M, de Carvalho AC, Martens E, Kaes J, Aelbrecht C, Jacobs C, Van Mol P, Wauters E, Meersseman P, Hermans G, Marques RE, Vanaudenaerde B, Vos R, Wauters J, Gouwy M, Proost P. Proteolytic inactivation of CXCL12 in the lungs and circulation of COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:234. [PMID: 37505242 PMCID: PMC11073220 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The human chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) or CXCL12 is involved in several homeostatic processes and pathologies through interaction with its cognate G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4. Recent research has shown that CXCL12 is present in the lungs and circulation of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the question whether the detected CXCL12 is bioactive was not addressed. Indeed, the activity of CXCL12 is regulated by NH2- and COOH-terminal post-translational proteolysis, which significantly impairs its biological activity. The aim of the present study was to characterize proteolytic processing of CXCL12 in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood plasma samples from critically ill COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we optimized immunosorbent tandem mass spectrometry proteoform analysis (ISTAMPA) for detection of CXCL12 proteoforms. In patient samples, this approach uncovered that CXCL12 is rapidly processed by site-specific NH2- and COOH-terminal proteolysis and ultimately degraded. This proteolytic inactivation occurred more rapidly in COVID-19 plasma than in COVID-19 BAL fluids, whereas BAL fluid samples from stable lung transplantation patients and the non-affected lung of lung cancer patients (control groups) hardly induced any processing of CXCL12. In COVID-19 BAL fluids with high proteolytic activity, processing occurred exclusively NH2-terminally and was predominantly mediated by neutrophil elastase. In low proteolytic activity BAL fluid and plasma samples, NH2- and COOH-terminal proteolysis by CD26 and carboxypeptidases were observed. Finally, protease inhibitors already approved for clinical use such as sitagliptin and sivelestat prevented CXCL12 processing and may therefore be of pharmacological interest to prolong CXCL12 half-life and biological activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio Beretta
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Noëmie Pörtner
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Carolina de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Erik Martens
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janne Kaes
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Aelbrecht
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cato Jacobs
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Mol
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Wauters
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Meersseman
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Hermans
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robin Vos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Wauters
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Clinical Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Rega - Herestraat 49, Box 1042, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Yan J, Kothur K, Mohammad S, Chung J, Patel S, Jones HF, Keating BA, Han VX, Webster R, Ardern-Holmes S, Antony J, Menezes MP, Tantsis E, Gill D, Gupta S, Kandula T, Sampaio H, Farrar MA, Troedson C, Andrews PI, Pillai SC, Heng B, Guillemin GJ, Guller A, Bandodkar S, Dale RC. CSF neopterin, quinolinic acid and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio are biomarkers of active neuroinflammation. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104589. [PMID: 37119734 PMCID: PMC10165192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining the presence of acute and chronic brain inflammation remains a challenge to clinicians due to the heterogeneity of clinical presentations and aetiologies. However, defining the presence of neuroinflammation, and monitoring the effects of therapy is important given its reversible and potentially damaging nature. We investigated the utility of CSF metabolites in the diagnosis of primary neuroinflammatory disorders such as encephalitis and explored the potential pathogenic role of inflammation in epilepsy. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from 341 paediatric patients (169 males, median age 5.8 years, range 0.1-17.1) were examined. The patients were separated into a primary inflammatory disorder group (n = 90) and epilepsy group (n = 80), who were compared with three control groups including neurogenetic and structural (n = 76), neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric and functional neurological disorders (n = 63), and headache (n = 32). FINDINGS There were statistically significant increases of CSF neopterin, kynurenine, quinolinic acid and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (KYN/TRP) in the inflammation group compared to all control groups (all p < 0.0003). As biomarkers, at thresholds with 95% specificity, CSF neopterin had the best sensitivity for defining neuroinflammation (82%, CI 73-89), then quinolinic acid (57%, CI 47-67), KYN/TRP ratio (47%, CI 36-56) and kynurenine (37%, CI 28-48). CSF pleocytosis had sensitivity of 53%, CI 42-64). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) of CSF neopterin (94.4% CI 91.0-97.7%) was superior to that of CSF pleocytosis (84.9% CI 79.5-90.4%) (p = 0.005). CSF kynurenic acid/kynurenine ratio (KYNA/KYN) was statistically decreased in the epilepsy group compared to all control groups (all p ≤ 0.0003), which was evident in most epilepsy subgroups. INTERPRETATION Here we show that CSF neopterin, kynurenine, quinolinic acid and KYN/TRP are useful diagnostic and monitoring biomarkers of neuroinflammation. These findings provide biological insights into the role of inflammatory metabolism in neurological disorders and provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for improved management of neurological diseases. FUNDING Financial support for the study was granted by Dale NHMRC Investigator grant APP1193648, University of Sydney, Petre Foundation, Cerebral Palsy Alliance and Department of Biochemistry at the Children's Hospital at Westmead. Prof Guillemin is funded by NHMRC Investigator grant APP 1176660 and Macquarie University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Yan
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kavitha Kothur
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Shekeeb Mohammad
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shrujna Patel
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah F Jones
- Starship Hospital, Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brooke A Keating
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Velda X Han
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Webster
