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Liu Y, Liang Y, Yuhong J, Xin P, Han JL, Du Y, Yu X, Zhu R, Zhang M, Chen W, Ma Y. Advances in Nanotechnology for Enhancing the Solubility and Bioavailability of Poorly Soluble Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:1469-1495. [PMID: 38707615 PMCID: PMC11070169 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s447496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript offers a comprehensive overview of nanotechnology's impact on the solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, with a focus on BCS Class II and IV drugs. We explore various nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDSs), including lipid-based, polymer-based, nanoemulsions, nanogels, and inorganic carriers. These systems offer improved drug efficacy, targeting, and reduced side effects. Emphasizing the crucial role of nanoparticle size and surface modifications, the review discusses the advancements in NDDSs for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Challenges such as production cost and safety are acknowledged, yet the potential of NDDSs in transforming drug delivery methods is highlighted. This contribution underscores the importance of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical engineering, suggesting it as a significant advancement for medical applications and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Liu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yushan Liang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yuhong
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Xin
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Li Han
- School of Health Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongle Du
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinru Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runhe Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxun Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Ma
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Alijagic A, Kotlyar O, Larsson M, Salihovic S, Hedbrant A, Eriksson U, Karlsson P, Persson A, Scherbak N, Färnlund K, Engwall M, Särndahl E. Immunotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disrupting impacts of polyamide microplastic particles and chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108412. [PMID: 38183898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional properties and cost effectiveness, polyamides or nylons have emerged as widely used materials, revolutionizing diverse industries, including industrial 3D printing or additive manufacturing (AM). Powder-based AM technologies employ tonnes of polyamide microplastics to produce complex components every year. However, the lack of comprehensive toxicity assessment of particulate polyamides and polyamide-associated chemicals, especially in the light of the global microplastics crisis, calls for urgent action. This study investigated the physicochemical properties of polyamide-12 microplastics used in AM, and assessed a number of toxicity endpoints focusing on inflammation, immunometabolism, genotoxicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation, endocrine disruption, and cell morphology. Specifically, microplastics examination by means of field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that work flow reuse of material created a fraction of smaller particles with an average size of 1-5 µm, a size range readily available for uptake by human cells. Moreover, chemical analysis by means of gas chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry detected several polyamide-associated chemicals including starting material, plasticizer, thermal stabilizer/antioxidant, and migrating slip additive. Even if polyamide particles and chemicals did not induce an acute inflammatory response, repeated and prolonged exposure of human primary macrophages disclosed a steady increase in the levels of proinflammatory chemokine Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL-8). Moreover, targeted metabolomics disclosed that polyamide particles modulated the kynurenine pathway and some of its key metabolites. The p53-responsive luciferase reporter gene assay showed that particles per se were able to activate p53, being indicative of a genotoxic stress. Polyamide-associated chemicals triggered moderate activation of AhR and elicited anti-androgenic activity. Finally, a high-throughput and non-targeted morphological profiling by Cell Painting assay outlined major sites of bioactivity of polyamide-associated chemicals and indicated putative mechanisms of toxicity in the cells. These findings reveal that the increasing use of polyamide microplastics may pose a potential health risk for the exposed individuals, and it merits more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Alijagic
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
| | - Oleksandr Kotlyar
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; Centre for Applied Autonomous Sensor Systems (AASS), Mobile Robotics and Olfaction Lab (MRO), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Samira Salihovic
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hedbrant
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Eriksson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Patrik Karlsson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Alexander Persson
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Nikolai Scherbak
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Center (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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3
