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Ding BN, Wu YL, Zhang YY, Li YG. Association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and serum positivity rate of anti-nuclear antibodies in Chongqing, China: A cross-sectional observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39233. [PMID: 39121295 PMCID: PMC11315546 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects over 95% of the global population and is strongly associated with various autoimmune diseases. Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) serve as valuable laboratory biomarkers for screening and supporting the diagnosis of various autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of EBV infection and its association with ANA. This retrospective study employed standard indirect immunofluorescence assay to determine ANA levels, EBV-specific immunofluorescence assay, or plasma EBV-DNA testing. Demographic data including gender and age were collected to observe variations in EBV infection status and ANA positivity rates among different populations. Incorporating 6492 hospitalized patients who underwent ANA antibody spectrum testing, it was observed that serum positivity rates gradually increased with age. The overall serum positivity rate of ANA in females (25.14%) was significantly higher than that in males (13.76%). Among hospitalized patients undergoing EBV-DNA testing, adults aged 21 to 40 years were least affected by EBV, with a positivity rate of 11.96%; however, as age increased, the positivity rate gradually increased. Among the 5225 patients undergoing EBV antibody spectrum testing, ANA-positive patients exhibited significantly higher serum positivity rates for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 immunoglobulin G, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen immunoglobulin G, Epstein-Barr virus early antigen immunoglobulin A, and Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen immunoglobulin A antibodies compared to ANA-negative patients (P < .001; P < .001; P = .013; P < .001). The EBV-DNA positivity rate in ANA-positive patients was also significantly higher than in ANA-negative patients, yielding the same conclusion (P = .012). The positivity rates of ANA antibodies in patients with past EBV infection and reactivation were significantly higher than those in uninfected patients (P < .001; P = .006). The positivity rate of ANA antibodies in reactivated patients was significantly higher than that in primary infected patients and those with past infections (P < .001; P < .001). Among ANA-positive patients, the positivity rates of EBV antibody spectrum and EBV-DNA were higher compared to ANA-negative patients. The positivity rates of ANA in patients with past EBV infection and reactivation were higher than those in uninfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Ning Ding
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - You-Yu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yong-Guo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Li J, Shi D, Gong Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Luo B. Aquaporin-3 is down-regulated by LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to regulate cell migration and affect EBV latent infection. Virus Genes 2024:10.1007/s11262-024-02096-1. [PMID: 39103702 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has a strong correlation with the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Aquaporin 3 (AQP3), a member of the aquaporin family, plays an important role in tumor development, especially in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this study, the expression of AQP3 in EBV-positive NPC cells was significantly lower than that in EBV-negative NPC cells. Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis showed that LMP1 down-regulated the expression of AQP3 by activating the ERK pathway. Cell biology experiments have confirmed that AQP3 affects the development of tumor by promoting cell migration and proliferation in NPC cells. In addition, AQP3 can promote the lysis of EBV in EBV-positive NPC cells. The inhibition of AQP3 expression by EBV through LMP1 may be one of the mechanisms by which EBV maintains latent infection-induced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, 54 Gongqingtuan Road, Zibo, 255036, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Pociupany M, Snoeck R, Dierickx D, Andrei G. Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus infection in immunocompromised patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116270. [PMID: 38734316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), is a ubiquitous γ-Herpesvirus that infects over 95% of the human population and can establish a life-long infection without causing any clinical symptoms in healthy individuals by residing in memory B-cells. Primary infection occurs in childhood and is mostly asymptomatic, however in some young adults it can result in infectious mononucleosis (IM). In immunocompromised individuals however, EBV infection has been associated with many different malignancies. Since EBV can infect both epithelial and B-cells and very rarely NK cells and T-cells, it is associated with both epithelial cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC), with lymphomas including Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) or Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) and rarely with NK/T-cell lymphomas. Currently there are no approved antivirals active in PTLD nor in any other malignancy. Moreover, lytic phase disease almost never requires antiviral treatment. Although many novel therapies against EBV have been described, the management and/or prevention of EBV primary infections or reactivations remains difficult. In this review, we discuss EBV infection, therapies targeting EBV in both lytic and latent state with novel therapeutics developed that show anti-EBV activity as well as EBV-associated malignancies both, epithelial and lymphoproliferative malignancies and emerging therapies targeting the EBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pociupany
