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Portugal R, Goldswain H, Moore R, Tully M, Harris K, Corla A, Flannery J, Dixon LK, Netherton CL. Six adenoviral vectored African swine fever virus genes protect against fatal disease caused by genotype I challenge. J Virol 2024:e0062224. [PMID: 38953377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00622-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic swine and wild boar for which currently licensed commercial vaccines are only available in Vietnam. Development of subunit vaccines is complicated by the lack of information on protective antigens as well as suitable delivery systems. Our previous work showed that a pool of eight African swine fever virus genes vectored using an adenovirus prime and modified vaccinia virus boost could prevent fatal disease after challenge with a virulent genotype I isolate of the virus. Here, we identify antigens within this pool of eight that are essential for the observed protection and demonstrate that adenovirus-prime followed by adenovirus-boost can also induce protective immune responses against genotype I African swine fever virus. Immunization with a pool of adenoviruses expressing individual African swine fever virus genes partially tailored to genotype II virus did not protect against challenge with genotype II Georgia 2007/1 strain, suggesting that different antigens may be required to induce cross-protection for genetically distinct viruses. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus causes a lethal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and has killed millions of animals across Europe and Asia since 2007. Development of safe and effective subunit vaccines against African swine fever has been problematic due to the complexity of the virus and a poor understanding of protective immunity. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a complex combination of eight different virus genes delivered using two different viral vector vaccine platforms protected domestic pigs from fatal disease. In this study, we show that three of the eight genes are required for protection and that one viral vector is sufficient, significantly reducing the complexity of the vaccine. Unfortunately, this combination did not protect against the current outbreak strain of African swine fever virus, suggesting that more work to identify immunogenic and protective viral proteins is required to develop a truly effective African swine fever vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Moore
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Tully
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Harris
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Corla
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John Flannery
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Linda K Dixon
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Chu X, Ge S, Zuo Y, Cui J, Sha Z, Han N, Wu B, Ni B, Zhang H, Lv Y, Wang Z, Xiao Y. Thoughts on the research of African swine fever live-attenuated vaccines. Vaccine 2024:S0264-410X(24)00693-5. [PMID: 38906762 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which can infect pigs of all breeds and ages. Most infected pigs have poor prognosis, leading to substantial economic losses for the global pig industry. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safe and efficient commercial vaccine against ASF. The development of ASF vaccine can be traced back to 1960. However, because of its large genome, numerous encoded proteins, and complex virus particle structure, currently, no effective commercial vaccine is available. Several strategies have been applied in vaccine design, some of which are potential candidates for vaccine development. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the safety and effectiveness, suboptimal immunization effects at high doses, absence of standardized evaluation criteria, notable variations among strains of the same genotype, and the substantial impact of animal health on the protective efficacy against viral challenge. All the information will be helpful to the ASF vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Bioengineering and Animal Disease Research, Qingdao 266032, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Warning Prevention and Control (South China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, Shandong 266032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jin Cui
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhou Sha
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Naijun Han
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Bingrong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yan Lv
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, No. 369 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Chen S, Wang T, Luo R, Lu Z, Lan J, Sun Y, Fu Q, Qiu HJ. Genetic Variations of African Swine Fever Virus: Major Challenges and Prospects. Viruses 2024; 16:913. [PMID: 38932205 PMCID: PMC11209373 DOI: 10.3390/v16060913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease affecting pigs and wild boars. It typically presents as a hemorrhagic fever but can also manifest in various forms, ranging from acute to asymptomatic. ASF has spread extensively globally, significantly impacting the swine industry. The complex and highly variable character of the ASFV genome makes vaccine development and disease surveillance extremely difficult. The overall trend in ASFV evolution is towards decreased virulence and increased transmissibility. Factors such as gene mutation, viral recombination, and the strain-specificity of virulence-associated genes facilitate viral variations. This review deeply discusses the influence of these factors on viral immune evasion, pathogenicity, and the ensuing complexities encountered in vaccine development, disease detection, and surveillance. The ultimate goal of this review is to thoroughly explore the genetic evolution patterns and variation mechanisms of ASFV, providing a theoretical foundation for advancement in vaccine and diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
