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Lenart M, Rutkowska-Zapała M, Siedlar M. NK-cell receptor modulation in viral infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 217:151-158. [PMID: 38767592 PMCID: PMC11239562 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in controlling viral infections. The ability to kill infected cells without prior immunization, yet being tolerant to self, healthy cells, depends on the balance of germ-line encoded surface receptors. NK-cell receptors are divided into either activating, leading to activation of NK cell and its cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity, or inhibitory, providing tolerance for a target cell. The signals from inhibitory receptors dominate and NK-cell activation requires stimulation of activating receptors. In viral infections, NK-cell interaction with infected cells can result in activation, memory-like NK-cell differentiation, or NK-cell exhaustion, which constitutes one of the viral immune evasion mechanisms. All of these states are associated with the modulation of NK-cell receptor expression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of NK-cell receptors and their role in viral infection control, as well as the alterations of their expression observed in acute or chronic infections. We present recently discovered SARS-CoV-2-mediated modulation of NK-cell receptor expression and compare them with other human viral infections. Finally, since modulation of NK-cell receptor activation gives a promising addition to currently used antiviral therapies, we briefly discuss the clinical significance and future perspective of the application of agonists or antagonists of activating and inhibitory receptors, respectively. In sum, our review shows that although much is known about NK-cell receptor biology, a deeper understanding of NK-cell receptors role in viral infections is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Lenart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Creegan M, Degler J, Paquin-Proulx D, Eller MA, Machmach K. OMIP-098: A 26 parameter, 24 color flow cytometry panel for human memory NK cell phenotyping. Cytometry A 2023; 103:941-946. [PMID: 37807668 PMCID: PMC10872854 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This 26-parameter flow cytometry panel has been developed and optimized to analyze NK cell phenotype, using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from people living with and without human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH, PWOH). Our panel is designed for the analysis of several parameters of total NK cells and memory NK cell subsets including markers of maturation, activation, and proliferation, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors. Other tissues have not been tested (Table 1 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Creegan
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Justin Degler
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Michael A. Eller
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
- Present address: Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS (DAIDS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), MD, USA
| | - Kawthar Machmach
- The US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, MD, USA
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3
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Lang B, Wang M, Zhang Z, Fu Y, Han X, Hu Q, Ding H, Shang H, Jiang Y. Inhibitory receptor CD47 binding to plasma TSP1 suppresses NK-cell IFN-γ production via activating the JAK/STAT3 pathway during HIV infection. J Transl Med 2023; 21:869. [PMID: 38037074 PMCID: PMC10688093 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells play an important first-line role against tumour and viral infections and are regulated by inhibitory receptor expression. Among these inhibitory receptors, the expression, function, and mechanism of cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) on NK cells during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain unclear. METHODS Fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from people living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV negative controls (NC) subjects. Soluble ligand expression levels of CD47 were measured using ELISA. HIV viral proteins or Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonist was used to investigate the mechanisms underlying the upregulation of CD47 expression. The effect of CD47 on NK cell activation, proliferation, and function were evaluated by flow cytometry. RNA-seq was used to identify downstream pathways for CD47 and its ligand interactions. A small molecule inhibitor was used to restore the inhibition of NK cell function by CD47 signalling. RESULTS CD47 expression was highly upregulated on the NK cells from PLWH, which could be due to activation of the Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) pathway. Compared with NC subjects, PLWH subjects exhibited elevated levels of CD47 ligands, thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), and counter ligand signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα). The TSP1-CD47 axis drives the suppression of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and the activation of the Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway in NK cells. After treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor, the NK cells from PLWH showed significantly improved IFN-γ production. CONCLUSIONS The current data indicate that the binding of the inhibitory receptor CD47 to plasma TSP1 suppresses NK cell IFN-γ production by activating the JAK/STAT3 pathway during HIV infection. Our results suggest that CD47 and its related signalling pathways could be targets for improving NK cell function in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Meiting Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yajing Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Qinghai Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hong Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 79 Qingchun Street, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, 110001, China.