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Lurain KA, Ramaswami R, Krug LT, Whitby D, Ziegelbauer JM, Wang HW, Yarchoan R. HIV-associated cancers and lymphoproliferative disorders caused by Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024:e0002223. [PMID: 38899877 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00022-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWithin weeks of the first report of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, it was observed that these patients often had Kaposi sarcoma (KS), a hitherto rarely seen skin tumor in the USA. It soon became apparent that AIDS was also associated with an increased incidence of high-grade lymphomas caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The association of AIDS with KS remained a mystery for more than a decade until Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) was discovered and found to be the cause of KS. KSHV was subsequently found to cause several other diseases associated with AIDS and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. People living with HIV/AIDS continue to have an increased incidence of certain cancers, and many of these cancers are caused by EBV and/or KSHV. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment of cancers caused by EBV and KSHV in persons living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Lurain
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramya Ramaswami
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph M Ziegelbauer
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao-Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Yarchoan
- The HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wu YK, Jiang TT, Su YH, Mei L, Sun TK, Li YH, Wang ZD, Ji YY. The Potential Role of Virus Infection in the Progression of Thyroid Cancer. World J Oncol 2024; 15:382-393. [PMID: 38751704 PMCID: PMC11092407 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors have engaged in the progression of thyroid cancer (TC). Recent studies have shown that viral infection can be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of TC. Viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), may play an essential role in the occurrence, development, and even prognosis in TC. This review mainly explored the potential role of viral infection in the progress of TC. The possible mechanisms could be recognizing the host cell, binding to the receptors, affecting oncogenes levels, releasing viral products to shape a beneficial environment, interacting with immune cells to induce immune evasion, and altering the pituitary-thyroid axis. Thus, comprehensive knowledge may provide insights into finding molecular targets for diagnosing and treating virus-related TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ke Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tian Tian Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- The two authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuan Hao Su
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin Mei
- Scientific Research Center and Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ting Kai Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yun Hao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Dong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuan Yuan Ji
- Scientific Research Center and Precision Medical Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Naughton P, Enright F, Lucey B. Infectious mononucleosis: new concepts in clinical presentation, epidemiology, and host response. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:157-163. [PMID: 38529804 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an infectious disease that presents clinically in only a small percentage of individuals despite almost universal infection with the causative agent. Here, we review the latest concepts in the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and host response of this disease. RECENT FINDINGS Several recently published papers/reviews describe IM as a condition caused by one of several etiologic agents including, cytomegalovirus (HHV-5), Roseola virus (HHV-6) and Toxoplasmosis amongst others; this review focuses on IM as solely caused by the human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4). Since the initial discovery of the virus in the 1960s and its subsequent discovery as the primary etiologic agent for IM it has been associated with several human cancers and autoimmune disorders. Recent published findings show a correlation between HHV-4 and the autoimmune disorder, multiple sclerosis (MS), suggesting earlier IM could possibly act as a causative factor. Considering the important links being made with IM to so many cancers and autoimmune disorders it is surprising that a standard investigative procedure has yet to be determined for this disease. A standard approach to the investigation of IM would ensure more cases are diagnosed, particularly atypical cases, this would benefit epidemiological studies, and more immediately help practitioners distinguish viral from bacterial throat infections, enabling them to treat accordingly. SUMMARY The understanding of the latest concepts in clinical presentation, epidemiology and host response to IM would benefit greatly from the introduction of a standard procedure for its investigation and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Naughton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown
- Department of Haematology
| | - Frances Enright
- Department of Paediatrics, Mercy University Hospital, Grenville Place, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown
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Suraweera CD, Espinoza B, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M. Mastering Death: The Roles of Viral Bcl-2 in dsDNA Viruses. Viruses 2024; 16:879. [PMID: 38932171 PMCID: PMC11209288 DOI: 10.3390/v16060879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the Bcl-2 family regulate cellular fate via multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, metabolism, inflammation, redox homeostasis, and calcium flux. There are several regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, including apoptosis and autophagy, that use distinct molecular mechanisms to elicit the death response. However, the same proteins/genes may be deployed in multiple biochemical pathways. In apoptosis, Bcl-2 proteins control the integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) by regulating the formation of pores in the MOM and apoptotic cell death. A number of prosurvival genes populate the genomes of viruses including those of the pro-survival Bcl-2 family. Viral Bcl-2 proteins are sequence and structural homologs of their cellular counterparts and interact with cellular proteins in apoptotic and autophagic pathways, potentially allowing them to modulate these pathways and determine cellular fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathura D. Suraweera