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Ardern-Holmes
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jayne Antony
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Manoj P Menezes
- Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Esther Tantsis
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deepak Gill
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sachin Gupta
- TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Tejaswi Kandula
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Sampaio
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Troedson
- Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; TY Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P Ian Andrews
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sekhar C Pillai
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Guller
- Computational NeuroSurgery Lab, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Dillemans L, De Somer L, Neerinckx B, Proost P. A review of the pleiotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands in the synovial microenvironment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:78. [PMID: 36862204 PMCID: PMC11071919 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are pivotal players in instigation and perpetuation of synovitis through leukocytes egress from the blood circulation into the inflamed articulation. Multitudinous literature addressing the involvement of the dual-function interferon (IFN)-inducible chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 in diseases characterized by chronic inflammatory arthritis emphasizes the need for detangling their etiopathological relevance. Through interaction with their mutual receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 exert their hallmark function of coordinating directional trafficking of CD4+ TH1 cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells and NKT cells towards inflammatory niches. Among other (patho)physiological processes including infection, cancer, and angiostasis, IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands have been implicated in autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the abundant presence of IFN-induced CXCR3 ligands in bodily fluids of patients with inflammatory arthritis, the outcomes of their selective depletion in rodent models, and the attempts at developing candidate drugs targeting the CXCR3 chemokine system. We further propose that the involvement of the CXCR3 binding chemokines in synovitis and joint remodeling encompasses more than solely the directional ingress of CXCR3-expressing leukocytes. The pleotropic actions of the IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands in the synovial niche reiteratively illustrate the extensive complexity of the CXCR3 chemokine network, which is based on the intercommunion of IFN-inducible CXCR3 ligands with distinct CXCR3 isoforms, enzymes, cytokines, and infiltrated and resident cells present in the inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Dillemans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lien De Somer
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Neerinckx
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Cambier S, Gouwy M, Proost P. The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:217-251. [PMID: 36725964 PMCID: PMC9890491 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are an indispensable component of our immune system through the regulation of directional migration and activation of leukocytes. CXCL8 is the most potent human neutrophil-attracting chemokine and plays crucial roles in the response to infection and tissue injury. CXCL8 activity inherently depends on interaction with the human CXC chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR1, and glycosaminoglycans. Furthermore, (hetero)dimerization and tight regulation of transcription and translation, as well as post-translational modifications further fine-tune the spatial and temporal activity of CXCL8 in the context of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The CXCL8 interaction with receptors and glycosaminoglycans is therefore a promising target for therapy, as illustrated by multiple ongoing clinical trials. CXCL8-mediated neutrophil mobilization to blood is directly opposed by CXCL12, which retains leukocytes in bone marrow. CXCL12 is primarily a homeostatic chemokine that induces migration and activation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and several leukocytes through interaction with CXCR4, ACKR1, and ACKR3. Thereby, it is an essential player in the regulation of embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and angiogenesis. However, CXCL12 can also exert inflammatory functions, as illustrated by its pivotal role in a growing list of pathologies and its synergy with CXCL8 and other chemokines to induce leukocyte chemotaxis. Here, we review the plethora of information on the CXCL8 structure, interaction with receptors and glycosaminoglycans, different levels of activity regulation, role in homeostasis and disease, and therapeutic prospects. Finally, we discuss recent research on CXCL12 biochemistry and biology and its role in pathology and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Cambier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Thompson S, Pang CY, Sepuru KM, Cambier S, Hellyer TP, Scott J, Simpson AJ, Proost P, Kirby JA, Rajarathnam K, Sheerin NS, Ali S. Nitration of chemokine CXCL8 acts as a natural mechanism to limit acute inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:35. [PMID: 36622452 PMCID: PMC9829591 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine CXCL8 is a key facilitator of the human host immune response, mediating neutrophil migration, and activation at the site of infection and injury. The oxidative burst is an important effector mechanism which leads to the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), including peroxynitrite. The current study was performed to determine the potential for nitration to alter the biological properties of CXCL8 and its detection in human disease. Here, we show peroxynitrite nitrates CXCL8 and thereby regulates neutrophil migration and activation. The nitrated chemokine was unable to induce transendothelial neutrophil migration in vitro and failed to promote leukocyte recruitment in vivo. This reduced activity is due to impairment in both G protein-coupled receptor signaling and glycosaminoglycan binding. Using a novel antibody, nitrated CXCL8 was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage samples from patients with pneumonia. These findings were validated by mass spectrometry. Our results provide the first direct evidence of chemokine nitration in human pathophysiology and suggest a natural mechanism that limits acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thompson
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Chong Yun Pang