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Vu HLX, McVey DS. Recent progress on gene-deleted live-attenuated African swine fever virus vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:60. [PMID: 38480758 PMCID: PMC10937926 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00845-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly lethal viral disease in swine, with mortality rates approaching 100%. The disease has spread to many swine-producing countries, leading to significant economic losses and adversely impacting global food security. Extensive efforts have been directed toward developing effective ASF vaccines. Among the vaccinology approaches tested to date, live-attenuated virus (LAV) vaccines produced by rational deleting virulence genes from virulent African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) strains have demonstrated promising safety and efficacy in experimental and field conditions. Many gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates have been generated in recent years. The virulence genes targeted for deletion from the genome of virulent ASFV strains can be categorized into four groups: Genes implicated in viral genome replication and transcription, genes from the multigene family located at both 5' and 3' termini, genes participating in mediating hemadsorption and putative cellular attachment factors, and novel genes with no known functions. Some promising LAV vaccine candidates are generated by deleting a single viral virulence gene, whereas others are generated by simultaneously deleting multiple genes. This article summarizes the recent progress in developing and characterizing gene-deleted LAV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiep L X Vu
- Department of Animal Science, and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Simbulan AM, Banico EC, Sira EMJS, Odchimar NMO, Orosco FL. Immunoinformatics-guided approach for designing a pan-proteome multi-epitope subunit vaccine against African swine fever virus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1354. [PMID: 38228670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being identified over a hundred years ago, there is still no commercially available vaccine for the highly contagious and deadly African swine fever virus (ASFV). This study used immunoinformatics for the rapid and inexpensive designing of a safe and effective multi-epitope subunit vaccine for ASFV. A total of 18,858 proteins from 100 well-annotated ASFV proteomes were screened using various computational tools to identify potential epitopes, or peptides capable of triggering an immune response in swine. Proteins from genotypes I and II were prioritized for their involvement in the recent global ASFV outbreaks. The screened epitopes exhibited promising qualities that positioned them as effective components of the ASFV vaccine. They demonstrated antigenicity, immunogenicity, and cytokine-inducing properties indicating their ability to induce potent immune responses. They have strong binding affinities to multiple swine allele receptors suggesting a high likelihood of yielding more amplified responses. Moreover, they were non-allergenic and non-toxic, a crucial prerequisite for ensuring safety and minimizing any potential adverse effects when the vaccine is processed within the host. Integrated with an immunogenic 50S ribosomal protein adjuvant and linkers, the epitopes formed a 364-amino acid multi-epitope subunit vaccine. The ASFV vaccine construct exhibited notable immunogenicity in immune simulation and molecular docking analyses, and stable profiles in secondary and tertiary structure assessments. Moreover, this study designed an optimized codon for efficient translation of the ASFV vaccine construct into the Escherichia coli K-12 expression system using the pET28a(+) vector. Overall, both sequence and structural evaluations suggested the potential of the ASFV vaccine construct as a candidate for controlling and eradicating outbreaks caused by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alea Maurice Simbulan
- Department of Science and Technology, Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Edward C Banico
- Department of Science and Technology, Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ella Mae Joy S Sira
- Department of Science and Technology, Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Nyzar Mabeth O Odchimar
- Department of Science and Technology, Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L Orosco
- Department of Science and Technology, Virology and Vaccine Research and Development Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Science and Technology, S&T Fellows Program, Bicutan, 1634, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines.
- Department of Biology, University of the Philippines Manila, 1000, Manila, Philippines.
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Luong HQ, Lai HTL, Truong LQ, Nguyen TN, Vu HD, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LT, Pham TH, McVey DS, Vu HLX. Comparative Analysis of Swine Antibody Responses following Vaccination with Live-Attenuated and Killed African Swine Fever Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1687. [PMID: 38006019 PMCID: PMC10674706 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is circulating in many swine-producing countries, causing significant economic losses. It is observed that pigs experimentally vaccinated with a live-attenuated virus (LAV) but not a killed virus (KV) vaccine develop solid homologous protective immunity. The objective of this study was to comparatively analyze antibody profiles between pigs vaccinated with an LAV vaccine and those vaccinated with a KV vaccine to identify potential markers of vaccine-induced protection. Thirty ASFV seronegative pigs were divided into three groups: Group 1 received a single dose of an experimental LAV, Group 2 received two doses of an experimental KV vaccine, and Group 3 was kept as a non-vaccinated (NV) control. At 42 days post-vaccination, all pigs were challenged with the parental virulent ASFV strain and monitored for 21 days. All pigs vaccinated with the LAV vaccine survived the challenge. In contrast, eight pigs from the KV group and seven pigs from the NV group died within 14 days post-challenge. Serum samples collected on 41 days post-vaccination were analyzed for their reactivity against a panel of 29 viral structural proteins. The sera of pigs from the LAV group exhibited a strong antibody reactivity against various viral structural proteins, while the sera of pigs in the KV group only displayed weak antibody reactivity against the inner envelope (p32, p54, p12). There was a negative correlation between the intensity of antibody reactivity against five ASFV antigens, namely p12, p14, p15, p32, and pD205R, and the viral DNA titers in the blood of animals after the challenge infection. Thus, antibody reactivities against these five antigens warrant further evaluation as potential indicators of vaccine-induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Q. Luong
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (H.Q.L.); (T.N.N.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Huong T. L. Lai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - Lam Q. Truong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - The N. Nguyen
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (H.Q.L.); (T.N.N.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Hanh D. Vu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - Hoa T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - Lan T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - Trang H. Pham
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (H.T.L.L.); (L.Q.T.); (H.D.V.); (H.T.N.); (L.T.N.); (T.H.P.)