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Espinoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
| | - Mark G. Hinds
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Genome Sciences and Cancer Division, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
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Li LL, Yu AY, Zhu M, Ma LY, Cao MH, Liu WL, Qin XB, Gao C, Han ZX, Wang HM. Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Arch Virol 2024; 169:114. [PMID: 38700535 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a distinct molecular subtype of gastric cancer (GC). At present, the clinical characteristics and prognostic implications of EBV infection and the potential clinical benefits of immune checkpoint blockade in GC remain to be clarified. Hence, this study was designed to analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of GC patients with varying EBV infection states and compare their overall survival (OS). METHODS A retrospective study was performed on 1031 consecutive GC patients who underwent gastrectomy at the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from February 2018 to November 2022. EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) was used for EBV assessment, and immunohistochemical staining was used for evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and Ki67 expression. EBVaGC was defined as tumors with EBV positivity. In addition, EBV-negative GC (EBVnGC) patients were matched with EBVaGC patients based on seven clinicopathological parameters (age, gender, anatomic subsite, tumor size, Lauren classification, degree of differentiation, and tumor-node-metastasis [TNM] stage). The correlations of clinical features with HER2, PD-L1, and Ki67 expression were evaluated statistically. The survival of patients was assessed through medical records, telephone, or WeChat communication, and prognostic analysis was performed using the logrank test as well as univariable and multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS Out of 1031 GC patients tested, 35 (3.4%) were diagnosed with EBVaGC. Notably, the EBVaGC group exhibited a distinct predominance of males and younger patients, significantly higher Ki67 and PD-L1 expression levels, and a lower prevalence of pericancerous nerve invasion than the EBVnGC group (P < 0.01). In the 35 EBVaGC cases, Ki67 expression was negatively correlated with age (P < 0.05), suggesting that a younger onset age was associated with higher Ki67 expression. In addition, PD-L1 expression was correlated with the degree of differentiation, T-stage, and clinical stage of the patient. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression was elevated in tumors with lower differentiation or at later stages (P < 0.05). Using univariate analysis, Ki67, PD-L1, and clinical stage were identified as significant factors influencing the overall survival (OS) of EBVaGC patients (P < 0.05). Moreover, multivariate survival analysis revealed that clinical stage and Ki67 expression were independent risk factors for the OS of the patients (P < 0.05), and the three-year OS rate of EBVaGC patients was 64.2%. CONCLUSION EBV-ISH is a practical and valuable method to identify EBVaGC. Owing to its unique etiological, pathological, and clinical characteristics, patients with EBVaGC might benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ao-Yang Yu
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, 221005, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Yao Ma
- Graduate School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Han Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Lou Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Qin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hong-Mei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
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Sun K, Wu C, Kong Q, Hu J, Shi L, Pi Y, Suolitiken D, Cui T, Chen L, He X, Song Z, Wu L, Wang J, Wang Z. Lymphocytes in Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Disease Exhibited Elevated PD-1/PD-L1 Expression and a Prevailing Th2 Immune Response. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2024; 16:e2024037. [PMID: 38882461 PMCID: PMC11178049 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2024.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background And Objectives Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease (CAEBV) is a proliferative disease of EBV+ T or natural killer (NK) cells with an unclear pathogenesis. This study aimed to examine the frequency and exhaustion levels of lymphocyte subsets in patients with CAEBV to further investigate the pathogenesis. Methods Using flow cytometry, we detected the frequency, expression levels of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and EBV infection status of peripheral T subsets and NK cells in patients with CAEBV and healthy individuals. Results 24 patients and 15 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Patients showed notably higher expression levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 in peripheral T subsets and NK cells compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.05). EBV+ lymphocytes exhibited significantly higher PD-L1 expression levels than EBV- lymphocytes. Additionally, the frequency of effector memory T (Tem) cells was significantly increased in patients, and the PD-L1 expression level was positively correlated with the EBV load. Besides, helper T cell 2 (Th2) immune bias, also favoring EBV amplification, was found in patients, including increased Th2 cell frequency, enhanced response capacity, and elevated serum levels of associated cytokines. The distribution and PD-1 expression levels of peripheral T subsets returned to normal in patients who responded to PD-1 blockade therapy. Conclusions The up-regulation of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway of peripheral T and NK cells and Th2 immune predominance jointly promoted EBV replication and the development of CAEBV. PD-1 blockade therapy reduced the PD-1 expression level of lymphocytes and helped normalize the distribution of the T subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Sun
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofan Wu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Kong
