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Kuriakose Gift S, Wieczorek L, Sanders-Buell E, Zemil M, Molnar S, Donofrio G, Townsley S, Chenine AL, Bose M, Trinh HV, Barrows BM, Sriplienchan S, Kitsiripornchai S, Nitayapan S, Eller LA, Rao M, Ferrari G, Michael NL, Ake JA, Krebs SJ, Robb ML, Tovanabutra S, Polonis VR. Evolution of Antibody Responses in HIV-1 CRF01_AE Acute Infection: Founder Envelope V1V2 Impacts the Timing and Magnitude of Autologous Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0163522. [PMID: 36749076 PMCID: PMC9973046 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01635-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of early immune responses to HIV-1 infection, including the evolution of initial neutralizing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-mediating antibodies, will inform HIV vaccine design. In this study, we assess the development of autologous neutralizing antibodies (ANAbs) against founder envelopes (Envs) from 18 participants with HIV-1 CRF01_AE acute infection. The timing of ANAb development directly associated with the magnitude of the longitudinal ANAb response. Participants that developed ANAbs within 6 months of infection had significantly higher ANAb responses at 1 year (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] geometric mean titer [GMT] = 2,010 versus 184; P = 0.001) and 2 years (GMT = 3,479 versus 340; P = 0.015), compared to participants that developed ANAb responses after 6 months. Participants with later development of ANAb tended to develop an earlier, potent heterologous tier 1 (92TH023) neutralizing antibody (NAb) response (P = 0.049). CRF01_AE founder Env V1V2 loop lengths correlated indirectly with the timing (P = 0.002, r = -0.675) and directly with magnitude (P = 0.005, r = 0.635) of ANAb responses; Envs with longer V1V2 loop lengths elicited earlier and more potent ANAb responses. While ANAb responses did not associate with viral load, the viral load set point correlated directly with neutralization of the heterologous 92TH023 strain (P = 0.007, r = 0.638). In contrast, a striking inverse correlation was observed between viral load set point and peak ADCC against heterologous 92TH023 Env strain (P = 0.0005, r = -0.738). These data indicate that specific antibody functions can be differentially related to viral load set point and may affect HIV-1 pathogenesis. Exploiting Env properties, such as V1V2 length, could facilitate development of subtype-specific vaccines that elicit more effective immune responses and improved protection. IMPORTANCE Development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine will be facilitated by better understanding the dynamics between the founder virus and the early humoral responses. Variations between subtypes may influence the evolution of immune responses and should be considered as we strive to understand these dynamics. In this study, autologous founder envelope neutralization and heterologous functional humoral responses were evaluated after acute infection by HIV-1 CRF01_AE, a subtype that has not been thoroughly characterized. The evolution of these humoral responses was assessed in relation to envelope characteristics, magnitude of elicited immune responses, and viral load. Understanding immune parameters in natural infection will improve our understanding of protective responses and aid in the development of immunogens that elicit protective functional antibodies. Advancing our knowledge of correlates of positive clinical outcomes should lead to the design of more efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syna Kuriakose Gift
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Zemil
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sebastian Molnar
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gina Donofrio
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha Townsley
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnes L. Chenine
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittani M. Barrows
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Somchai Sriplienchan
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchai Kitsiripornchai
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorachai Nitayapan
- Royal Thai Army, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Leigh-Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie A. Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shelly J. Krebs
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Matarazzo L, Bettencourt PJG. mRNA vaccines: a new opportunity for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172691. [PMID: 37168860 PMCID: PMC10166207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of the first licensed mRNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 has created a widespread interest on mRNA technology for vaccinology. As expected, the number of mRNA vaccines in preclinical and clinical development increased exponentially since 2020, including numerous improvements in mRNA formulation design, delivery methods and manufacturing processes. However, the technology faces challenges such as the cost of raw materials, the lack of standardization, and delivery optimization. MRNA technology may provide a solution to some of the emerging infectious diseases as well as the deadliest hard-to-treat infectious diseases malaria, tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), for which an effective vaccine, easily deployable to endemic areas is urgently needed. In this review, we discuss the functional structure, design, manufacturing processes and delivery methods of mRNA vaccines. We provide an up-to-date overview of the preclinical and clinical development of mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases, and discuss the immunogenicity, efficacy and correlates of protection of mRNA vaccines, with particular focus on research and development of mRNA vaccines against malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matarazzo
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. G. Bettencourt
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Paulo J. G. Bettencourt,
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Hvilsom CT, Søgaard OS. TLR-Agonist Mediated Enhancement of Antibody-Dependent Effector Functions as Strategy For an HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704617. [PMID: 34630386 PMCID: PMC8495198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current treatment for HIV-1 is based on blocking various stages in the viral replication cycle using combination antiretroviral therapy (ART). Even though ART effectively controls the infection, it is not curative, and patients must therefore continue treatment life-long. Aim Here we review recent literature investigating the single or combined effect of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with the objective to evaluate the evidence for this combination as a means towards an HIV-1 cure. Results Multiple preclinical studies found significantly enhanced killing of HIV-1 infected cells by TLR agonist-induced innate immune activation or by Fc-mediated effector functions following bNAb administration. However, monotherapy with either agent did not lead to sustained HIV-1 remission in clinical trials among individuals on long-term ART. Notably, findings in non-human primates suggest that a combination of TLR agonists and bNAbs may be able to induce long-term remission after ART cessation and this approach is currently being further investigated in clinical trials. Conclusion Preclinical findings show beneficial effects of either TLR agonist or bNAb administration for enhancing the elimination of HIV-1 infected cells. Further, TLR agonist-mediated stimulation of innate effector functions in combination with bNAbs may enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and non-human primate studies have shown promising results for this combination strategy. Factors such as immune exhaustion, proviral bNAb sensitivity and time of intervention might impact the clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Infectious Disease, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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