| | - D. Scott McVey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Hiep L. X. Vu
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (H.Q.L.); (T.N.N.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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Truong QL, Wang L, Nguyen TA, Nguyen HT, Tran SD, Vu AT, Le AD, Nguyen VG, Hoang PT, Nguyen YT, Le TL, Van TN, Huynh TML, Lai HTL, Madera R, Li Y, Shi J, Nguyen LT. A Cell-Adapted Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Protects Pigs against the Homologous Strain VNUA-ASFV-05L1, a Representative Strain of the Contemporary Pandemic African Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:2089. [PMID: 37896866 PMCID: PMC10612049 DOI: 10.3390/v15102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal and highly contagious transboundary animal disease with the potential for rapid international spread. Currently, there is no ASF vaccine commercially available. All infected animals must be isolated and culled immediately upon the confirmation of the presence of the virus. Studies leading to the rational development of protective ASF vaccines are urgently needed. Here, we generated a safe and efficacious live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) VNUA-ASFV-LAVL2 by serially passaging a field isolate (VNUA-ASFV-05L1, genotype II) in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs, 65 passages) and an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (3D4/21, 55 passages). VNUA-ASFV-LAVL2 can efficiently replicate in both PAMs and 3D4/21 cells. It provides 100% protection, even with the low dose of 102 HAD50, to the vaccinated pigs against the challenge of contemporary pandemic ASFV field isolate. Pigs vaccinated with this LAV in a dose range of 102 to 105 HAD50 remained clinically healthy during both the 28-day observation period of immunization and the 28-day observation period of challenge. VNUA-ASFV-LAVL2 was eliminated from blood by 28 days post-inoculation (DPI), and from feces or oral fluids by 17 DPI. Although the vaccine strain in serum remained a safe and attenuated phenotype after five passages in swine, a reversion-to-virulence study using blood or tissue homogenates at peak viremia will be conducted in the future. ASFV-specific IgG antibodies and significant cellular immunity were detected in vaccinated pigs before the ASFV challenge. These results indicate that the VNUA-ASFV-LAVL2 strain is a safe and efficacious LAV against the genotype II ASFV strain responsible for current ASF outbreaks in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Lihua Wang
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tuan Anh Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Hoa Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Son Danh Tran
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Anh Thi Vu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Anh Dao Le
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Van Giap Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (V.G.N.); (T.M.L.H.)
| | - Phuong Thi Hoang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Yen Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Thi Luyen Le
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Thang Nguyen Van
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Thi My Le Huynh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (V.G.N.); (T.M.L.H.)
| | - Huong Thi Lan Lai
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
| | - Rachel Madera
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jishu Shi
- Center on Vaccine Evaluation and Alternatives for Antimicrobials, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (L.W.); (R.M.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lan Thi Nguyen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Ha Noi 12406, Vietnam; (T.A.N.); (H.T.N.); (S.D.T.); (A.T.V.); (A.D.L.); (P.T.H.); (Y.T.N.); (T.L.L.); (T.N.V.); (H.T.L.L.)