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Hu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Pi
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dina Suolitiken
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan He
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Song
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Tanaka T, Oshima K, Kawano K, Tashiro M, Kakiuchi S, Tanaka A, Fujita A, Ashizawa N, Tsukamoto M, Yasuoka A, Teruya K, Izumikawa K. Nationwide Longitudinal Annual Survey of HIV/AIDS Referral Hospitals in Japan From 1999 to 2021: Trend in Non-AIDS-defining Cancers Among Individuals Infected With HIV-1. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:1-10. [PMID: 38427920 PMCID: PMC11008444 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs) in patients infected with HIV have recently attracted attention because of the improved survival of this patient population. To obtain accurate data, a longitudinal study is warranted for the nationwide surveillance of the current status and national trend of NADCs in patients infected with HIV in Japan. SETTING An annual nationwide surveillance of NADCs in patients infected with HIV-1 in Japan from 1999 to 2021. METHODS An annual questionnaire was sent to 378 HIV/AIDS referral hospitals across Japan to collect data (clusters of differentiation 4-positive lymphocytes, time of onset, outcomes, and antiretroviral therapy status) of patients diagnosed with any of the NADCs between 1999 and 2021. RESULTS The response and case-capture rates for the questionnaires in 2021 were 37.8% and 81.2%, respectively. The number of reported NADC cases subsequently increased since the beginning of this study. Evaluation of the case counts of NADCs demonstrated a high incidence of lung, colorectal, gastric, and liver cancers as the top 4 cancers. Pancreatic cancer (0.63), lung cancer (0.49), and leukemia (0.49) had the highest mortality rates among the NADCs. Trends of NADCs regarding transmission routes were maintained over the years in male individuals who have sex with male individuals compared with heterosexual male individuals and female individuals. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated an increasing trend in the incidence of NADCs over a period of 23 years in Japan. The current data highlighted the importance of raising awareness regarding cancer management for patients infected with HIV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tanaka
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki Goto Chuoh Hospital, Goto-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kei Kawano
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Urasoe General Hospital, Urasoe-shi, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kakiuchi
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tanaka
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ayumi Fujita
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ashizawa
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Misuzu Tsukamoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zenjinkai Hospital, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Yasuoka
- Division of Internal Medicine, Michinoo Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan; and
| | - Katsuji Teruya
- Department of AIDS Clinical Center, Center Hospital of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Infection Control and Education Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki, Japan
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11
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Silva JDM, Alves CEDC, Pontes GS. Epstein-Barr virus: the mastermind of immune chaos. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1297994. [PMID: 38384471 PMCID: PMC10879370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1297994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen linked to various diseases, including infectious mononucleosis and multiple types of cancer. To control and eliminate EBV, the host's immune system deploys its most potent defenses, including pattern recognition receptors, Natural Killer cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, among others. The interaction between EBV and the human immune system is complex and multifaceted. EBV employs a variety of strategies to evade detection and elimination by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This demonstrates EBV's mastery of navigating the complexities of the immunological landscape. Further investigation into these complex mechanisms is imperative to advance the development of enhanced therapeutic approaches with heightened efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various mechanisms known to date, employed by the EBV to elude the immune response, while establishing enduring latent infections or instigate its lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Melo Silva
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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12
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Mohammadzamani M, Kazemzadeh K, Chand S, Thapa S, Ebrahimi N, Yazdan Panah M, Shaygannejad V, Mirmosayyeb O. Insights into the interplay between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS): A state-of-the-art review and implications for vaccine development. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1898. [PMID: 38361801 PMCID: PMC10867693 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS results from an inflammatory process leading to the loss of neural tissue and increased disability over time. The role of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), as one of the most common global viruses, in MS development has been the subject of several studies. However, many related questions are still unanswered. This study aimed to review the connection between MS and EBV and provide a quick outline of MS prevention using EBV vaccination. Methods For this narrative review, an extensive literature search using specific terms was conducted across online databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify pertinent studies. Results Several studies proved that almost 100% of people with MS showed a history of EBV infection, and there was an association between high titers of EBV antibodies and an increased risk of MS development. Various hypotheses are proposed for how EBV may contribute to MS directly and indirectly: (1) Molecular Mimicry, (2) Mistaken Self, (3) Bystander Damage, and (4) Autoreactive B cells infected with EBV. Conclusion Given the infectious nature of EBV and its ability to elude the immune system, EBV emerges as a strong candidate for being the underlying cause of MS. The development of an EBV vaccine holds promise for preventing MS; however, overcoming the challenge of creating a safe and efficacious vaccine presents a significant obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Mohammadzamani