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Ummarino A, Pensado-López A, Migliore R, Alcaide-Ruggiero L, Calà N, Caputo M, Gambaro FM, Anfray C, Ronzoni FL, Kon E, Allavena P, Torres Andón F. An in vitro model for osteoarthritis using long-cultured inflammatory human macrophages repeatedly stimulated with TLR agonists. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350507. [PMID: 37713238 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by an abundance of inflammatory M1-like macrophages damaging local tissues. The search for new potential drugs for OA suffers from the lack of appropriate methods of long-lasting inflammation. Here we developed and characterized an in vitro protocol of long-lasting culture of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages differentiated with a combination of M-CSF+GM-CSF that optimally supported long-cultured macrophages (LC-Mϕs) for up to 15 days, unlike their single use. Macrophages repeatedly stimulated for 15 days with the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 (LCS-Mϕs), showed sustained levels over time of IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL8, inflammatory mediators that were also detected in the synovial fluids of OA patients. Furthermore, macrophages isolated from the synovia of two OA patients showed an expression profile of inflammation-related genes similar to that of LCS-Mϕs, validating our protocol as a model of chronically activated inflammatory macrophages. Next, to confirm that these LCS-Mϕs could be modulated by anti-inflammatory compounds, we employed dexamethasone and/or celecoxib, two drugs widely used in OA treatment, that significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators. This easy-to-use in vitro protocol of long-lasting inflammation with primary human macrophages could be useful for the screening of new compounds to improve the therapy of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Ummarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Calà
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Etromapmacs Pole, Agorà Biomedical Sciences, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Caputo
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Etromapmacs Pole, Agorà Biomedical Sciences, Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavio L Ronzoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Fernando Torres Andón
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario de A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, Spain
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Boraschi D, Canesi L, Drobne D, Kemmerling B, Pinsino A, Prochazkova P. Interaction between nanomaterials and the innate immune system across evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:747-774. [PMID: 36639936 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) with the immune system mainly occurs with cells and molecules of innate immunity, which are present in interface tissues of living organisms. Immuno-nanotoxicological studies aim at understanding if and when such interaction is inconsequential or may cause irreparable damage. Since innate immunity is the first line of immune reactivity towards exogenous agents and is highly conserved throughout evolution, this review focuses on the major effector cells of innate immunity, the phagocytes, and their major sensing receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), for assessing the modes of successful versus pathological interaction between ENMs and host defences. By comparing the phagocyte- and TLR-dependent responses to ENMs in plants, molluscs, annelids, crustaceans, echinoderms and mammals, we aim to highlight common recognition and elimination mechanisms and the general sufficiency of innate immunity for maintaining tissue integrity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), 1068 Xueyuan Blvd, 518071, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy.,Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Villa Comunale, 80132, Napoli, Italy.,China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (SIAT, CNR, SZN), Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000, Ljubliana, Slovenia
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- ZMBP - Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Della Camera G, Liu T, Yang W, Li Y, Puntes VF, Gioria S, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Induction of Innate Memory in Human Monocytes Exposed to Mixtures of Bacterial Agents and Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314655. [PMID: 36498992 PMCID: PMC9738562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed whether concomitant exposure of human monocytes to bacterial agents and different engineered nanoparticles can affect the induction of protective innate memory, an immune mechanism that affords better resistance to diverse threatening challenges. Monocytes were exposed in vitro to nanoparticles of different chemical nature, shape and size either alone or admixed with LPS, and cell activation was assessed in terms of production of inflammatory (TNFα, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-1Ra). After return to baseline conditions, cells were re-challenged with LPS and their secondary "memory" response measured. Results show that nanoparticles alone are essentially unable to generate memory, while LPS induced a tolerance memory response (less inflammatory cytokines, equal or increased anti-inflammatory cytokines). LPS-induced tolerance was not significantly affected by the presence of nanoparticles during the memory generation phase, although with substantial donor-to-donor variability. This suggests that, despite the overall lack of significant effects on LPS-induced innate memory, nanoparticles may have donor-specific effects. Thus, future nanosafety assessment and nanotherapeutic strategies will need a personalized approach in order to ensure both the safety and efficacy of nano medical compounds for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Della Camera
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Tinghao Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Victor F. Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), IBBC, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), SIAT, CAS, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), 80121 Napoli, Italy
- China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation (CNR, SIAT, SZN), IBBC, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
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6
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Urbán P, Italiani P, Boraschi D, Gioria S. The SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein Induces Innate Memory in Human Monocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:963627. [PMID: 35928816 PMCID: PMC9343583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.963627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the human immune system is at the basis of the positive or negative outcome of the infection. Monocytes and macrophages, which are major innate immune/inflammatory effector cells, are not directly infected by SARS-CoV-2, however they can react to the virus and mount a strong reaction. Whether this first interaction and reaction may bias innate reactivity to re-challenge, a phenomenon known as innate memory, is currently unexplored and may be part of the long-term sequelae of COVID-19. Here, we have tested the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 and some of its proteins to induce innate memory in human monocytes in vitro. Our preliminary results show that the Spike protein subunits S1 and S2 and the entire heat-inactivated virus have no substantial effect. Conversely, monocytes pre-exposed to the nucleocapsid N protein react to subsequent viral or bacterial challenges with an increased production of anti-inflammatory IL-1Ra, a response profile suggesting a milder response to new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Urbán