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Krishna Mohan Sepuru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Seppe Cambier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas P Hellyer
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Jonathan Scott
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4L9, UK
| | - Paul Proost
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John A Kirby
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Krishna Rajarathnam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Neil S Sheerin
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Simi Ali
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Matsushima K, Shichino S, Ueha S. Thirty-five years since the discovery of chemotactic cytokines, interleukin-8 and MCAF: A historical overview. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:213-226. [PMID: 37518010 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defense response to various invading stimuli, but an excessive and persistent inflammatory response can cause tissue injury, which can lead to irreversible organ damage and dysfunction. Excessive inflammatory responses are believed to link to most human diseases. A specific type of leukocyte infiltration into invaded tissues is required for inflammation. Historically, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process during inflammation were an enigma, compromising research in the fields of inflammation, immunology, and pathology. However, the pioneering discovery of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF; interleukin [IL]-8, CXCL8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF; monocyte chemotactic factor 1 [MCP-1], CCL2) in the late 1980s finally enabled us to address this issue. In this review, we provide a historical overview of chemokine research over the last 35 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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Matsushima K, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ. Interleukin-8: An evolving chemokine. Cytokine 2022; 153:155828. [PMID: 35247648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early in the 1980s several laboratories mistakenly reported that partially purified interleukin-1 (IL-1) was chemotactic for neutrophils. However, further investigations by us, revealed that our purified IL-1 did not have neutrophil chemotactic activity and this activity in the LPS-stimulated human monocyte conditioned media could clearly be separated from IL-1 activity on HPLC gel filtration. This motivated Teizo Yoshimura and Kouji Matsushima to purify the monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF), present in LPS conditioned media and molecularly clone the cDNA for MDNCF. They found that MDNCF protein (later renamed IL-8, and finally termed CXCL8) is first translated as a precursor form consisting of 99 amino acid residues and the signal peptide is then removed, leading to the secretion and processing of biologically active IL-8 of 72 amino acid form (residues 28-99). There are four cysteine residues forming two disulfide linkage and 14 basic amino acid residues which result in a very basic property for the binding of IL-8 to heparan sulfate-proteoglycan. The IL-8 gene consists of 4 exons and 3 introns. IL-8 is produced by various types of cells in inflammation. The 5'-flanking region of IL-8 gene contains several nuclear factor binding sites, and NF-κB in combination with AP-1 or C/EBP synergistically activates IL-8 gene in response to IL-1 and TNFα. Two receptors exist for IL-8, CXCR1 and CXCR2 in humans, which belong to γ subfamily of GTP binding protein (G-protein) coupled rhodopsin-like 7 transmembrane domain receptors. Rodents express CXCR2 and do not produce IL-8, but produce numerous homologues instead. Once IL-8 binds to the receptor, β and γ subunits of G-protein are released from Gα (Gαi2 in neutrophils) and activate PI3Kγ, PLCβ2/β3, PLA2 and PLD. Gαi2 inhibits adenyl cyclase to decrease cAMP levels. Small GTPases Ras/Rac/Rho/cdc42/Rap1, PKC and AKT (PKB) exist down-stream of β and γ subunits and regulate cell adhesion, actin polymerization, membrane protrusion, and eventually cell migration. PLCβ activation generates IP3 and induces Ca++ mobilization, DAG generation to activate protein kinase C to lead granule exocytosis and respiratory burst. MDNCF was renamed interleukin 8 (IL-8) at the International Symposium on Novel Neutrophil Chemotactic Activating Polypeptides, London, UK in 1989. The discovery of IL-8 prompted us to also purify and molecularly clone the cDNA of MCAF/MCP-1 responsible for monocyte chemotaxis, and other groups to identify a large family of chemotactic cytokines capable of attracting other types of leukocytes. In 1992, most of the investigators contributing to the discovery of this new family of chemotactic cytokines gathered in Baden, Austria and agreed to name this family "chemokines" and subsequently established the CXCL/CCL and CXCR/CCR nomenclature. The discovery of chemokines resulted in solving the long-time enigma concerning the mechanism of cell type specific leukocyte infiltration into inflamed tissues and provided a molecular basis for immune and hematopoietic cell migration and interactions under physiological as well as pathological conditions. To our surprise based on its recently identified multifunctional activities, IL-8 has evolved from a neutrophil chemoattractant to a promising therapeutic target for a wide range of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. IL-8 was initially characterized as a chemoattractant of neutrophils engaged in acute inflammation and then discovered to also be chemotactic for endothelial cells with a major role in angiogenesis. These two activities of IL-8 foster its stimulatory effect on tumor growth. This is abetted by recent additional discoveries showing that IL-8 has stimulatory effects on stem cells and can therefore directly promote the growth of receptor expressing cancer stem cells. IL-8 by interacting with bone marrow stem/progenitor cells has also the capacity to mobilize and release hematopoietic cells into the peripheral circulation. This includes the mobilization of neutrophilic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (N-MDSC) to infiltrate into tumors and thus further promotes the immune escape of tumors. Finally, the capacity of IL-8 to induce trans-differentiation of epithelial cancer cells into mesenchymal phenotype (EMT) increases the malignancy of tumors by promoting their metastatic spread and resistance to chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic immune cells. These observations have stimulated considerable current efforts to develop receptor antagonists for IL-8 and humanized anti-IL-8 antibody for the therapy of cancer, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - De Yang
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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