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Kimia Kazemzadeh
- Students' Scientific Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Swati Chand
- Westchester Medical CenterNew York Medical CollegeValhallaNew YorkUSA
| | - Sangharsha Thapa
- Department of Neurology, Westchester Medical CenterNew York Medical CollegeValhallaUSA
| | - Narges Ebrahimi
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | | | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of NeurologyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of NeurologyIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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13
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Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Costa M, Venuti A, Tamburello MP, Sciortino MT. Update of Natural Products and Their Derivatives Targeting Epstein-Barr Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:124. [PMID: 38257824 PMCID: PMC10818872 DOI: 10.3390/v16010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr (EBV) is a human γ-herpesvirus that undergoes both a productive (lytic) cycle and a non-productive (latent) phase. The virus establishes enduring latent infection in B lymphocytes and productive infection in the oral mucosal epithelium. Like other herpesviruses, EBV expresses its genes in a coordinated pattern during acute infection. Unlike others, it replicates its DNA during latency to maintain the viral genome in an expanding pool of B lymphocytes, which are stimulated to divide upon infection. The reactivation from the latent state is associated with a productive gene expression pattern mediated by virus-encoded transcriptional activators BZLF-1 and BRLF-1. EBV is a highly transforming virus that contributes to the development of human lymphomas. Though viral vectors and mRNA platforms have been used to develop an EBV prophylactic vaccine, currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection and EBV-associated cancers. Natural products and bioactive compounds are widely studied for their antiviral potential and capability to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. This review was intended to collect information on plant-derived products showing their antiviral activity against EBV and evaluate their feasibility as an alternative or adjuvant therapy against EBV infections and correlated oncogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marianna Costa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France;
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
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14
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Kiś J, Góralczyk M, Sikora D, Stępień E, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Can the Epstein-Barr Virus Play a Role in the Development of Prostate Cancer? Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:328. [PMID: 38254816 PMCID: PMC10814141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide, accounting for 7.3% of all cancers. PCa mortality is the fifth most common cause of cancer death. Despite well-known factors influencing the development of PCa, such as age, race/ethnicity and family history, many researchers have raised the possibility of persistent infections with oncogenic viruses. Therefore, we aimed to assess the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in tissue collected from PCa patients. Next, the frequency and the level of Epstein-Barr virus capsid antigen (EBVCA) and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) antibodies in both IgA and IgG classes were measured. The antibody titer was also analyzed depending on the risk group, Gleason score (GS) and tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) classification. Serum samples were analyzed using the Microblot-Array EBV IgM, IgA and IgG test kits. The study group consisted of 115 patients diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed with PCa. In 49% of patients included in the study, EBV DNA was detected in the tumor tissue. The studies showed both higher seroprevalence and higher antibody titers in patients with EBV-positive PCa compared to patients with EBV-negative PCa. We also observed a dependence of antibody titer on pathological features, such as GS, risk group and T stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kiś
- 1st Clinical Military Hospital with Outpatient Clinic in Lublin, 20-049 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Góralczyk
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Dominika Sikora
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Ewa Stępień
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with e-Health Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
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15
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Lv M, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Liu S. Targeting EBV-encoded products: Implications for drug development in EBV-associated diseases. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2487. [PMID: 37905912 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus, a human gamma-herpesvirus, has a close connection to the pathogenesis of cancers and other diseases, which are a burden for public health worldwide. So far, several drugs or biomolecules have been discovered that can target EBV-encoded products for treatment, such as Silvestrol, affinity toxin, roscovitine, H20, H31, curcumin, thymoquinone, and ribosomal protein L22. These drugs activate or inhibit the function of some biomolecules, affecting subsequent signalling pathways by acting on the products of EBV. These drugs usually target LMP1, LMP2; EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3; EBER1, EBER2; Bam-HI A rightward transcript and BHRF1. Additionally, some promising findings in the fields of vaccines, immunological, and cellular therapies have been established. In this review, we mainly summarise the function of drugs mentioned above and unique mechanisms, hoping that we can help giving insight to the design of drugs for the treatment of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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16