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9
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Pakotiprapha D, Kuhaudomlarp S, Tinikul R, Chanarat S. Bridging the Gap: Can COVID-19 Research Help Combat African Swine Fever? Viruses 2023; 15:1925. [PMID: 37766331 PMCID: PMC10536364 DOI: 10.3390/v15091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Despite being harmless to humans, ASF poses significant challenges to the swine industry, due to sudden losses and trade restrictions. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an unparalleled global research effort, yielding remarkable advancements across scientific disciplines. In this review, we explore the potential technological spillover from COVID-19 research into ASF. Specifically, we assess the applicability of the diagnostic tools, vaccine development strategies, and biosecurity measures developed for COVID-19 for combating ASF. Additionally, we discuss the lessons learned from the pandemic in terms of surveillance systems and their implications for managing ASF. By bridging the gap between COVID-19 and ASF research, we highlight the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and technological spillovers in the battle against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sittinan Chanarat
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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10
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Zajac MD, Trujillo JD, Yao J, Kumar R, Sangewar N, Lokhandwala S, Sang H, Mallen K, McCall J, Burton L, Kumar D, Heitmann E, Burnum T, Waghela SD, Almes K, Richt J, Kim T, Mwangi W. Immunization of pigs with replication-incompetent adenovirus-vectored African swine fever virus multi-antigens induced humoral immune responses but no protection following contact challenge. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1208275. [PMID: 37404778 PMCID: PMC10316028 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1208275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a pathogen of great economic importance given that continues to threaten the pork industry worldwide, but there is no safe vaccine or treatment available. Development of a vaccine is feasible as immunization of pigs with some live attenuated ASFV vaccine candidates can confer protection, but safety concerns and virus scalability are challenges that must to be addressed. Identification of protective ASFV antigens is needed to inform the development of efficacious subunit vaccines. Methods In this study, replication-incompetent adenovirus-vectored multicistronic ASFV antigen expression constructs that covered nearly 100% of the ASFV proteome were generated and validated using ASFV convalescent serum. Swine were immunized with a cocktail of the expression constructs, designated Ad5-ASFV, alone or formulated with either Montanide ISA-201™ (ASFV-ISA-201) or BioMize® adjuvant (ASFV-BioMize). Results These constructs primed strong B cell responses as judged by anti-pp62-specific IgG responses. Notably, the Ad5-ASFV and the Ad5-ASFV ISA-201, but not the Ad5-ASFV BioMize®, immunogens primed significantly (p < 0.0001) higher anti-pp62-specific IgG responses compared with Ad5-Luciferase formulated with Montanide ISA-201™ adjuvant (Luc-ISA-201). The anti-pp62-specific IgG responses underwent significant (p < 0.0001) recall in all the vaccinees after boosting and the induced antibodies strongly recognized ASFV (Georgia 2007/1)-infected primary swine cells. However, following challenge by contact spreaders, only one pig nearly immunized with the Ad5-ASFV cocktail survived. The survivor had no typical clinical symptoms, but had viral loads and lesions consistent with chronic ASF. Discussion Besides the limited sample size used, the outcome suggests that in vivo antigen expression, but not the antigen content, might be the limitation of this immunization approach as the replication-incompetent adenovirus does not amplify in vivo to effectively prime and expand protective immunity or directly mimic the gene transcription mechanisms of attenuated ASFV. Addressing the in vivo antigen delivery limitations may yield promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D. Zajac
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jianxiu Yao
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Rakshith Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Neha Sangewar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Huldah Sang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Kylynn Mallen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jayden McCall
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Leeanna Burton
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Emily Heitmann
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Tristan Burnum
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Suryakant D. Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kelli Almes
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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11
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
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12
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Brake DA. African Swine Fever Modified Live Vaccine Candidates: Transitioning from Discovery to Product Development through Harmonized Standards and Guidelines. Viruses 2022; 14:2619. [PMID: 36560623 PMCID: PMC9788307 DOI: 10.3390/v14122619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent centennial anniversary of R.E. Montgomery's seminal published description of "a form of swine fever" disease transmitted from wild African pigs to European domestic pigs is a call to action to accelerate African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine research and development. ASF modified live virus (MLV) first-generation gene deleted vaccine candidates currently offer the most promise to meet international and national guidelines and regulatory requirements for veterinary product licensure and market authorization. A major, rate-limiting impediment to the acceleration of current as well as future vaccine candidates into regulatory development is the absence of internationally harmonized standards for assessing vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. This review summarizes the asymmetrical landscape of peer-reviewed published literature on ASF MLV vaccine approaches and lead candidates, primarily studied to date in the research laboratory in proof-of-concept or early feasibility clinical safety and efficacy studies. Initial recommendations are offered toward eventual consensus of international harmonized guidelines and standards for ASF MLV vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To help ensure the successful regulatory development and approval of ASF MLV first generation vaccines by national regulatory associated government agencies, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) establishment and publication of harmonized international guidelines is paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates, LLC, P.O. Box 787, Stowe, VT 05672, USA
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