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Su WJ, Hu T, Jiang CL. Cool the Inflamed Brain: A Novel Anti-inflammatory Strategy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:810-842. [PMID: 37559243 PMCID: PMC10845090 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230809112028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abundant evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) by altering neurotransmission, neuroplasticity, and neuroendocrine processes. Given the unsatisfactory response and remission of monoaminergic antidepressants, anti-inflammatory therapy is proposed as a feasible way to augment the antidepressant effect. Recently, there have been emerging studies investigating the efficiency and efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of MDD and depressive symptoms comorbid with somatic diseases. METHODS In this narrative review, prospective clinical trials focusing on anti-inflammatory treatment for depression have been comprehensively searched and screened. Based on the included studies, we summarize the rationale for the anti-inflammatory therapy of depression and discuss the utilities and confusions regarding the anti-inflammatory strategy for MDD. RESULTS This review included over 45 eligible trials. For ease of discussion, we have grouped them into six categories based on their mechanism of action, and added some other anti-inflammatory modalities, including Chinese herbal medicine and non-drug therapy. Pooled results suggest that anti-inflammatory therapy is effective in improving depressive symptoms, whether used as monotherapy or add-on therapy. However, there remain confusions in the application of anti-inflammatory therapy for MDD. CONCLUSION Based on current clinical evidence, anti-inflammatory therapy is a promisingly effective treatment for depression. This study proposes a novel strategy for clinical diagnosis, disease classification, personalized treatment, and prognostic prediction of depression. Inflammatory biomarkers are recommended to be assessed at the first admission of MDD patients, and anti-inflammatory therapy are recommended to be included in the clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Those patients with high levels of baseline inflammation (e.g., CRP > 3 mg/L) may benefit from adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Su
- Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ting Hu
- Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chun-Lei Jiang
- Department of Stress Medicine, Faculty of Psychology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Abstract
IL-17 cytokine family members have diverse biological functions, promoting protective immunity against many pathogens but also driving inflammatory pathology during infection and autoimmunity. IL-17A and IL-17F are produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, γδ T cells, and various innate immune cell populations in response to IL-1β and IL-23, and they mediate protective immunity against fungi and bacteria by promoting neutrophil recruitment, antimicrobial peptide production and enhanced barrier function. IL-17-driven inflammation is normally controlled by regulatory T cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, TGFβ and IL-35. However, if dysregulated, IL-17 responses can promote immunopathology in the context of infection or autoimmunity. Moreover, IL-17 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many other disorders with an inflammatory basis, including cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Consequently, the IL-17 pathway is now a key drug target in many autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders; therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-17A, both IL-17A and IL-17F, the IL-17 receptor, or IL-23 are highly effective in some of these diseases. However, new approaches are needed to specifically regulate IL-17-mediated immunopathology in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity without compromising protective immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingston H G Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Yan M, Fang X, Guo J, Yin W. Effectiveness of interleukin-17A inhibitors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32224. [PMID: 36626473 PMCID: PMC9750646 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis. Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) inhibitors is recognized as a novel therapeutic target for ankylosing spondylitis. However, there is still a lack of high-quality research evidence regarding the issues. Therefore, we performed a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IL-17A inhibitors in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS This protocol will be conducted under the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Furthermore, the study has been registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022375885). The following electronic databases will be searched regardless of language and publication status: Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, China Biomedical Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database. Cochrane "bias risk" tool is used to assess the bias risk of the quality of the included literature. Data synthesis and statistical analysis will be performed using the RevMan 5.3 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) software. RESULTS A synthesis of current evidence of IL-17A inhibitors for ankylosing spondylitis will be shown in this protocol. CONCLUSION This review can provide convincing evidence to help clinicians make decisions when dealing with ankylosing spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Xiao Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Jianjun Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Weibing Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan, China
- * Correspondence: Weibing Yin, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, Henan 476000, China (e-mail: )