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Huang WH, Su WM, Wang CW, Fang YH, Jian YW, Hsu HJ, Peng CW. Momordica anti-HIV protein MAP30 abrogates the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 dependent functions in host cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21486. [PMID: 38027600 PMCID: PMC10660024 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally extracted from Momordica charantia seeds, the antiviral and anti-tumor activities of Momordica anti-HIV protein MAP30 have become well known. Although MAP30 has been reported to possess antiviral activity against several human viruses, the current understanding of the MAP30-mediated antiviral response is mainly derived from the previous research work on anti-HIV herbal medicines; the mechanistic insight of its effects on other viruses remains largely unknown. In this study, we showed that both ectopically expressed and purified recombinant MAP30 (rMAP30) impeded Epstein-Barr virus Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1)-mediated transcription from the viral latent replication origin. Mechanistically, in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that MAP30 caused EBNA1 to dissociate from the cognate binding sites, which disrupted downstream EBNA1-dependent viral epigenome accumulation and cell maintenance of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated neoplastic cells. Finally, mutational analysis indicated that the N-terminal ricin A homologous domain shared by ricin-like proteins was implicated in the anti-EBV response. Our study provides evidence to support that MAP30 has a unique property to combat EBV latent infection, suggesting a potential to develop this herbal protein to be an alternative medicine for EBV associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hang Huang
- Department of Clinical Pathology Department of Hematology & Oncology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 97002 Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Min Su
- Department of Life Science, National Dong-Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Dong-Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan
| | - Yue-Hao Fang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wei Jian
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 97004 Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Peng
- Department of Life Science, National Dong-Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974301 Taiwan
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17
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Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Smolak K, Kita G, Guz K, Kita A, Pasiarski M, Smok-Kalwat J, Góźdź S, Grywalska E. Could Immune Checkpoint Disorders and EBV Reactivation Be Connected in the Development of Hematological Malignancies in Immunodeficient Patients? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4786. [PMID: 37835480 PMCID: PMC10572023 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15194786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) and secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) are characterized by compromised immune function, rendering individuals susceptible to infections and potentially influencing cancer development. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a widespread herpesvirus, has been linked to cancer, particularly in those with weakened immune systems. This study aims to compare selected immune parameters, focusing on immune checkpoint molecules (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4/CD86, CD200R/CD200), and EBV reactivation in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL, a representative of SIDs) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID, a representative of PIDs). We performed a correlation analysis involving patients diagnosed with CLL, CVID, and a healthy control group. EBV reactivation was assessed using specific antibody serology and viral load quantification. Peripheral blood morphology, biochemistry, and immunophenotyping were performed, with emphasis on T and B lymphocytes expressing immune checkpoints and their serum concentrations. Our findings revealed elevated EBV reactivation markers in both CLL and CVID patients compared with healthy controls, indicating increased viral activity in immunodeficient individuals. Furthermore, immune checkpoint expression analysis demonstrated significantly altered percentages of T and B lymphocytes expressing PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA-4/CD86, and CD200R/CD200 in CLL and CVID patients. This suggests a potential interplay between immune checkpoint dysregulation and EBV reactivation in the context of immunodeficiency. In conclusion, our study underscores the intricate relationship between immune dysfunction, EBV reactivation, and immune checkpoint modulation in the context of immunodeficiency-associated cancers. The altered expression of immune checkpoints, along with heightened EBV reactivation, suggests a potential mechanism for immune evasion and tumor progression. These findings provide insights into the complex interactions that contribute to cancer development in immunocompromised individuals, shedding light on potential therapeutic targets for improved management and treatment outcomes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to explore potential interventions to mitigate cancer risk in these patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
| | - Gabriela Kita
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
- Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Guz
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
- Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kita
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
- Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Pasiarski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland;
- Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.-K.); (S.G.)
| | - Jolanta Smok-Kalwat
- Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.-K.); (S.G.)
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- Department of Hematology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland; (J.S.-K.); (S.G.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (P.M.); (K.S.); (G.K.); (K.G.); (A.K.); (E.G.)
