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Qaqish A, Abbas MM, Alkhateeb M, Al-Tamimi M, Mustafa M, Al-Shudifat AE, Tarawneh S, Dawoud R, Mryyian A, Al-Ajaleen M. Anti_spike and anti_nucleocapsid IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children of Jordan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30631. [PMID: 38765100 PMCID: PMC11101777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is proven that children have significantly milder COVID-19 disease compared to adults. Various immunological characteristics influence this age-related difference in protection against COVID-19. Pediatric COVID-19 in Jordan is extremely under reported. Objectives The primary goal of this work is to identify the anti_S and anti_N antibody responses in a random group of children in Jordan and compare it to that of naturally infected-unvaccinated adults. Methods 151 unvaccinated children, 4 days to 18 years old, were screened for anti_S and anti_N antibodies. History of COVID-19 infection or exposure to infection and symptom severity were reported by parents on a special questionnaire. Results 78.9 % and 65.3 % of participants were seropositive for anti_S IgG and anti_N Abs, respectively. There was a remarkable association between age and anti_S IgG and anti_N IgG antibody titers, as children aged 12 years or older had increased anti_S IgG titers (mean = 19.3 BAU/mL) compared to younger groups (means of 10.15, 9.24, 7.91 BAU/mL for age groups 6-12, 1-6, less than 1 year, respectively). Gender did not show a statistically important role in anti_S and anti_N IgG seropositivity rates or titers. Children displayed significantly elevated anti_S titers (mean = 13.23 BAU/mL) compared to naturally infected adults (mean = 9.72 BAU/mL), in contrast, adults' anti_N titers (mean = 39.64 U/mL) were significantly higher compared to those of children (mean = 10.77 U/mL). Conclusions The current work provides evidence of distinctly robust and persistent humoral immunity displayed by high anti_S and anti_N IgG in children, even >12 months post-infection. Age was the only factor that had a significant statistical impact on anti_S and anti_N Ab levels among the pediatric group in this study. Children exhibited significantly higher anti_S titers than naturally infected adults. In contrast, adults' anti_N titers were significantly higher. Such information can assist direct pediatric SARS-CoV-2 immunization programs, with implications for creating age-targeted strategies for diagnostic and population protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Qaqish
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Manal Mohammad Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhateeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Minas Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat
- Department of Internal and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Shahd Tarawneh
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rand Dawoud
- Institute for Family Health, King Hussein Foundation, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amel Mryyian
- Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Mu'ath Al-Ajaleen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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da Silva RP, Thomé BL, da Souza APD. Exploring the Immune Response against RSV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1223. [PMID: 37759622 PMCID: PMC10525162 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infections are a significant public health concern, particularly in children. RSV is a prominent cause of lower respiratory tract infections among infants, whereas SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with lower overall severity in children than in adults. In this review, we aimed to compare the innate and adaptive immune responses induced by RSV and SARS-CoV-2 to better understand differences in the pathogenesis of infection. Some studies have demonstrated that children present a more robust immune response against SARS-CoV-2 than adults; however, this response is dissimilar to that of RSV. Each virus has a distinctive mechanism to escape the immune response. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving the management of pediatric respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Duarte da Souza
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil; (R.P.d.S.); (B.L.T.)
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Oyeniran SJ, Wang H, Everhart K, Mack K, Harvey K, Leber AL. Performance comparison of three commercial tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a common set of pediatric samples. J Immunol Methods 2023; 520:113536. [PMID: 37567470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serologic testing for SARS CoV-2 is useful for detection of past infection and assisting in diagnosis of post-COVID-19 syndromes such as MIS-C. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children differ from adults but most antibody performance studies are limited to adults. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare three commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody kits in a common set of children being evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Three SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests: Abbott anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG (AA), Epitope Diagnostics anti-N IgG (EDI) and EUROIMMUN anti-S1 Spike IgG (EU) were compared against two references: 1) RT-PCR and 2) consensus IgG (consIgG). RESULTS All three tests had a sensitivity <53% compared to RT-PCR, with EU outperforming EDI (p = 0.03). When all samples were compared to consIgG, positive percent agreement was comparable (AA-90%, EU- 98% and EDI- 88%) but EDI had significantly better negative percent agreement than EU (p = 0.009). No difference in test performance was observed using either reference when samples were collected ≥15 days post-symptom onset (PSO). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest good performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 IgG assays in pediatric patients with samples collected ≥15 days PSO. Additional studies investigating antibody response and assay performance in children are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophonie J Oyeniran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Kathy Everhart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
| | - Kathy Mack
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
| | - Kevin Harvey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America
| | - Amy L Leber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America; Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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Huang R, Ying L, Wang J, Xia J, Zhang Y, Mao H, Zhang R, Zang R, Le Z, Shu Q, Xu J. Non-spike and spike-specific memory T cell responses after the third dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139620. [PMID: 37114058 PMCID: PMC10126277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 epidemic, vaccination has become the most safe and effective way to prevent severe illness and death. Inactivated vaccines are the most widely used type of COVID-19 vaccines in the world. In contrast to spike-based mRNA/protein COVID-19 vaccines, inactivated vaccines generate antibodies and T cell responses against both spike and non-spike antigens. However, the knowledge of inactivated vaccines in inducing non-spike-specific T cell response is very limited. Methods In this study, eighteen healthcare volunteers received a homogenous booster (third) dose of the CoronaVac vaccine at least 6 months after the second dose. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against a peptide pool from wild-type (WT) non-spike proteins and spike peptide pools from WT, Delta, and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 were examined before and 1-2 weeks after the booster dose. Results The booster dose elevated cytokine response in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as expression of cytotoxic marker CD107a in CD8+ T cells in response to non-spike and spike antigens. The frequencies of cytokine-secreting non-spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells correlated well with those of spike-specific from WT, Delta, and Omicron. Activation-induced markers (AIM) assay also revealed that booster vaccination elicited non-spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. In addition, booster vaccination produced similar spike-specific AIM+CD4+ and AIM+CD8+ T cell responses to WT, Delta, and Omicron, indicting strong cross-reactivity of functional cellular response between WT and variants. Furthermore, booster vaccination induced effector memory phenotypes of spike-specific and non-spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions These data suggest that the booster dose of inactive vaccines broadens both non-spike-specific and spike-specific T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqiong Huang
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyang Ying
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangmei Wang
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruoyang Zhang
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruoxi Zang
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenkai Le
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Shu, ; Jianguo Xu,
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Shu, ; Jianguo Xu,
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