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Aparici-Herraiz I, Sánchez-Sánchez G, Batlle C, Rehues P, López-Serrat M, Valverde-Estrella L, Lloberas J, Celada A. IRF1 Is Required for MDA5 (IFIH1) Induction by IFN-α, LPS, and poly(I:C) in Murine Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:297-316. [PMID: 36380629 PMCID: PMC10643899 DOI: 10.1159/000527008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) induces type I interferons (IFNs) after the recognition of viral RNA. In addition, gain-of-function mutations in the interferon induced with helicase C domain 1 (IFIH1) gene, which encodes MDA5, lead to type I interferonopathies. Here, we show that Mda5 is highly expressed in murine macrophages and is regulated by pro-inflammatory stimuli such as the cytokines IFN-α and IFN-γ, the TLR ligand LPS, and a mimic of dsRNA, poly(I:C). Mda5 induction is mediated through the production of reactive oxygen species. The induction by IFN-α or LPS occurs at the transcriptional level since the Mda5 mRNA half-life before and after induction is very stable. Interestingly, STAT1 is required for Mda5 induction by IFN-α, LPS, or poly(I:C). The time course of induction of at least 3 h and the need for protein synthesis indicate that Mda5 requires an intermediate protein for transcription. In transient transfection experiments, we found that a 105-bp fragment of this gene, between -1153 and -1258 bp relative to the transcription start site, is required for transcription. In this specific region, we observed a sequence containing an IRF-binding motif, which, when mutated, abolishes the induction of Mda5. This sequence is strongly conserved in the IFIH1 promoters of eutherian mammals and in other distant species. Kinetic experiments, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and gene-silencing experiments revealed that IRF1 is required for induction of Mda5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Lloberas
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Murphy H, Ly H. Understanding Immune Responses to Lassa Virus Infection and to Its Candidate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1668. [PMID: 36298533 PMCID: PMC9612042 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a deadly viral hemorrhagic fever disease that is endemic in several countries in West Africa. It is caused by Lassa virus (LASV), which has been estimated to be responsible for approximately 300,000 infections and 5000 deaths annually. LASV is a highly pathogenic human pathogen without effective therapeutics or FDA-approved vaccines. Here, we aim to provide a literature review of the current understanding of the basic mechanism of immune responses to LASV infection in animal models and patients, as well as to several of its candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hinh Ly
- Comparative & Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Kumari S, Chaudhari J, Huang Q, Gauger P, De Almeida MN, Liang Y, Ly H, Vu HLX. Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Pichinde Viral-Vectored Vaccine Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Antigen in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091400. [PMID: 36146478 PMCID: PMC9505097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus of swine (IAV-S) is an economically important swine pathogen. The IAV-S hemagglutinin (HA) surface protein is the main target for vaccine development. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using the recombinant tri-segmented Pichinde virus (rPICV) as a viral vector to deliver HA antigen to protect pigs against IAV-S challenge. Four groups of weaned pigs (T01–T04) were included in the study. T01 was injected with PBS to serve as a non-vaccinated control. T02 was inoculated with rPICV expressing green fluorescence protein (rPICV-GFP). T03 was vaccinated with rPICV expressing the HA antigen of the IAV-S H3N2 strain (rPICV-H3). T04 was vaccinated with the recombinant HA protein antigen of the same H3N2 strain. Pigs were vaccinated twice at day 0 and day 21 and challenged at day 43 by intra-tracheal inoculation with the homologous H3N2 IAV-S strain. After vaccination, all pigs in T03 and T04 groups were seroconverted and exhibited high titers of plasma neutralizing antibodies. After challenge, high levels of IAV-S RNA were detected in the nasal swabs and bronchioalveolar lavage fluid of pigs in T01 and T02 but not in the T03 and T04 groups. Similarly, lung lesions were observed in T01 and T02, but not in the T03 and T04 groups. No significant difference in terms of protection was observed between the T03 and T04 group. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the rPICV-H3 vectored vaccine elicited protective immunity against IAV-S challenge. This study shows that rPICV is a promising viral vector for the development of vaccines against IAV-S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Kumari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jayeshbhai Chaudhari
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Qinfeng Huang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Marcelo Nunes De Almeida
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Department of Animals Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (H.L.X.V.); Tel.: +1-612-625-3358 (H.L.); +1-402-472-4528 (H.L.X.V.)
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Chan CP, Jin DY. Cytoplasmic RNA sensors and their interplay with RNA-binding partners in innate antiviral response: theme and variations. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:449-477. [PMID: 35031583 PMCID: PMC8925969 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of pathogen-associated molecular patterns including viral RNA by innate immunity represents the first line of defense against viral infection. In addition to RIG-I-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, several other RNA sensors are known to mediate innate antiviral response in the cytoplasm. Double-stranded RNA-binding protein PACT interacts with prototypic RNA sensor RIG-I to facilitate its recognition of viral RNA and induction of host interferon response, but variations of this theme are seen when the functions of RNA sensors are modulated by other RNA-binding proteins to impinge on antiviral defense, proinflammatory cytokine production and cell death programs. Their discrete and coordinated actions are crucial to protect the host from infection. In this review, we will focus on cytoplasmic RNA sensors with an emphasis on their interplay with RNA-binding partners. Classical sensors such as RIG-I will be briefly reviewed. More attention will be brought to new insights on how RNA-binding partners of RNA sensors modulate innate RNA sensing and how viruses perturb the functions of RNA-binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Faculty of Medicine Building, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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