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18
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Pu T, Peddle A, Zhu J, Tejpar S, Verbandt S. Neoantigen identification: Technological advances and challenges. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 183:265-302. [PMID: 38548414 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Neoantigens have emerged as promising targets for cutting-edge immunotherapies, such as cancer vaccines and adoptive cell therapy. These neoantigens are unique to tumors and arise exclusively from somatic mutations or non-genomic aberrations in tumor proteins. They encompass a wide range of alterations, including genomic mutations, post-transcriptomic variants, and viral oncoproteins. With the advancements in technology, the identification of immunogenic neoantigens has seen rapid progress, raising new opportunities for enhancing their clinical significance. Prediction of neoantigens necessitates the acquisition of high-quality samples and sequencing data, followed by mutation calling. Subsequently, the pipeline involves integrating various tools that can predict the expression, processing, binding, and recognition potential of neoantigens. However, the continuous improvement of computational tools is constrained by the availability of datasets which contain validated immunogenic neoantigens. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge as well as limitations in neoantigen prediction and validation. Additionally, it delves into the origin and biological role of neoantigens, offering a deeper understanding of their significance in the field of cancer immunotherapy. This article thus seeks to contribute to the ongoing efforts to harness neoantigens as powerful weapons in the fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Pu
- Digestive Oncology Unit, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jingjing Zhu
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Monaco MCG, Soldan SS, Su C, Clauze A, Cooper JF, Patel RJ, Lu F, Hughes RJ, Messick TE, Andrada FC, Ohayon J, Lieberman PM, Jacobson S. EBNA1 Inhibitors Block Proliferation of Spontaneous Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2023; 10:e200149. [PMID: 37562974 PMCID: PMC10414776 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latency in memory B cells and has been identified as a major risk factor of multiple sclerosis (MS). B cell depletion therapies have disease-modifying benefit in MS. However, it is unclear whether this benefit is partly attributable to the elimination of EBV+ B cells. Currently, there are no EBV-specific antiviral therapies available for targeting EBV latent infection in MS and limited experimental models to study EBV in MS. METHODS In this study, we describe the establishment of spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines (SLCLs) generated ex vivo with the endogenous EBV of patients with MS and controls and treated with either an Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) inhibitor (VK-1727) or cladribine, a nucleoside analog that eliminates B cells. RESULTS We showed that a small molecule inhibitor of EBNA1, a critical regulator of the EBV life cycle, blocks the proliferation and metabolic activity of these SLCLs. In contrast to cladribine, a highly cytotoxic B cell depleting therapy currently used in MS, the EBNA1 inhibitor VK-1727 was cytostatic rather than cytotoxic and selective for EBV+ cells, while having no discernible effects on EBV- cells. We validate that VK-1727 reduces EBNA1 DNA binding at known viral and cellular sites by ChIP-qPCR. DISCUSSION This study shows that patient-derived SLCLs provide a useful tool for interrogating the role of EBV+ B cells in MS and suggests that a clinical trial testing the effect of EBNA1 inhibitors in MS may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara G Monaco
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Samantha S Soldan
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chenhe Su
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Annaliese Clauze
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - John F Cooper
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rishi J Patel
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Fang Lu
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Randall J Hughes
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Troy E Messick
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Frances C Andrada
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joan Ohayon
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Steven Jacobson
- From the Neuroimmunology Branch (M.C.G.M., A.C., R.J.H., S.J.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; The Wistar Institute (S.S.S., C.S., J.F.C., R.J.P., F.L., T.E.M., P.M.L.), Philadelphia, PA; and Neuroimmunology Clinic (F.C.A., J.O.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
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Sato D, Takami H, Takayanagi S, Taoka K, Tanaka M, Matsuura R, Tanaka S, Saito N. Lymphoproliferative disorder during temozolomide therapy; a representative case of a formidable complication and management challenges. BMC Neurol 2023; 23:224. [PMID: 37296412 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphoproliferative disorder represents a heterogeneous clinicopathological spectrum characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes. Immunodeficiency is a major trigger of its development. While induction of immunodeficiency is a well-known adverse effect of temozolomide therapy, development of lymphoproliferative disorder following temozolomide therapy has not previously been described. CASE PRESENTATION A patient with brainstem glioma developed constitutional symptoms, pancytopenia, splenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy during the 2nd cycle of maintenance therapy following induction therapy with temozolomide. Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphocytes were observed histopathologically and "other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorder" (OIIA-LPD) was diagnosed. Although discontinuation of temozolomide led to rapid remission, relapse was observed 4 months later. CHOP chemotherapy was induced, resulting in secondary remission. Vigilant follow-up for another 14 months showed radiologically stable brainstem glioma and no further recurrence of OIIA-LPD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report documenting OIIA-LPD during temozolomide administration. Timely diagnosis of the disease and discontinuation of the causative agent were considered to be the management of choice. Close monitoring for relapse should be continued. Finding a balance between glioma management and controlling the remission of OIIA-LPD remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sato
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takami
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Shunsaku Takayanagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuki Taoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Matsuura
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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21