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technologies (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sabrina Gioria,
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Auguste M, Melillo D, Corteggio A, Marino R, Canesi L, Pinsino A, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Methodological Approaches To Assess Innate Immunity and Innate Memory in Marine Invertebrates and Humans. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:842469. [PMID: 35295223 PMCID: PMC8915809 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.842469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the impact of drugs and contaminants on immune responses requires methodological approaches able to represent real-life conditions and predict long-term effects. Innate immunity/inflammation is the evolutionarily most widespread and conserved defensive mechanism in living organisms, and therefore we will focus here on immunotoxicological methods that specifically target such processes. By exploiting the conserved mechanisms of innate immunity, we have examined the most representative immunotoxicity methodological approaches across living species, to identify common features and human proxy models/assays. Three marine invertebrate organisms are examined in comparison with humans, i.e., bivalve molluscs, tunicates and sea urchins. In vivo and in vitro approaches are compared, highlighting common mechanisms and species-specific endpoints, to be applied in predictive human and environmental immunotoxicity assessment. Emphasis is given to the 3R principle of Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research and to the application of the ARRIVE guidelines on reporting animal research, in order to strengthen the quality and usability of immunotoxicology research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Rita Marino
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pinsino
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), CNR, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paola Italiani, ; Diana Boraschi,
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Paola Italiani, ; Diana Boraschi,
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8
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Boraschi D, Li D, Li Y, Italiani P. In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Assess the Immune-Related Effects of Nanomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211769. [PMID: 34831525 PMCID: PMC8623312 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immunological safety of drugs, nanomaterials and contaminants is a central point in the regulatory evaluation and safety monitoring of working and public places and of the environment. In fact, anomalies in immune responses may cause diseases and hamper the physical and functional integrity of living organisms, from plants to human beings. In the case of nanomaterials, many experimental models are used for assessing their immunosafety, some of which have been adopted by regulatory bodies. All of them, however, suffer from shortcomings and approximations, and may be inaccurate in representing real-life responses, thereby leading to incomplete, incorrect or even misleading predictions. Here, we review the advantages and disadvantages of current nanoimmunosafety models, comparing in vivo vs. in vitro models and examining the use of animal vs. human cells, primary vs. transformed cells, complex multicellular and 3D models, organoids and organs-on-chip, in view of implementing a reliable and personalized nanoimmunosafety testing. The general conclusion is that the choice of testing models is key for obtaining reliable predictive information, and therefore special attention should be devoted to selecting the most relevant and realistic suite of models in order to generate relevant information that can allow for safer-by-design nanotechnological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Dongjie Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China; (D.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy;
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9
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The Interactions between Nanoparticles and the Innate Immune System from a Nanotechnologist Perspective. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112991. [PMID: 34835755 PMCID: PMC8621168 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune system contributes to maintaining the body’s functional integrity through its two main functions: recognizing and destroying foreign external agents (invading microorganisms) and identifying and eliminating senescent cells and damaged or abnormal endogenous entities (such as cellular debris or misfolded/degraded proteins). Accordingly, the immune system can detect molecular and cellular structures with a spatial resolution of a few nm, which allows for detecting molecular patterns expressed in a great variety of pathogens, including viral and bacterial proteins and bacterial nucleic acid sequences. Such patterns are also expressed in abnormal cells. In this context, it is expected that nanostructured materials in the size range of proteins, protein aggregates, and viruses with different molecular coatings can engage in a sophisticated interaction with the immune system. Nanoparticles can be recognized or passed undetected by the immune system. Once detected, they can be tolerated or induce defensive (inflammatory) or anti-inflammatory responses. This paper describes the different modes of interaction between nanoparticles, especially inorganic nanoparticles, and the immune system, especially the innate immune system. This perspective should help to propose a set of selection rules for nanosafety-by-design and medical nanoparticle design.
