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van den Biggelaar RHGA, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJF, van Doorn CLR, Meiler E, de Ries AS, Fusco MC, Meijer AH, Ottenhoff THM, Saris A. Identification of kinase inhibitors as potential host-directed therapies for intracellular bacteria. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17225. [PMID: 39060313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has created an urgent need for alternative treatments against bacterial pathogens. Here, we investigated kinase inhibitors as potential host-directed therapies (HDTs) against intracellular bacteria, specifically Salmonella Typhimurium (Stm) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We screened 827 ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors with known target profiles from two Published Kinase Inhibitor Sets (PKIS1 and PKIS2) using intracellular infection models for Stm and Mtb, based on human cell lines and primary macrophages. Additionally, the in vivo safety and efficacy of the compounds were assessed using zebrafish embryo infection models. Our screen identified 11 hit compounds for Stm and 17 hit compounds for Mtb that were effective against intracellular bacteria and non-toxic for host cells. Further experiments were conducted to prioritize Stm hit compounds that were able to clear the intracellular infection in primary human macrophages. From these, two structurally related Stm hit compounds, GSK1379738A and GSK1379760A, exhibited significant activity against Stm in infected zebrafish embryos. In addition, we identified compounds that were active against intracellular Mtb, including morpholino-imidazo/triazolo-pyrimidinones that target PIK3CB, as well as 2-aminobenzimidazoles targeting ABL1. Overall, this study provided insights into kinase targets acting at the host-pathogen interface and identified several kinase inhibitors as potential HDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Kimberley V Walburg
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Susan J F van den Eeden
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cassandra L R van Doorn
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Global Health Medicines R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | - Alex S de Ries
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Chiara Fusco
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anno Saris
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Kilinç G, Boland R, Heemskerk MT, Spaink HP, Haks MC, van der Vaart M, Ottenhoff THM, Meijer AH, Saris A. Host-directed therapy with amiodarone in preclinical models restricts mycobacterial infection and enhances autophagy. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0016724. [PMID: 38916320 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00167-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as well as nontuberculous mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens whose treatment is extensive and increasingly impaired due to the rise of mycobacterial drug resistance. The loss of antibiotic efficacy has raised interest in the identification of host-directed therapeutics (HDT) to develop novel treatment strategies for mycobacterial infections. In this study, we identified amiodarone as a potential HDT candidate that inhibited both intracellular Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages without directly impairing bacterial growth, thereby confirming that amiodarone acts in a host-mediated manner. Moreover, amiodarone induced the formation of (auto)phagosomes and enhanced autophagic targeting of mycobacteria in macrophages. The induction of autophagy by amiodarone is likely due to enhanced transcriptional regulation, as the nuclear intensity of the transcription factor EB, the master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, was strongly increased. Furthermore, blocking lysosomal degradation with bafilomycin impaired the host-beneficial effect of amiodarone. Finally, amiodarone induced autophagy and reduced bacterial burden in a zebrafish embryo model of tuberculosis, thereby confirming the HDT activity of amiodarone in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing antimycobacterial HDT that improves host control of mycobacterial infections. IMPORTANCE Due to the global rise in antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need for alternative treatment strategies against intracellular bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Stimulating host defense mechanisms by host-directed therapy (HDT) is a promising approach for treating mycobacterial infections. This study identified amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, as a potential HDT candidate that inhibits the survival of Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages. The antimycobacterial effect of amiodarone was confirmed in an in vivo tuberculosis model based on Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, amiodarone induced autophagy and inhibition of the autophagic flux effectively impaired the host-protective effect of amiodarone, supporting that activation of the host (auto)phagolysosomal pathway is essential for the mechanism of action of amiodarone. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing HDT that improves host control of a wide range of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Kilinç
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ralf Boland
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthias T Heemskerk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle C Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anno Saris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Bei J, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Wang X, Lin L, Huang J, Huang W, Cai M, Cai W, Guo Y, Zhu K. HBV suppresses macrophage immune responses by impairing the TCA cycle through the induction of CS/PDHC hyperacetylation. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0294. [PMID: 37820280 PMCID: PMC10578720 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is now understood that HBV can induce innate and adaptive immune response disorders by affecting immunosuppressive macrophages, resulting in chronic HBV infection. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Dysregulated protein acetylation can reportedly influence the differentiation and functions of innate immune cells by coordinating metabolic signaling. This study aims to assess whether HBV suppresses macrophage-mediated innate immune responses by affecting protein acetylation and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of HBV immune escape. METHODS We investigated the effect of HBV on the acetylation levels of human THP-1 macrophages and identified potential targets of acetylation that play a role in glucose metabolism. Metabolic and immune phenotypes of macrophages were analyzed using metabolomic and flow cytometry techniques. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence were performed to measure the interactions between deacetylase and acetylated targets. Chronic HBV persistent infected mice were established to evaluate the role of activating the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in macrophages for HBV clearance. RESULTS Citrate synthase/pyruvate dehydrogenase complex hyperacetylation in macrophages after HBV stimulation inhibited their enzymatic activities and was associated with impaired TCA cycle and M2-like polarization. HBV downregulated Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) expression in macrophages by means of the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-NF-κB- peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) axis, resulting in citrate synthase/pyruvate dehydrogenase complex hyperacetylation. In vivo administration of the TCA cycle agonist dichloroacetate inhibited macrophage M2-like polarization and effectively reduced the number of serum HBV DNA copies. CONCLUSIONS HBV-induced citrate synthase/pyruvate dehydrogenase complex hyperacetylation negatively modulates the innate immune response by impairing the TCA cycle of macrophages. This mechanism represents a potential therapeutic target for controlling HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Bei
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liteng Lin
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingjun Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wensou Huang
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mingyue Cai
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiguo Cai
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongjian Guo
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kangshun Zhu
- Laboratory of Interventional Radiology, Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology and Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Xiao L, Wang Q, Peng H. Tumor-associated macrophages: new insights on their metabolic regulation and their influence in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1157291. [PMID: 37426676 PMCID: PMC10325569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1157291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a dynamic and heterogeneous cell population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that plays an essential role in tumor formation and progression. Cancer cells have a high metabolic demand for their rapid proliferation, survival, and progression. A comprehensive interpretation of pro-tumoral and antitumoral metabolic changes in TAMs is crucial for comprehending immune evasion mechanisms in cancer. The metabolic reprogramming of TAMs is a novel method for enhancing their antitumor effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent research on metabolic alterations of TAMs caused by TME, focusing primarily on glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism. In addition, this review discusses antitumor immunotherapies that influence the activity of TAMs by limiting their recruitment, triggering their depletion, and re-educate them, as well as metabolic profiles leading to an antitumoral phenotype. We highlighted the metabolic modulational roles of TAMs and their potential to enhance immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongling Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Development and Related Diseases of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Paulini S, Fabiani FD, Weiss AS, Moldoveanu AL, Helaine S, Stecher B, Jung K. The Biological Significance of Pyruvate Sensing and Uptake in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091751. [PMID: 36144354 PMCID: PMC9504724 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids and is at the interface of several metabolic pathways both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In an amino acid-rich environment, fast-growing bacteria excrete pyruvate instead of completely metabolizing it. The role of pyruvate uptake in pathological conditions is still unclear. In this study, we identified two pyruvate-specific transporters, BtsT and CstA, in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Expression of btsT is induced by the histidine kinase/response regulator system BtsS/BtsR upon sensing extracellular pyruvate, whereas expression of cstA is maximal in the stationary phase. Both pyruvate transporters were found to be important for the uptake of this compound, but also for chemotaxis to pyruvate, survival under oxidative and nitrosative stress, and persistence of S. Typhimurium in response to gentamicin. Compared with the wild-type cells, the ΔbtsTΔcstA mutant has disadvantages in antibiotic persistence in macrophages, as well as in colonization and systemic infection in gnotobiotic mice. These data demonstrate the surprising complexity of the two pyruvate uptake systems in S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Paulini
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Florian D. Fabiani
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna S. Weiss
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Laura Moldoveanu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Sophie Helaine
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2DD, UK
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)89/2180-74500
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Negi K, Bhaskar A, Dwivedi VP. Progressive Host-Directed Strategies to Potentiate BCG Vaccination Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:944183. [PMID: 35967410 PMCID: PMC9365942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.944183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit to improve the TB control program comprising one approved vaccine, M. bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has directed researchers to explore progressive approaches to halt the eternal TB pandemic. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) was first identified as the causative agent of TB in 1882 by Dr. Robert Koch. However, TB has plagued living beings since ancient times and continues to endure as an eternal scourge ravaging even with existing chemoprophylaxis and preventive therapy. We have scientifically come a long way since then, but despite accessibility to the standard antimycobacterial antibiotics and prophylactic vaccine, almost one-fourth of humankind is infected latently with M.tb. Existing therapeutics fail to control TB, due to the upsurge of drug-resistant strains and increasing incidents of co-infections in immune-compromised individuals. Unresponsiveness to established antibiotics leaves patients with no therapeutic possibilities. Hence the search for an efficacious TB immunization strategy is a global health priority. Researchers are paving the course for efficient vaccination strategies with the radically advanced operation of core principles of protective immune responses against M.tb. In this review; we have reassessed the progression of the TB vaccination program comprising BCG immunization in children and potential stratagems to reinforce BCG-induced protection in adults.
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