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Bjorgen JC, Dick JK, Cromarty R, Hart GT, Rhein J. NK cell subsets and dysfunction during viral infection: a new avenue for therapeutics? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267774. [PMID: 37928543 PMCID: PMC10620977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of viral challenge, natural killer (NK) cells play an important role as an early immune responder against infection. During this response, significant changes in the NK cell population occur, particularly in terms of their frequency, location, and subtype prevalence. In this review, changes in the NK cell repertoire associated with several pathogenic viral infections are summarized, with a particular focus placed on changes that contribute to NK cell dysregulation in these settings. This dysregulation, in turn, can contribute to host pathology either by causing NK cells to be hyperresponsive or hyporesponsive. Hyperresponsive NK cells mediate significant host cell death and contribute to generating a hyperinflammatory environment. Hyporesponsive NK cell populations shift toward exhaustion and often fail to limit viral pathogenesis, possibly enabling viral persistence. Several emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at addressing NK cell dysregulation have arisen in the last three decades in the setting of cancer and may prove to hold promise in treating viral diseases. However, the application of such therapeutics to treat viral infections remains critically underexplored. This review briefly explores several therapeutic approaches, including the administration of TGF-β inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive NK cell therapies, CAR NK cells, and NK cell engagers among other therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C. Bjorgen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jenna K. Dick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ross Cromarty
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Geoffrey T. Hart
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua Rhein
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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5
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Cocker ATH, Guethlein LA, Parham P. The CD56-CD16+ NK cell subset in chronic infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2023:233017. [PMID: 37140380 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term human diseases can shape the immune system, and natural killer (NK) cells have been documented to differentiate into distinct subsets specifically associated with chronic virus infections. One of these subsets found in large frequencies in HIV-1 are the CD56-CD16+ NK cells, and this population's association with chronic virus infections is the subject of this review. Human NK cells are classically defined by CD56 expression, yet increasing evidence supports the NK cell status of the CD56-CD16+ subset which we discuss herein. We then discuss the evidence linking CD56-CD16+ NK cells to chronic virus infections, and the potential immunological pathways that are altered by long-term infection that could be inducing the population's differentiation. An important aspect of NK cell regulation is their interaction with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class-I molecules, and we highlight work that indicates both virus and genetic-mediated variations in HLA expression that have been linked to CD56-CD16+ NK cell frequencies. Finally, we offer a perspective on CD56-CD16+ NK cell function, taking into account recent work that implies the subset is comparable to CD56+CD16+ NK cell functionality in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity response, and the definition of CD56-CD16+ NK cell subpopulations with varying degranulation capacity against target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T H Cocker
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, U.S.A
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6
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. The role of IL-1β during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2400. [PMID: 36209388 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1β is a key innate cytokine that is essential for immune activation and promoting the inflammatory process. However, abnormal elevation in IL-1β levels has been associated with unwanted clinical outcomes. IL-1β is the most extensively studied cytokine among the IL-1 family of cytokines and its role in pathology is well established. During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the level of this proinflammatory cytokine is increased in different anatomical compartments, particularly in lymphatic tissues, and this elevation is associated with disease progression. The aim of this review is to address the pathological roles play by IL-1β in the light of enhancing HIV-1 replication, driving immune cell depletion, and chronic immune activation. The role of IL-1β in HIV-1 transmission (sexually or vertically 'from mother-to-child') will also be discussed. Additionally, the impact of the available antiretroviral therapy regimens on the levels of IL-1β in HIV-1 treated patients is also discussed. Finally, we will provide a glance on how IL-1β could be targeted as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nizar M Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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7