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Liao LJ, Hsu WL, Chen CJ, Chiu YL. Feature Reviews of the Molecular Mechanisms of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1528. [PMID: 37371623 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is rare in most parts of the world but endemic in southern Asia. Here, we describe the molecular abnormalities in NPC and point out potential molecular mechanisms for future therapy. This article provides a brief up-to-date review focusing on the molecular pathways of NPC, which may improve our knowledge of this disease, and we also highlight some issues for further research. In brief, some heritable genes are related to NPC; therefore, people with a family history of NPC have an increased risk of this disease. Carcinogenic substances and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) exposure both contribute to tumorigenesis through the accumulation of multiple genomic changes. In recent years, salted fish intake has decreased the impact on NPC, which implies that changing exposure to carcinogens can modify the risk of NPC. Eradication of cancer-associated viruses potentially eradicates cancer, and EBV vaccines might also prevent this disease in the future. Screening patients by using an EBV antibody is feasible in the high-risk group; plasma EBV DNA measurement could also be conducted for screening, prognosis, and monitoring of this disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of NPC can further provide novel information for health promotion, disease screening, and precision cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jen Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Lun Hsu
- Master Program of Big Data Analysis in Biomedicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Data Science Center, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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22
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Yan B, Wang C, Chakravorty S, Zhang Z, Kadadi SD, Zhuang Y, Sirit I, Hu Y, Jung M, Sahoo SS, Wang L, Shao K, Anderson NL, Trujillo‐Ochoa JL, Briggs SD, Liu X, Olson MR, Afzali B, Zhao B, Kazemian M. A comprehensive single cell data analysis of lymphoblastoid cells reveals the role of super-enhancers in maintaining EBV latency. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28362. [PMID: 36453088 PMCID: PMC10027397 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We probed the lifecycle of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on a cell-by-cell basis using single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from nine publicly available lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). While the majority of LCLs comprised cells containing EBV in the latent phase, two other clusters of cells were clearly evident and were distinguished by distinct expression of host and viral genes. Notably, both were high expressors of EBV LMP1/BNLF2 and BZLF1 compared to another cluster that expressed neither gene. The two novel clusters differed from each other in their expression of EBV lytic genes, including glycoprotein gene GP350. The first cluster, comprising GP350- LMP1hi cells, expressed high levels of HIF1A and was transcriptionally regulated by HIF1-α. Treatment of LCLs with Pevonedistat, a drug that enhances HIF1-α signaling, markedly induced this cluster. The second cluster, containing GP350+ LMP1hi cells, expressed EBV lytic genes. Host genes that are controlled by super-enhancers (SEs), such as transcription factors MYC and IRF4, had the lowest expression in this cluster. Functionally, the expression of genes regulated by MYC and IRF4 in GP350+ LMP1hi cells were lower compared to other cells. Indeed, induction of EBV lytic reactivation in EBV+ AKATA reduced the expression of these SE-regulated genes. Furthermore, CRISPR-mediated perturbation of the MYC or IRF4 SEs in LCLs induced the lytic EBV gene expression, suggesting that host SEs and/or SE target genes are required for maintenance of EBV latency. Collectively, our study revealed EBV-associated heterogeneity among LCLs that may have functional consequence on host and viral biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Yan
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Zonghao Zhang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Simran D. Kadadi
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Yuxin Zhuang
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Isabella Sirit
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Minwoo Jung
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | | | - Luopin Wang
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kunming Shao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Nicole L. Anderson
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jorge L. Trujillo‐Ochoa
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Scott D. Briggs
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Matthew R. Olson
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIHBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of BiochemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Department of Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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23
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Kumar D, Sahoo SS, Chauss D, Kazemian M, Afzali B. Non-coding RNAs in immunoregulation and autoimmunity: Technological advances and critical limitations. J Autoimmun 2023; 134:102982. [PMID: 36592512 PMCID: PMC9908861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell function is critically dependent on precise control over transcriptional output from the genome. In this respect, integration of environmental signals that regulate gene expression, specifically by transcription factors, enhancer DNA elements, genome topography and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are key components. The first three have been extensively investigated. Even though non-coding RNAs represent the vast majority of cellular RNA species, this class of RNA remains historically understudied. This is partly because of a lag in technological and bioinformatic innovations specifically capable of identifying and accurately measuring their expression. Nevertheless, recent progress in this domain has enabled a profusion of publications identifying novel sub-types of ncRNAs and studies directly addressing the function of ncRNAs in human health and disease. Many ncRNAs, including circular and enhancer RNAs, have now been demonstrated to play key functions in the regulation of immune cells and to show associations with immune-mediated diseases. Some ncRNAs may function as biomarkers of disease, aiding in diagnostics and in estimating response to treatment, while others may play a direct role in the pathogenesis of disease. Importantly, some are relatively stable and are amenable to therapeutic targeting, for example through gene therapy. Here, we provide an overview of ncRNAs and review technological advances that enable their study and hold substantial promise for the future. We provide context-specific examples by examining the associations of ncRNAs with four prototypical human autoimmune diseases, specifically rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis. We anticipate that the utility and mechanistic roles of these ncRNAs in autoimmunity will be further elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaneshwar Kumar
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Subhransu Sekhar Sahoo
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel Chauss
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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