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Swartzwelter BJ, Michelini S, Frauenlob T, Barbero F, Verde A, De Luca AC, Puntes V, Duschl A, Horejs-Hoeck J, Italiani P, Boraschi D. Innate Memory Reprogramming by Gold Nanoparticles Depends on the Microbial Agents That Induce Memory. Front Immunol 2021; 12:751683. [PMID: 34804037 PMCID: PMC8600232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.751683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory, the ability of innate cells to react in a more protective way to secondary challenges, is induced by exposure to infectious and other exogeous and endogenous agents. Engineered nanoparticles are particulate exogenous agents that, as such, could trigger an inflammatory reaction in monocytes and macrophages and could therefore be also able to induce innate memory. Here, we have evaluated the capacity of engineered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to induce a memory response or to modulate the memory responses induced by microbial agents. Microbial agents used were in soluble vs. particulate form (MDP and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus; β-glucan and the β-glucan-producing fungi C. albicans), and as whole microrganisms that were either killed (S. aureus, C. albicans) or viable (the gram-negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori). The memory response was assessed in vitro, by exposing human primary monocytes from 2-7 individual donors to microbial agents with or without AuNPs (primary response), then resting them for 6 days to allow return to baseline, and eventually challenging them with LPS (secondary memory response). Primary and memory responses were tested as production of the innate/inflammatory cytokine TNFα and other inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. While inactive on the response induced by soluble microbial stimuli (muramyl dipeptide -MDP-, β-glucan), AuNPs partially reduced the primary response induced by whole microorganisms. AuNPs were also unable to directly induce a memory response but could modulate stimulus-induced memory in a circumscribed fashion, limited to some agents and some cytokines. Thus, the MDP-induced tolerance in terms of TNFα production was further exacerbated by co-priming with AuNPs, resulting in a less inflammatory memory response. Conversely, the H. pylori-induced tolerance was downregulated by AuNPs only relative to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, which would lead to an overall more inflammatory memory response. These effects of AuNPs may depend on a differential interaction/association between the reactive particle surfaces and the microbial components and agents, which may lead to a change in the exposure profiles. As a general observation, however, the donor-to-donor variability in memory response profiles and reactivity to AuNPs was substantial, suggesting that innate memory depends on the individual history of exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Swartzwelter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tobias Frauenlob
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Francesco Barbero
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandro Verde
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara De Luca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Hoeck
- Department Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg (PLUS), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Napoli, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Napoli, Italy
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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Song Q, Javid A, Zhang G, Li Y. Applications of Magnetite Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapies: Present Hallmarks and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701485. [PMID: 34675914 PMCID: PMC8524440 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current immuno-oncotherapeutic protocols that inhibit tumor immune evasion have demonstrated great clinical success. However, the therapeutic response is limited only to a percentage of patients, and the immune-related adverse events can compromise the therapeutic benefits. Therefore, improving cancer immunotherapeutic approaches that pursue high tumor suppression efficiency and low side effects turn out to be a clinical priority. Novel magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit great potential for therapeutic and imaging applications by utilizing their properties of superparamagnetism, good biocompatibility, as well as the easy synthesis and modulation/functionalization. In particular, the MNPs can exert magnetic hyperthermia to induce immunogenic cell death of tumor cells for effective antigen release and presentation, and meanwhile polarize tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to M1 phenotype for improved tumor killing capability, thus enhancing the anti-tumor immune effects. Furthermore, immune checkpoint antibodies, immune-stimulating agents, or tumor-targeting agents can be decorated on MNPs, thereby improving their selectivity for the tumor or immune cells by the unique magnetic navigation capability of MNPs to promote the tumor killing immune therapeutics with fewer side effects. This mini-review summarizes the recent progress in MNP-based immuno-oncotherapies, including activation of macrophage, promotion of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) infiltration within tumors and modulation of immune checkpoint blockade, thus further supporting the applications of MNPs in clinical therapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingle Song
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Amaneh Javid
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Science and Arts University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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