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Kroll KW, Shah SV, Lucar OA, Premeaux TA, Shikuma CM, Corley MJ, Mosher M, Woolley G, Bowler S, Ndhlovu LC, Reeves RK. Mucosal-homing natural killer cells are associated with aging in persons living with HIV. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100773. [PMID: 36208628 PMCID: PMC9589002 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical modulators of HIV transmission and disease. Recent evidence suggests a loss of NK cell cytotoxicity during aging, yet analysis of NK cell biology and aging in people with HIV (PWH) is lacking. Herein, we perform comprehensive analyses of people aging with and without HIV to determine age-related NK phenotypic changes. Utilizing high-dimensional flow cytometry, we analyze 30 immune-related proteins on peripheral NK cells from healthy donors, PWH with viral suppression, and viremic PWH. NK cell phenotypes are dynamic across aging but change significantly in HIV and on antiretroviral drug therapy (ART). NK cells in healthy aging show increasing ⍺4β7 and decreasing CCR7 expression and a reverse phenomenon in PWH. These HIV-associated trafficking patterns could be due to NK cell recruitment to HIV reservoir formation in lymphoid tissue or failed mucosal signaling in the HIV-infected gut but appear to be tight delineators of age-related NK cell changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Kroll
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Spandan V Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivier A Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael J Corley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Mosher
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Griffin Woolley
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott Bowler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Effective innate immune response in natural HIV-1 controllers. Can mimicking lead to novel preventive and cure strategies against HIV-1? Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:308-314. [PMID: 35938465 PMCID: PMC9415221 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 controller individuals represents a model that can be useful for the development of novel vaccines and therapies. Initial studies pointed to the involvement of improved adaptive immunity, however, new emerging evidence suggests the contribution of innate cells to effective antiviral responses in spontaneous controllers. Therefore, understanding the alterations on innate cell subsets might be crucial to develop new effective therapeutic strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Among different innate immune cells, dendritic cell (DC) and natural killer (NK) cell are essential for effective antiviral responses. DC from controllers display improved innate detection of HIV-1 transcripts, higher induction of interferons, higher antigen presenting capacities and increased metabolism and higher capacities to induce polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. Such properties have been mimicked by Toll-like receptor ligands and applied to DC-based immunotherapies in humans and in animal models. NK cells from controllers display higher expression of activating receptors promoting increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural cytotoxicity activities. Neutralizing antibodies in combination with interleukin-15 superagonist or interferon-α can increase ADCC and cytotoxicity in NK cells from HIV-1 progressors. SUMMARY Mimicking DC and NK cell innate profiles in controllers has become a promising strategy to step forward a novel efficient immunotherapy against the HIV-1 infection.
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9
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Mensching L, Hoelzemer A. NK Cells, Monocytes and Macrophages in HIV-1 Control: Impact of Innate Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883728. [PMID: 35711433 PMCID: PMC9197227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and synchronized responses of innate immune cells are an integral part of managing viral spread in acute virus infections. In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, increased immune control has been associated with the expression of certain natural killer (NK) cell receptors. Further, immune activation of monocytes/macrophages and the presence of specific cytokines was linked to low levels of HIV-1 replication. In addition to the intrinsic antiviral capabilities of NK cells and monocytes/macrophages, interaction between these cell types has been shown to substantially enhance NK cell function in the context of viral infections. This review discusses the involvement of NK cells and monocytes/macrophages in the effective control of HIV-1 and highlights aspects of innate immune crosstalk in viral infections that may be of relevance to HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Mensching
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany.,I. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Navigating the complexity of chronic HIV-1 associated immune dysregulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2022; 76:102186. [PMID: 35567953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy, chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with ongoing immune dysfunction. Investigation of the complex immune response in treated and untreated individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection is warranted. Immune alterations such as monocyte phenotype and Th-17/Treg ratios often persist years after the reduction in viraemia and predispose many individuals to long-term comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease or cancer. Furthermore, while there has been extensive research on the latent reservoir of treated patients with chronic HIV-1, which prevents the discontinuation of treatment, the mechanism behind this remains elusive and needs further investigation. In this review, we assist in navigating the recent research on these groups of individuals and provide a basis for further investigation.
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11
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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