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Zhang Q, Lin J, Yang M, Li Z, Zhang M, Bu B. Therapeutic potential of natural killer cells in neuroimmunological diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116371. [PMID: 38430631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a major component of the innate immune system, have prominent immunoregulatory, antitumor proliferation, and antiviral activities. NK cells act as a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential in neurological autoimmunity. Emerging evidence has identified NK cells are involved in the development and progression of neuroimmunological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, autoimmune encephalitis, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. However, the regulatory mechanisms and functional roles of NK cells are highly variable in different clinical states of neuroimmunological diseases and need to be further determined. In this review, we summarize the evidence for the heterogenic involvement of NK cells in the above conditions. Further, we describe cutting-edge NK-cell-based immunotherapy for neuroimmunological diseases in preclinical and clinical development and highlight challenges that must be overcome to fully realize the therapeutic potential of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mengge Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Bitao Bu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Gong X, Wang N, Zhu H, Tang N, Wu K, Meng Q. Anti-NMDAR antibodies, the blood-brain barrier, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1283511. [PMID: 38145121 PMCID: PMC10748502 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1283511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an antibody-related autoimmune encephalitis. It is characterized by the existence of antibodies against NMDAR, mainly against the GluN1 subunit, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Recent research suggests that anti-NMDAR antibodies may reduce NMDAR levels in this disorder, compromising synaptic activity in the hippocampus. Although anti-NMDAR antibodies are used as diagnostic indicators, the origin of antibodies in the central nervous system (CNS) is unclear. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), which separates the brain from the peripheral circulatory system, is crucial for antibodies and immune cells to enter or exit the CNS. The findings of cytokines in this disorder support the involvement of the BBB. Here, we aim to review the function of NMDARs and the relationship between anti-NMDAR antibodies and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. We summarize the present knowledge of the composition of the BBB, especially by emphasizing the role of BBB components. Finally, we further provide a discussion on the impact of BBB dysfunction in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiarong Gong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Niya Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kunhua Wu
- Department of MR, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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He S, Sun C, Zhu Q, Li L, Huang J, Wu G, Cao Y, Liao J, Lu Y, Su Q, Lin S, Ma X, Zhong C. A juvenile mouse model of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis by active immunization. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1211119. [PMID: 37790883 PMCID: PMC10544982 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1211119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a common autoimmune encephalitis, and it is associated with psychosis, dyskinesia, and seizures. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis (NMDARE) in juveniles and adults presents different clinical charactreistics. However, the pathogenesis of juvenile anti-NMDAR encephalitis remains unclear, partly because of a lack of suitable animal models. Methods We developed a model of juvenile anti-NMDAR encephalitis using active immunization with an amino terminal domain peptide from the GluN1 subunit (GluN1356 - 385) against NMDARs in 3-week-old female C57BL/6J mice. Results Immunofluorescence staining suggested that autoantibody levels in the hippocampus increased, and HEK-293T cells staining identified the target of the autoantibodies as GluN1, suggesting that GluN1-specific immunoglobulin G was successfully induced. Behavior assessment showed that the mice suffered significant cognition impairment and sociability reduction, which is similar to what is observed in patients affected by anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The mice also exhibited impaired long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1. Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy was more severe and had a longer duration, while no spontaneous seizures were observed. Conclusion The juvenile mouse model for anti-NMDAR encephalitis is of great importance to investigate the pathological mechanism and therapeutic strategies for the disease, and could accelerate the study of autoimmune encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chongyang Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ge Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Liao
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiru Su
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sufang Lin
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- Department of Clinical Research, Department of Neurology, Surgery Division, Epilepsy Center, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
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Peripheral monocytes and soluble biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis. J Autoimmun 2023; 135:103000. [PMID: 36753921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system which can result in long-term seizures and cognitive dysfunction despite treatment with immunotherapy. The role of the innate immune system in AE is not well established. To investigate the contribution of innate immunity to AE and its long-term outcomes we evaluated peripheral monocytes and serum cytokines in the periphery of patients with AE. METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited 40 patients with previously diagnosed AE and 28 healthy volunteers to our cross-sectional observation study and evaluated their peripheral blood monocytes via flow cytometry and serum cytokines (CCL-2, CCL-17, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNFα) via ELISA.Compared with controls the AE cohort had expansion of the 'pro-inflammatory' CD14+CD16+ monocyte sub-population (7.13% vs 5.46%, p < 0.01) with higher levels of serum IL-6 (2.34 pg/mL vs 0.54 pg/mL, p < 0.001). These changes were most significant in anti-LGI-1 antibody mediated AE, an AE subtype with poor long-term cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSION Expansion of the peripheral CD14+CD16+ monocyte population and increased serum IL-6 in AE is reflective of changes seen in other systemic inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. These changes may indicate a persistent pro-inflammatory state in AE and may contribute to poor long-term outcomes.
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