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Son H, Park SC, Kim YM, Lee JK, Park S, Guk T, Yoon AM, Lim HS, Jang MK, Lee JR. Potent Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Helix-to-Helix Peptide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Endotoxin-Mediated Sepsis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1675. [PMID: 36421317 PMCID: PMC9686674 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although considerable scientific research data is available for sepsis and cytokine storm syndrome, there is a need to develop new treatments or drugs for sepsis management. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) possess anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, neutralizing toxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS, endotoxin). Most AMPs have been designed as a substitute for conventional antibiotics, which kill drug-resistant pathogens. The present study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of 10 designed XIW (X: lysine, arginine, or glutamic acid) α-helical peptides in macrophages and a mouse model in the presence of LPS. Among them, WIKE-14, a peptide with a helix-to-helix structure, having the 12th amino acid substituted with glutamic acid, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. This reaction was mediated by the inhibition of the binding between LPS and macrophages. In addition, the WIKE-14 peptide exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory activity in mice ears and lungs inflamed using LPS. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for the development of anti-sepsis agents via the sequence and structure information of the WIKE-14 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosuk Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Exhibition and Education, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Kook Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeuk Guk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Mi Yoon
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Song Lim
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyeong Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
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Zhang J, Li Z, Chandrasekar A, Li S, Ludolph A, Boeckers TM, Huber-Lang M, Roselli F, Olde Heuvel F. Fast Maturation of Splenic Dendritic Cells Upon TBI Is Associated With FLT3/FLT3L Signaling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:824459. [PMID: 35281004 PMCID: PMC8907149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.824459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of systemic inflammation are a significant burden after traumatic brain injury (TBI), with almost all organs affected. This response consists of inflammation and concurrent immunosuppression after injury. One of the main immune regulatory organs, the spleen, is highly interactive with the brain. Along this brain–spleen axis, both nerve fibers as well as brain-derived circulating mediators have been shown to interact directly with splenic immune cells. One of the most significant comorbidities in TBI is acute ethanol intoxication (EI), with almost 40% of patients showing a positive blood alcohol level (BAL) upon injury. EI by itself has been shown to reduce proinflammatory mediators dose-dependently and enhance anti-inflammatory mediators in the spleen. However, how the splenic immune modulatory effect reacts to EI in TBI remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated early splenic immune responses after TBI with and without EI, using gene expression screening of cytokines and chemokines and fluorescence staining of thin spleen sections to investigate cellular mechanisms in immune cells. We found a strong FLT3/FLT3L induction 3 h after TBI, which was enhanced by EI. The FLT3L induction resulted in phosphorylation of FLT3 in CD11c+ dendritic cells, which enhanced protein synthesis, maturation process, and the immunity of dendritic cells, shown by pS6, peIF2A, MHC-II, LAMP1, and CD68 by immunostaining and TNF-α expression by in-situ hybridization. In conclusion, these data indicate that TBI induces a fast maturation and immunity of dendritic cells which is associated with FLT3/FLT3L signaling and which is enhanced by EI prior to TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Akila Chandrasekar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Maria Boeckers
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) , Ulm, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Olde Heuvel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research (ZBMF), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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B Cell Involvement in the Pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413325. [PMID: 34948121 PMCID: PMC8703482 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research into ankylosing spondylitis (AS) has suggested the major role of genetics, immune reactions, and the joint-gut axis in its etiology, although an ultimate consensus does not yet exist. The available evidence indicates that both autoinflammation and T-cell-mediated autoimmune processes are actively involved in the disease process of AS. So far, B cells have received relatively little attention in AS pathogenesis; this is largely due to a lack of conventional disease-defining autoantibodies. However, against prevailing dogma, there is a growing body of evidence suggestive of B cell involvement. This is illustrated by disturbances in circulating B cell populations and the formation of auto-reactive and non-autoreactive antibodies, along with B cell infiltrates within the axial skeleton of AS patients. Furthermore, the depletion of B cells, using rituximab, displayed beneficial results in a subgroup of patients with AS. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of B cells in AS, and discusses their potential role in its pathogenesis. An overarching picture portrays increased B cell activation in AS, although it is unclear whether B cells directly affect pathogenesis, or are merely bystanders in the disease process.
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